Experimental Researches on Carcinogenesis or Tumorigenicity of MDCK Canine Kidney Cell(CKC) Lines and Analysis of Their Chromosome Karyotypes

The chromosomal number variations & structural aberrations of the MDCK cell line, primary feline or canine kidney cell(FKC or CKC) and Hela cell line were investigated and their karyotypes of conventional chromosome bands were analyzed. The carcinogenesis or tumorigenicity testing of these cell lines in about 232 nude mice and for colony formation in soft agarose and for haemagglutination under different concentration of plant lectins of these cells were carried out. Under the prerequisite that the incidence of cancer or tumor in negative-control nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with primary feline or canine kidney cell cultures purified in vitro at passage 3 was 0 (0/22) and 0 (0/10), respectively. The incidence of the progressively-growing malignant tumor(MT) in positive-control nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with Hela cell cultures of KB, X, or NM20/X strain was 10/10, 25/25 and 5/51, respectively. The results showed that the incidence of tumor in nude mice with tetrapioid YA strain of MDCK cell during 20 - 45 passages, with hypodiploid JB strain of MDCK cell on passage 25, with di-and hypoploid JC strain of MDCK cell during 2 - 15passages or with hypoploid M strain of MDCK cell during 9 - 27 passages was 28/58, 1/5, 4/18 and 0/31,respectively. The chromosomal analysis results showed that the ratio of difference in the rate of modal chromosome number between high (mcs + n) and lowest (mcs)passages was not more than 5 % - 15 % and the structure aberrations was generally 0 - 3%. These results proved that the genetic characteristics of chromosomal number of cell lines determines their tumorigenicity, but it is species-specific. MDCK line has tumorigenicity no matter what its chromosome karyotype is, at least it has very low tumorigenicity even when its modal chromosome number is hypoploid. The repeatedly frozen, thawed and split controls of tumorigenicity-positive cell lines(X strain of Hela, M strain of BHK-21, JA strain of Vero, YA strain of MDCK) have much lower tumorigenicity or are even non-carcinogenesis, and the repeatedly frozen, thawed and split controls of very low tumorigenicity cell lines (M or JC strain of MDCK) are certainly non-carcinogenic and never have increased tumorigenicity.It is thus evident that MDCK cell of M, JB or JC strain can be approved as substrate for the preparation of attenuated viral vaccines, but MDCK cell of YA strain can not be approved as substrate for the preparation of comattenuated viral vaccines. In summary, all strains of MDCK cell line have tunorigenicity, at least have low tumorigencity, never have non-cancinogenic MDCK, but very low tumorigenicity MDCK cell strains can certainly be used for the approval production of canine viral vaccines if the DNA content in viral cell cultures was remarkably decreased through conventional means in manufacturing process. Therefore, the master cell stock and working cell bank of MDCK line used for vaccine manufacture were established in China, which are free of infectious agents, and described with respect to cytogenetic characteristics and tumorigenicity. Tests showed that there were correlations among cell line chromosome number variations, anchorage independence in soft agarose, haemagglutination under plant lectins, and tumor-forming ability in nude mice, thus all the in vitro tests are economic, simple and reliable means for monitoring the tumor-forming ability of MDCK line in nude mice.     

Establishment of Master Cell Stock and Working Cell Bank of MDCK Lines and Selection and Evaluation of the Lines as Candidate Viral Substrates for Approval Production of Combinational Canine Attenuated-live Virus Vaccines

Under the prerequisite that the incidence of cancer or tumor in negative-control nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with primary feline or canine kidney cell cultures purified in vitro at passage 3 was 0(0/22) and 0 (0/10), respectively. The incidence of the progressively-growing malignant tumor(MT) in positive-control nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with Hela cell cultures of KB, X, or NM20/X strain was 10/10, 25/25 and 5/51, respectively. The results showed that the incidence of tumor in nude mice with di-and hyperploid YB strain of MDCK cell during 17 - 23 passages, with hyper- and hypoploid KA strain of MDCK cell during 6 - 8 passages, with hypoploid WB strain of MDCK cell on passage 6, with hyper-and hypopioid H strain of MDCK cell during 8 - 24 passages was 2/24, 6/10, 5/10 and 10/15, respectively. The chromosomal analysis results showed that the ratio of difference in the rate of modal chromosome number between high(mcs + n) and lowest (mcs)passages was not more than 5- 15% and the structure aberrations was generally 0-3%. These results proved that the genetic characteristics of chromosomal number of cell lines determines their tumorigenicity, but it is species-specific. MDCK line has tumorigenicity no matter what its chromosome karyotype is, at least it has very low tumorigenicity even when its modal chromosome number is hypoploid. It is thus evident that MDCK cell of WB or H strain can be approved as substrate for the preparation of attenuated viral vaccines, but MDCK cell of YB or KA strain can not be approved as substrate for the preparation of attenuated viral vaccines.     

Sindbis virus mutants selected for rapid growth in cell culture display attenuated virulence in animals

Mutants of Sindbis virus were selected for rapid growth in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell cultures and screened for attenuation of virulence in suckling mice. Comparisons among independently isolated virulent and attenuated strains, as well as a classical reversion analysis, showed that accelerated penetration of BHK cells was correlated with attenuation in vivo. Both phenotypic changes resulted from a reorganization of virion structure as detected by monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that mutants selected for rapid growth in cell culture may be useful as attenuated vaccines and for studies of the molecular basis of virus pathogenesis.     

胰蛋白酶浓度对H9亚型禽流感病毒在MDCK细胞上增殖的影响

[目的]探讨不同胰蛋白酶浓度对低致病力禽流感病毒在MDCK细胞上增殖后的HA滴度。[方法]通过3株禽流感H9亚型病毒分别接种MDCK细胞单层,加入含有不同胰蛋白酶浓度的DMEM维持液,每隔24 h观察细胞病变,并测定上清液中的HA滴度。[结果]当维持液中胰蛋白酶含量为10～20μg/ml时,培养液上清液中的HA滴度最高,达到7 log2（1∶128）。当病毒的接种浓度为10-3和10-4时,MDCK细胞在96 h几乎全部病变,峰值出现在接种后的72～96 h。[结论]当维持液中胰蛋白酶含量为10～20μg/ml时,有利于H9亚型AIV病毒在MDCK细胞上增殖。     

Continuously Cultured Tissue Cells and Viral Vaccines: Potential advantages may be realized and potential hazards obviated by careful planning and monitoring

1) Continuously cultured tissue cells afford numerous potential advantages for the propagation of viruses to be used in vaccines. 2) Because continuously cultured tissue cells sooner or later become capable of growing into neoplasms when transplanted into a suitable host, every possible precaution should be taken to ensure that viral vaccines grown in cell cultures are free from living cells and cell particles larger than 0.5 to 1.0 micron. 3) The radical abnormalities that occur in cell lines derived from neoplasms and those that develop sooner or later in cell lines derived from normal tissue cannot be ignored. However, no evidence has been recorded (i) that untoward consequences follow administration of cell-free preparations from such cultures to humans or (ii) that oncogenic or other viral activity is associated with the ability of cells of these lines to grow into neoplasms when transplanted into a suitable host. It seems very unlikely, nevertheless, that acceptance could be won at present for the general use of a live-virus vaccine prepared from a virus grown in cells showing evidences of malignancy. This conclusion is based more on psychological and public relations considerations than on the available scientific information, which, however, needs considerable augmentation. In this connection, careful consideration should be given to the question whether the absence of the cited kinds of abnormalities from a continuously cultured cell system is a sufficient indicator of freedom from oncogenic potential. In the absence of unfavorable data, we judge that present knowledge does not preclude judicious extension of clinical trials, in volunteers, of appropriately filtered and otherwise controlled experimental live-virus vaccines grown in carefully selected continuously cultured cell systems. Only in this way can sufficient data be collected, and adequate criteria be developed, to define eventually the conditions for acceptability of such preparations for general administration to humans. 4) Every possible effort should be devoted to the development of non-oncogenic and otherwise acceptable cell lines from normal tissues for use in viral vaccine production. It is suggested that exploratory studies begin with continuously cultured mixed-cell populations in the diploid state and stabilized cloned cultures. Criteria for the selection and monitoring of cell lines, and progressive steps leading to large-scale application are outlined. 5) If the need for immunization against a particular viral disease should be deemed sufficiently urgent, and if no practicable alternative were available, serious consideration might be given to a vaccine prepared by inactivating the virus, grown in such a selected stabilized cell line as HeLa or human skin epithelium. The conditions of preparation would have to be such as would inactivate the most resistant known viruses and infective nucleic acids with a generous margin of safety. 6) Principal areas needing intensified research emphasis are indicated.     

黄连水提物抗甲型流感病毒活性初步研究

目的观察黄连水提物对甲型流感病毒（IAV）活性的影响。方法 CCK-8法检测黄连水提物对狗肾传代（MDCK）细胞的毒性作用。采用反向遗传8质粒病毒拯救系统制备IAV后,CCK-8和CPE法检测黄连水提物抗IAV活性。利用荧光素酶编码基因报告系统研究黄连水提物对IAV感染性和RNA聚合酶活性的影响。结果黄连水提物在0.25~2.0g/L质量浓度内,对MDCK细胞有一定安全性。黄连水提物有较好的抗IAV作用。与对照组比较,黄连水提物处理组细胞的相对荧光强度明显降低（P〈0.01）。结论黄连水提物对IAV活性及感染性有较强抑制作用,可能与抑制病毒RNA聚合酶活性有关。     

应用套式PCR在MDCK细胞系中发现犬细小病毒

本研究自１９９７年至１９９９年从国内部分大学实验室、卫生防疫站和动检局陆续收集１１个犬肾（ＭＤＣＫ）细胞系样品,选取犬细小病毒基因组的ＶＰ２基因上４段核苷酸序列作引物,对样品ＤＮＡ进行套式ＰＣＲ（Ｎｅｓｔｅｄ ＰＣＲ）检测;ＰＣＲ扩增产物经０．０１ｇ／ｍＬ琼脂糖凝胶电泳和克隆到ｐＧＥＭ＾－Ｔ载体并进行核苷酸序列测序鉴定后,发现我国ＭＤＣＫ细胞系中存在犬细小病毒的传代病毒株。该病毒基因组部分序列测定结果显示与犬细小病毒ＣＰＶ－Ｎ株有９１％同源性。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒间接免疫荧光检测方法的建立与比较

将禽流感病毒(AIV)接种犬肾上皮细胞(MDCK),24h后以鸡抗禽流感抗体和兔抗鸡荧光抗体进行间接免疫荧光试验(IFA),结果于细胞核、细胞质内观察到特异性的荧光。利用96孔细胞板培养MDCK细胞,以间接免疫荧光作为判定指标对禽流感病毒进行毒力测定,并与禽流感病毒通用荧光反转录-聚合酶链反应(荧光RT-PCR)检测方法进行比较。结果表明间接IFA、荧光RT-PCR对同一样品检测的最高稀释度分别为10-5.25TCID50和10-6,Ct<30,两种方法对禽流感病毒的检测敏感性均很高。但由于荧光RT-PCR仅对抽提的RNA进行检测,而间接IFA是对禽流感活病毒进行检测,因此在临床样品检测和动物产品检疫中间接IFA更具准确性和实用性。     

Localization of Avian Influenza Virus in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Chicken Tissues by In Situ Hybridization

In this study, in situ hybridization （ISH） was developed to detect avian influenza＇virus （AIV） in Madin-Darby canine kidney （MDCK） cells and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded chicken tissues. A cDNA probe corresponding to a region of AIV nucleoprotein （NP） gene was synthesized and labeled with digoxigenin. Probe specificity was determined by AIV infected MDCK cells in vitro and the results showed that strong cytoplasmic staining was only detected in AIV-infected cells. Various tissues were collected from 12 h to 35 days post-infection （PI） following inoculation with the H9N2 subtype A1V. AIV was localized in the epithelial cells of the duodenum and cartilage of the throat and trachea at 12 h PI. Tissues from uninfected chickens were negative. The finding of this study indicated ISH was a sensitive and specific technique to detect and localize AIV as well as to study AIV pathogenesis.     

犬黑皮质素受体4真核表达载体的构建及表达

[目的]构建带myc和His标签的犬黑皮质素受体4真核表达载体并在MDCK细胞中进行表达。[方法]以犬MC4R基因组DNA为模板PCR扩增目的基因编码区,将扩增产物进行T-A克隆;酶切、测序鉴定成功后将目的基因亚克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-myc-His/A。重组体pcDNA3.1-myc-His/A-cMC4R经酶切和测序鉴定;采用FuGENE HD介导转染技术将重组体导入MDCK细胞;转染后继续培养72 h,提取细胞内总RNA,RT-PCR鉴定目的基因的表达;提取细胞总蛋白,Western Blot检测蛋白表达。[结果]构建带标签的pcDNA3.1-myc-His/A-cMC4R重组真核表达载体,测序结果与GenBank公布的序列相似性为99%。RT-PCR和Western Blot检测到目的基因表达。[结论]成功构建犬真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-myc-His/A-MC4R,重组体能在MDCK细胞中表达。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒在鸡胚肾细胞和气管环培养中的适应性比较

将６株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）分别接种鸡胚肾细胞（ＣＥＫＣ）和气管环培养（ＴＯＣ）。６株病毒无论是否已经适应于鸡胚，都在气管环培养中能引起病变。病毒适应于ＣＥＫＣ，是与病毒在鸡胚和细胞培养上的传代次数有关。分别用ＳＰＦ鸡胚、非免疫鸡胚和普通鸡胚制备的ＴＯＣ测定ＩＢＶ－Ｍ４１株的ＩＤ５０，结果用ＳＰＦ鸡胚和非免疫鸡胚制备的ＴＯＣ测定的ＩＤ５０都获得较高滴度，而在普通鸡胚制备的ＴＯＣ中ＩＤ５０明显低。     

重组禽流感病毒H7N9 H7-Re1株培养条件的优化

【背景】高致病性禽流感疫情的暴发造成了巨大的经济损失和环境卫生的破坏,现阶段疫苗接种仍是我国控制禽流感的主要措施之一,需要大量安全、高效和低成本的禽流感病毒疫苗。鸡胚法制备禽流感病毒疫苗的工艺存在原料来源受限、过程复杂、个体差异、培养周期长和不易放大培养等缺陷。而利用生物反应器大规模培养动物细胞生产病毒疫苗,不仅可以大幅度提高单位产量,实现高密度细胞和高病毒产率,同时可保证产品质量。目前我国用于禽流感防控的疫苗为重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)二价灭活疫苗(H5N1 Re-8株+H7N9 H7-Re1株)。国内细胞全悬浮工艺生产禽流感灭活疫苗单罐产能最大为6 000 L,高病毒含量抗原的提供是生产高效疫苗的主要影响因素之一。【目的】为了能够提供稳定的、高效的生产抗原,开展种毒驯化试验。【方法】将重组禽流感病毒H7N9 H7-Re1株分别在MDCK细胞及悬浮MDCK细胞上增殖。在MDCK细胞上通过不同的病毒接种剂量、不同收获时间、不同TPCK-胰酶浓度的试验,确定了H7N9 H7-Re1株在MDCK细胞上最佳收获时间为64 h,最佳接毒剂量为0.008%或MOI为10~(-4),最佳TPCK-胰酶浓度为2μg·mL~(-1),根据确定的最佳培养条件连续传代,并对各代次病毒含量进行检测。【结果】在MDCK细胞上传至第5代时,HA可达1﹕256,每1 mL病毒含量达到10~(8.5)TCID50,每0.1 mL病毒含量达到10~(8.5)EID50,均高于其他代次。【结论】将第5代确定为MDCK细胞传代最佳代次,可考虑确定为生产用基础种毒代次。在悬浮MDCK细胞上对重组禽流感病毒传代进行了优化试验,确定了H7N9 H7-Re1株在悬浮MDCK细胞上最佳收获时间为48 h,最佳接毒剂量MOI为10~(-2),最佳TPCK-胰酶浓度为4—8μg·mL~(-1)。在实际疫苗生产过程中,可选择MDCK细胞或悬浮MDCK细胞来扩繁种毒。     

MDCK细胞库的建立及其生物学特性研究

分别从美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC)、中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC)、北京协和细胞资源中心及某企业引进4株MDCK细胞系,扩大培养后液氮冻存,分别建立种子细胞库和工作细胞库。细胞复苏后分别对每株细胞进行了活力、形态、生长曲线、微生物污染、核型及荧光蛋白质粒转染表达等特性研究。结果表明,4个来源的MDCK细胞均呈上皮型,生长状态良好;生长曲线呈S型;细菌、真菌、支原体检测都为阴性;染色体2n=78;外源质粒在该细胞中能进行复制和表达。建立的细胞库为开展MDCK细胞及流感细胞基质疫苗的研究提供了基础理论依据和细胞资源。     

Secretory activity and oncogenicity of a cell line (MDCK) derived from canine kidney

A cell line (MDCK) of dog kidney origin grows on a glass surface as a mosaic of epithelium with many multicellular hemispherical vesicles. The cells lining the blisters actively secrete into the cyst cavities. Suspensions of these cells injected intravenously in the chick embryo produce brain metastases resembling adenocarcinoma.     

犬瘟热病毒的分离与鉴定

[目的]分离与鉴定犬瘟热病毒(CDV)的石河子流行株。[方法]对临床症状疑似犬瘟热和血清学(ELISA)检测为阳性的自然发病犬,取其淋巴结为病料,接种于非洲绿猴肾细胞系(Vero),进行病毒的分离;用RT-PCR检测感染CDV分离株特异性核酸。[结果]病料接种Vero细胞产生明显的细胞病变(CPE),用RT-PCR技术可扩增出CDV特异性核酸,扩增出的基因片段与预期设计的长度相同,所扩增的CDV分离株H基因片段与CDV C54标准强毒株核苷酸同源性为98.4%。[结论]该研究成功分离并鉴定了CDV石河子流行株,为犬瘟热(CD)的确诊提供了依据。     

新城疫疫苗对近年流行毒株的保护作用

[目的]了解现有新城疫疫苗对近年流行新城疫病毒(NDV)毒株的保护效果,从而为新城疫疫苗的合理应用和新城疫的防制提供指导。[方法]用1个或0.01个使用剂量的鸡新城疫弱毒活疫苗A、B、C、D、E经滴鼻、点眼、口服途径分别免疫6周龄SPF鸡。免疫14 d后,测定血清中HI抗体效价,同时分别用NDVF48E9标准强毒株和野外分离强毒株NDV-2007-HB、NDV-2008-YB攻毒。连续观察攻毒鸡的表现并统计发病和死亡情况。[结果]5种疫苗免疫14 d后,均可诱导鸡只产生保护水平的抗体。1个剂量或0.01个剂量的现有疫苗对NDVF48E9株的攻毒保护率均为100%,对NDV-2007-HB的攻毒保护率均大于90%;0.01个剂量的疫苗A、B、C可提供对NDV-2008-YB的攻毒保护率均大于90%。[结论]实验室条件下,现有新城疫疫苗对分离到的2株NDV毒株具有较好的保护效果,能预防鸡新城疫的发生。     

应用dsRNA测序技术检测草鱼呼肠孤病毒的混合感染

从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)出血病疑似病料提取物感染的草鱼肾细胞(CIK)中提取病毒基因组dsRNA,电泳显示出水生呼肠孤病毒基因组的典型特征。应用简化的FLAC(full-length amplification of cDNA)技术扩增得到病毒的4个全长基因组片段进行测序分析。核酸序列BLAST分析表明:其中3个基因组片段与GCRV-873第5、9、10片段高度同源,另外1个基因组片段与GCRV-HZ08第11片段高度同源;因此推测病料中同时存在两种不同的病毒核酸,但也可能存在一种杂合病毒。根据已发表的GCRV-HZ08第5、9、10片段设计了3对引物对分离的病毒总RNA进行RT-PCR检测并测序,结果显示这3个片段与GCRV-HZ08第5、9、10片段均具有99%同源性,表明是由于混合感染而存在两株不同病毒的核酸dsRNA,两株病毒分别命名为GCRV-JX01和GCRV-JX02。首次运用dsRNA测序法检测出了GCRV病毒的混合感染,为草鱼呼肠孤病毒的流行病学和防控提供了一种新的技术选择。     

堆型艾美耳球虫早熟减毒株细胞培养卵囊最佳收获时间的测定

堆型艾美耳球虫早熟减毒株在鸡胚小肠上皮细胞上培育,卵囊最佳收获时间为120小时。     

悬浮MDCK细胞的驯化与H5亚型禽流感病毒的培养

【目的】为评估细胞源重组禽流感病毒H5亚型灭活疫苗的有效性提供数据支持。【方法】选取一株来源清楚的贴壁MDCK细胞,通过逐步降低培养基中血清含量及不断调整无血清培养基配方,将其驯化为悬浮MDCK细胞,并以此为基质增殖重组禽流感病毒H5N1 Re-6株、H5N1 Re-7株和H5N1 Re-8株;比较不同毒株在贴壁和悬浮MDCK细胞中增殖的差异。分别将经悬浮MDCK细胞增殖的病毒与经SPF鸡胚增殖的病毒制备成重组禽流感病毒(H5亚型)三价灭活疫苗,免疫商品蛋鸡和商品鸭,通过血清学方法比较细胞源与鸡胚源禽流感灭活疫苗的免疫效果。海兰褐商品蛋鸡:6 050只,分为3组,2组为免疫组,每组3 000只,28日龄免疫0.5 mL/只,80日龄免疫0.5 mL/只;不免疫对照组1组,50只,同等条件下隔离饲养。分别于蛋鸡日龄49、110、210 d(即首免后21 d、82 d、6个月)时采血分离血清,测定禽流感H5亚型Re-6株、Re-7株、Re-8株的HI抗体效价,监测抗体消长。长白飞鸭:220只,分为3组,2组为免疫组,每组100只,10日龄免疫0.5 mL/只,24日龄免疫1.0 mL/只,不免疫对照组20只,同等条件下隔离饲养。分别于鸭日龄24、38、52 d(即首免后14、28、42 d)时采血分离血清,测定禽流感H5亚型Re-6株、Re-7株、Re-8株的HI抗体效价,监测抗体消长。【结果】获得一株可在无血清培养基中悬浮生长的MDCK细胞,摇瓶、5L生物反应器中的培养数据及细胞状态显示,该细胞株适合放大生产。此悬浮MDCK细胞培养48 h细胞密度可由1.5×10~6 cells/mL左右增殖到1.0×10~7 cells/mL左右,状态良好、活率高、单个悬浮于培养基中。以此悬浮MDCK细胞为基质增殖重组禽流感病毒,H5N1 Re-6株的HA效价达1﹕512,TCID_(50) 10~(7.67)/mL,EID_(50) 10~(7.83)/0.1 mL;H5N1 Re-7株的HA效价达1﹕256,TCID_(50)达10~(7.33)/mL,EID_(50)10~(7.17)/0.1 mL;H5N1 Re-8株的HA效价达1﹕1024,TCID_(50) 10~(8.5)/mL,EID_(50) 10~(8.38)/0.1 mL,与经贴壁MDCK细胞增殖的病毒毒价相当。细胞源三价灭活疫苗免疫海兰褐商品蛋鸡,首免后21 d时,禽流感H5亚型Re-6株、Re-7株、Re-8株HI抗体效价几何平均值(GMT)分别为1﹕446、1﹕111、1﹕416,二免后30 d时三者HI抗体效价几何平均值(GMT)分别为1﹕588、1﹕362、1﹕776,6个月时分别为1﹕239、1﹕128、1﹕223,维持了较高的抗体水平;免疫长白飞鸭,首免后14 d时,禽流感H5亚型Re-6株、Re-7株、Re-8株HI抗体效价几何平均值(GMT)分别为1﹕30、1﹕17、1﹕64,28 d时三者HI抗体效价几何平均值(GMT)分别为1﹕194、1﹕91、1﹕137,42 d时分别为1﹕416、1﹕128、1﹕239;以上两组的试验结果与鸡胚源重组禽流感灭活疫苗免疫后诱导产生的HI抗体效价相当。【结论】经驯化获得的可在无血清培养基中悬浮生长的MDCK细胞株,其增殖重组禽流感病毒H5N1 Re-6株、H5N1 Re-7株、H5N1 Re-8株能力强,且病毒被制备成灭活疫苗免疫海兰褐商品蛋鸡和长白飞鸭可产生较高水平的抗体。为大规模工业化生产禽流感疫苗提供技术支持。     

A homolog of the armadillo protein in Drosophila (plakoglobin) associated with E-cadherin

Three cytoplasmic proteins, called catenins, bind to the cytoplasmic tail of the epithelial cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. The complementary DNA sequence was determined for the 92-kilodalton beta catenin of Xenopus laevis. The sequence is homologous to mammalian plakoglobin, a protein of desmosomal and zonula adherens cell junctions, and to the plakoglobin homolog in Drosophila melanogaster, the product of the segment polarity gene armadillo. A monoclonal antibody to bovine plakoglobin recognizes the analogous beta catenin in the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. Armadillo plakoglobin may link E-cadherin to the underlying actin cytoskeleton at cell-cell junctions; the E-cadherin-catenin protein complex may also participate in the transmission of developmental information.