马梨形虫病在新疆昭苏地区流行相关因素的调查与分析

为了解新疆昭苏县马匹体表蜱虫和周围游离蜱虫携带马梨形虫情况及其之间流行关系,于2016年4―7月份,分别采集马匹血液、相应马体表携带蜱虫和周围牧场的蜱虫,经PCR检测总携带梨形虫率分别为93.9%(31/33),15.8%(6/38),3.4%(6/175);对所采集的蜱虫进行形态学鉴定,结果分别为草原革蜱、森林革蜱和边缘革蜱;3种革蜱占马体表蜱虫总数的比率和带虫率分别为52.6%(7.9%),44.8%(7.9%),2.6%(0.0%),占牧场游离蜱虫总数的比率和带虫率分别为56.0%(2.3%),43.4%(1.1%),0.6%(0.0%);根据统计学分析,马匹年龄与携带梨形虫及其媒介蜱之间差异显著(P<0.05),马携带蜱虫数量与马源性、蜱源性泰勒虫的感染三者之间均存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。因此,新疆昭苏地区马梨形虫的流行与马匹年龄、带虫媒介蜱虫的数量、种类等因素有关联性。     

新疆昭苏县马梨形虫的检测及传播媒介蜱的鉴定

为了解新疆昭苏县马感染梨形虫情况及传播媒介蜱的种类,采用寄生虫病病原常规检查方法、分子生物学技术和血清学检测方法对200匹马进行马梨形虫的检测,对320只传播媒介蜱进行形态学鉴定。结果显示,血液涂片染色镜检红细胞染虫率为9.23%,PCR、cELISA对驽巴贝斯虫的检出率分别为28%和23.5%,对泰勒虫的检出率分别为36%和34%;对马体表和周边环境采集的320只蜱虫鉴定为草原革蜱和森林革蜱2种。本研究为该地区马梨形虫病的防控提供了科学依据。     

云南省红河州马梨形虫病血清学检测

为了解云南边境地区马梨形虫病流行情况,2017年1—2月,随机采集红河州泸西县、弥勒市、个旧市、开远市4个地区27个乡(镇)农户饲养的马属动物血样462份,采用ELISA双抗原夹心法检测马梨形虫病抗体。结果显示:共检出4份阳性血样,平均样品阳性率为0.87%;阳性样本分布于弥勒市和个旧市4个乡(镇)年龄为7～13岁的个体中;不同地区、年龄、动物种类之间的阳性率均没有明显差异(P0.05)。调查结果表明,该地存在马梨形虫病病原。这需引起当地重视,尤其在蚊虫活跃季节,更要做好防蜱和灭蜱工作。     

中西结合治疗马梨形虫病

马梨形虫病是马梨形虫（亦称驽巴贝斯虫）经媒介蜱传播寄生于马属动物红细胞内引起的一种血液原虫病。马梨形虫病在我县近年呈散发性流行,在该病的治疗中,笔者在抗原虫的基础上,运用辨证施治,取得了满意疗效,现介绍如下。     

山东省媒介蜱类种类鉴定及羊泰勒虫病流行病学调查

为了阐明山东省蜱类种类及羊泰勒虫病流行概况,于2012年3月-2013年11月采用形态学鉴定法鉴定收集的14 878只蜱类标本;采用梨形虫、泰勒科通用引物及种属特异性引物对617份羊血液样品进行PCR检测,并对阳性样品18SrRNA基因进行遗传进化分析;分析不同月份蜱类活动频率及羊泰勒虫感染率。结果显示山东省长角血蜱(Haemaphysalis longicornis)和草原革蜱(Dermacentor nuttalli)所占比例分别为75.3%和24.7%,统计学分析显示长角血蜱显著多于草原革蜱(P0.05),为山东省优势蜱种。PCR检测结果显示山东省羊泰勒虫感染率为24.8%;其中吕氏泰勒虫感染率为12.0%、尤氏泰勒虫感染率为11.8%,混和感染率为5.3%,没有检测到绵阳泰勒虫感染,统计学分析显示吕氏泰勒虫和尤氏泰勒虫在羊群的感染率无统计学差异(P0.05),吕氏泰勒虫与尤氏泰勒虫单虫种感染率显著高于混合感染率(P0.05)。遗传进化分析显示山东省吕氏泰勒虫和尤氏泰勒虫与北京分离株分布于同一分支,而区别于西北地区和南方地区分离株,呈现区域聚集性;不同月份蜱类活动频率与羊泰勒虫感染率呈现季节相关性。上述结果表明山东省优势媒介蜱种为长角血蜱,羊泰勒虫感染虫种为吕氏泰勒虫和尤氏泰勒虫,感染率较高,且与媒介蜱类存在相关性,为山东省羊泰勒虫病防控提供科学实验依据。     

自拟"驱焦散"与传统西药治疗奶牛梨形虫病的效果对比试验

奶牛梨形虫病旧称焦虫病,是通过蜱叮咬传播的一种血液原虫病。梨形虫寄生于红细胞内,出芽或分裂增殖导致红细胞破裂并释放毒素。其流行特点是具有较强的季节性,多呈急性发生,发病率和死亡率较高,且流行期长(4～11月份)。临床特征是发热、贫血、黄疸、血红蛋白尿等。南阳市近几年奶牛梨形虫病发病率呈逐年上升趋势,是目前造成奶牛养殖业损失最为严重的疾病之一。为此笔者从2001年5月到2003年8月对南阳市奶牛梨形虫病进行了流行病学调查和防治研究,摸清了其流行规律和流行特点,确认传播媒介蜱为残缘璃眼蜱和微小牛蜱,梨形虫有环形泰勒虫、双芽…     

中国梨形虫病及其媒介—蜱的研究概况

中国梨形虫病及其媒介──蜱的研究概况李德昌，陈启军（长春农牧大学兽医学院１３００６２）梨形虫病是一类必须通过硬蜱传播的家畜原虫病。我国疆域辽阔，地跨古北、东洋两大区，从寒温带到热带，自然条件复杂，许多地区存在着大量可作为本病传播媒介的硬蜱，因此我国家...     

我国马梨形虫病及其传播者——蜱的地理分布

马梨形虫病(马血孢子虫病)是通过硬蜱传播的马属动物的原虫病。病原体属于梨形虫目巴贝西科巴贝西属,共两种:驽巴贝西虫(Babesia caballi)(马焦虫Piroplasmacaballi)和马巴贝西虫(Babesia equi)(纳氏焦虫Nuttallia equi)。马匹发生本病后,     

阿勒泰部分地区放牧马梨形虫病的流行病学调查

为了解阿勒泰部分地区放牧马梨形虫病的流行情况,笔者运用前期所建立的Taq Man探针实时荧光定量PCR方法结合传统血涂片镜检方法,对吐尔洪乡、克孜勒希勒克牧场及铁买克乡等3个地区的134匹放牧马进行了马梨形虫病的流行病学调查;经FQ-PCR检测得出,以上3个地区的感染率分别为36.96%,45.76%和31.03%,以克孜勒希勒克牧场最为严重;3个地区均以感染驽巴贝斯虫为主;根据年龄段分析,幼驹的感染率高于成年马匹。应用SPSS软件分析得知,不同地区和不同年龄阶段的马匹感染梨形虫病差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明,阿勒泰地区是马梨形虫病的流行地区。     

吉林省部分地区马梨形虫病的流行病学调查

为了解吉林省部分地区马梨形虫病流行情况,以血液涂片染色镜检虫体的方法对吉林、延边、通化3个地区的130匹马进行了马梨形虫病的流行病学调查。结果表明,以上3个地区马梨形虫感染率分别为12.50%,26.09%,9.09%,其中以延边地区流行较为严重;3个地区流行的马梨形虫均以马巴贝斯虫为主。通过调查,吉林省是马梨形虫病的流行地区。     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

兰州地区苜蓿和红豆草根际溶磷菌筛选及菌株部分特性研究

利用溶磷圈法对苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷细菌进行了分离,共获得分离物386个,其中137个具有溶磷能力.苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷菌数量分布有差异.其数量为RS>RP>NRS>HP.对筛选获得的12株溶磷圈较大的菌株进行菌落形态特征观察发现,大多数菌落呈灰白色或乳白色、不规则、半透明、边缘不整齐、突起、无光泽、无色素.进一步利用钼蓝比色法对菌株分解磷矿粉能力测定显示,各菌株分解磷矿粉能力差异较大,溶磷量最大为338.4mg/ml,最小为25.9mg/ml,这与其自身溶磷机制有关.溶磷量与菌株培养液pH值之间存在显著相关性.12株菌株大部分具有分泌IAA的能力,其中LM6和LH9分泌IAA能力较强.     

精氨酸在畜禽营养生理中的应用进展

精氨酸在动物体内参不仅参与多种营养物质的合成分解代谢,同时通过精氨酸酶、一氧化氮两条代谢途径,参与机体内的免疫调节。由于断奶仔猪与哺乳母猪自身不能合成足量的精氨酸以满足代谢需要,因此需要从外源摄取以满足需求;另外,家禽体内也缺乏可以合成精氨酸的氨甲酰磷酸酶,其整个生长阶段更是需要补充外源性精氨酸。