BMP4诱导的Smad9在小鼠卵泡发育中的作用及其机制的初步研究

本研究旨在探讨Smad9在小鼠卵泡发育中的作用,为卵泡生长发育及其调控机制的研究提供新思路。将6周龄的雌性昆明小鼠随机分成3组,分别腹腔注射生理盐水、骨形态发生蛋白-4(BMP4)和Smad9抑制剂(LDN-193189),依次作为对照组、BMP4组和LDN组。48h后收集卵巢制作石蜡切片,HE染色后观察卵泡发育情况并对各级卵泡进行计数;采用Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测Smad9蛋白和mRNA水平。同时通过ELISA试验测定各组小鼠血清中雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P4)、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)和芳香化酶等的浓度,并检测了CYP19a1、LHR、PRLR和FSHR基因的表达情况,进一步探究Smad9可能的作用机制。结果显示,与对照组相比,BMP4组Smad9蛋白和mRNA水平较高,而LDN组较低;BMP4组有腔卵泡显著增加(P0.05),而LDN组显著减少(P0.05)。此外,ELISA试验结果显示,BMP4组血清E2、FSH和芳香化酶含量增加,而P4和LH含量降低;LDN组中E2和芳香化酶的含量降低。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,BMP4组FSHR和CYP19a1基因的mRNA水平升高,而LHR和PRLR基因的mRNA水平降低;LDN组PRLR基因的mRNA水平升高,而CYP19a1基因的mRNA水平降低。由以上试验结果可以得出,BMP4诱导的Smad9能促进小鼠有腔卵泡的发育,而其可能主要通过影响E2、PRL和芳香化酶等的产生而起作用。     

GDF9对绵羊卵丘细胞增殖的影响

本试验旨在探究生长分化因子9（GDF9）对卵丘细胞扩展相关基因和激素受体基因表达量及激素分泌的影响,为GDF9在绵羊卵泡发育中的作用提供依据。以绵羊卵丘细胞为研究对象,通过在低血清细胞培养液中添加不同浓度（0、50、100、200、400 ng/mL）的GDF9,培养绵羊卵丘细胞48 h后,提取细胞总RNA,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,以β-actin为内参基因,检测卵丘细胞扩展相关基因透明质酸合酶2（HAS2）、前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2（PTGS2）、穿透素3（PTX3）及激素受体相关基因卵泡刺激素受体（FSHR）、促黄体生成素受体（LHR）和雌激素受体（E₂R）的mRNA相对表达量;利用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定培养液中卵丘细胞分泌的雌二醇（E₂）和孕酮（P₄）含量。结果显示：在细胞培养液中添加200 ng/mL GDF9时,HAS2、PTX3、FSHR、E₂R和LHR的mRNA相对表达量极显著高于对照组与其他处理组（P<0.01）;PTGS2 mRNA相对表达量极显著高于对照组、50和400 ng/mL GDF9组（P<0.01）,显著高于100 ng/mL GDF9组（P<0.05）。当添加400 ng/mL GDF9时,各基因mRNA相对表达量均极显著低于200 ng/mL GDF9组（P<0.01）;E₂分泌量极显著高于对照组与50 ng/mL GDF9组（P<0.01）,显著高于100 ng/mL GDF9组,与200 ng/mL GDF9组差异不显著（P>0.05）。100、200和400 ng/mL GDF9组P₄分泌量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,与50 ng/mL GDF9组没有显著差异（P>0.05）,且3组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上所述,GDF9能够促进绵羊卵丘细胞扩展,并参与绵羊卵丘细胞激素分泌的调控。     

小花棘豆中毒对和田羊母羊繁殖器官的影响

试验旨在探讨小花棘豆（Oxytropis glabra DC）中毒对和田羊母羊繁殖器官指数、性激素水平和相关基因mRNA表达量的影响。以小花棘豆中毒和田羊母羊为研究对象,采集血清后屠宰,采集试验羊的丘脑、垂体和卵巢组织,测定其脏器系数,检测血清中促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、促卵泡素（FSH）、促黄体素（LH）、雌二醇（E₂）和孕酮（P₄）含量的变化,并检测各组织中相关繁殖基因的表达。结果显示,小花棘豆中毒和田羊母羊丘脑、垂体和卵巢指数均极显著升高（P < 0.01）,且卵巢表面卵泡数显著下降（P < 0.05）,HE染色表明丘脑神经元细胞固缩、浓染;垂体中细胞核变形、浓染,胞浆减少;卵巢中初级卵母细胞溶解、消失,间质血管扩张。小花棘豆中毒和田羊母羊血清中GnRH、FSH、LH、E₂和P₄含量均极显著下降（P < 0.01）,丘脑中Kiss-1、GPR54、ERα mRNA,垂体中GnRHR mRNA和卵巢中FSHR、LHR mRNA表达量均极显著下降（P < 0.01）。结果表明,小花棘豆毒性成分可通过丘脑-垂体-性腺轴影响和田羊母羊的生殖系统。     

抗缪勒氏管激素抑制山麻鸭卵泡发育分子机制的研究

【目的】探究抗缪勒氏管激素(anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH)抑制山麻鸭卵泡发育的分子调控机制。【方法】选取40只29周龄产蛋山麻鸭,随机分为4组：AMH1、AMH2、AMH3和对照组,AMH1、AMH2和AMH3组给予2、20和200μg/d AMH多肽;对照组给予同等体积的生理盐水,整个试验持续21 d;每天记录产蛋量,在试验末采集卵巢和卵泡进行计数,称重计算卵巢指数,测定血清促黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)、孕酮(progesterone, P₄)和雌二醇(estradiol, E₂)水平,检测等级卵泡(F6)、小黄卵泡(SYF)和大白卵泡(LWF)中卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)、促黄体生成素受体(LHR)、类固醇生成急性调节蛋白(StAR)、3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(3β-HSD)、雌激素合成酶(CYP19A1)、生长分化因子9(GDF9)、骨形态发生蛋白15(BMP15)基因表达量,以及F6和SYF中StAR、GDF9蛋白表达水平。【结果】与对照组相比,AMH2和AMH3组的产蛋率显著下...     

姜黄素对罗曼蛋鸡产蛋性能、卵泡发育和抗氧化功能的影响

为了解姜黄素对罗曼蛋鸡产蛋性能、卵泡发育和抗氧化功能的影响，试验将健康的26周龄生产性能相近的144只雌性罗曼蛋鸡随机分为4组，分别为对照组(NC组)、NT1组、NT2组和NT3组，每组6个重复，每个重复6只。NC组饲喂不含姜黄素的基础日粮，NT1组、NT2组和NT3组分别饲喂添加50,150,250 mg/kg姜黄素的基础日粮，预试期7 d,正试期63 d。正试期每天统计各组产蛋性能指标。试验结束后测定各级卵泡数量，通过ELISA法测定血清生殖激素水平及抗氧化指标[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)],运用实时荧光定量PCR法测定卵巢FSH受体(FSHR)、LH受体(LHR)、E₂受体(ER)和P₄受体(PR)的mRNA相对表达量。结果表明：NT2组的产蛋率和小白卵泡(SWF)数量显著高于NC组和NT1组(P<0.05);NT2组和NT3组的FSH、LH、E₂及P₄水平显著高于NC组和NT1组(P<0.05),其中NT2...     

促卵泡素对体外培养牛卵泡类固醇合成相关基因表达的影响

本研究旨在探究促卵泡素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)处理对体外培养的牛有腔卵泡颗粒细胞和膜细胞类固醇激素合成相关基因表达的影响。采集牛卵巢表面直径9～11 mm的有腔卵泡,用含不同浓度FSH的DMEM/F12体外培养牛有腔卵泡24 h。提取卵泡颗粒细胞、膜细胞RNA并反转录成cDNA,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测卵泡颗粒细胞、膜细胞中类固醇激素合成酶基因(CYP11A1、3β-HSD、CYP17A1、CYP19A1、17β-HSD)和促性腺激素受体基因(FSHR、LHR)的表达水平。结果显示,FSH处理上调了颗粒细胞中CYP11A1、3β-HSD和CYP19A1基因表达,其中,25 ng/mL FSH处理极显著上调了CYP11A1基因表达(P0.01),10 ng/mL FSH处理显著上调了3β-HSD基因表达(P0.05),50 ng/mL FSH处理显著上调了CYP19A1基因表达(P0.05);50 ng/mL FSH处理显著或极显著上调了膜细胞中CYP11A1、3β-HSD和CYP17A1基因表达(P0.05;P0.01),但在10和25 ng/mL FSH处理组中CYP11A1、3β-HSD和CYP17A1基因表达显著或极显著下调(P0.05;P0.01)。对FSHR、LHR基因研究结果显示,不同浓度FSH处理对颗粒细胞中FSHR、LHR基因的表达均无显著影响(P0.05),只有25和50 ng/mL FSH处理显著或极显著上调了膜细胞中LHR基因表达水平(P0.05;P0.01),且不同处理组之间膜细胞中CYP11A1、3β-HSD和CYP17A1基因的表达变化与LHR基因表达变化趋势较一致。结果表明,FSH处理可提高牛有腔卵泡颗粒细胞中CYP11A1、3β-HSD和CYP17A1基因的表达,膜细胞中CYP11A1、3β-HSD和CYP17A1基因对LH的刺激更敏感,FSH可能通过影响LHR基因的表达来调节膜细胞中类固醇合成酶基因的表达。     

BMP15对藏鸡等级卵泡颗粒细胞孕酮分泌的影响

为探究骨形态发生蛋白15(Bone Morphogenic Protein 15,BMP15)对体外培养的藏鸡等级卵泡颗粒细胞孕酮分泌的影响，研究体外分离、培养并鉴定藏鸡等级卵泡F1颗粒细胞后，用0、25、50、100 ng/mL四种不同浓度的BMP15蛋白单独处理或者联合25 ng/mL促卵泡素（FSH）处理细胞，72 h后采用ELISA法检测不同处理组细胞培养液中的孕酮含量。同时，采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法检测不同处理组细胞中孕酮合成关键基因StAR、CYP11A1和HSD3B1 mRNA相对表达量。结果显示：免疫组化法鉴定体外分离培养的藏鸡F1卵泡颗粒细胞卵泡刺激素受体（FSHR）抗体阳性率95%以上；BMP15单独处理细胞后，随着BMP15浓度的升高，孕酮分泌量呈下降的趋势，且100 ng/mL处理组的孕酮分泌量极显著低于其他组（P<0.01）;BMP15联合FSH处理细胞后，随着BMP15浓度的升高，孕酮分泌量呈现上升的趋势，其中100 ng/mL处理组的孕酮分泌量极显著高于其他组（P<0.01）；不同处理组细胞中孕酮合成关键基因StAR、CYP1...     

CYP19A1调控内源性雌激素合成促进牦牛COCs细胞自噬和早期发育能力

旨在探索牦牛卵母细胞成熟过程中细胞色素P450芳香化酶(cytochrome P450arom,CYP19A1)对内源性雌激素(17β-estradiol,E₂)分泌、卵母细胞自噬和后续胚胎发育能力的影响。本研究在牦牛卵丘卵母细胞复合体(cumulus-oocyte complexes,COCs)体外成熟过程中，分别用等体积生理盐水、最佳浓度E₂(10^-7 mol·L^-1)、CYP19A1诱导剂黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)、CYP19A1抑制剂双酚A (bisphenol A,BPA)处理，实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)、Western blot和免疫荧光技术检测各组成熟COCs中CYP19A1表达水平，酶联免疫吸附方法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测诱导和抑制CYP19A1处理组牦牛成熟COCs培养液中E₂水平；分析不同处理组COCs细胞自噬调控关键因子:自噬相关基因5(autophagy related gene 5,ATG5)、微管相关蛋白轻链3(microtubule associated protein light chain 3,LC3)和Bcl-2同源结构域蛋白(Bcl-2 homologous domain protein,BECLIN1)表达，比较不同处理组卵母细胞成熟率、孤雌激活胚胎卵裂率、以卵裂胚胎数为基数的囊胚率。结果显示，AFB1处理组COCs中CYP19A1的表达水平上调，内源性E₂分泌增加，自噬相关因子ATG5、BECLIN1和LC3表达水平增加，且与对照组差异均显著(P<0.05)；E₂处理组CYP19A1水平显著降低，但COCs细胞自噬相关因子表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)；BPA处理组CYP19A1的表达显著下调，内源性E₂和COCs细胞自噬相关因子均显著降低(P<0.05)；与对照组相比，卵母细胞成熟率与胚胎卵裂率在E₂和AFB1处理组显著增加(P<0.05)，而在BPA处理组显著降低(P<0.05)，以卵裂胚胎数为基数的囊胚率在各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明，牦牛COCs成熟过程中CYP19A1上调内源性E₂水平，其上调的E₂与外源性E₂生理功能具有相似性，均可诱导细胞自噬发生，提升早期卵母细胞发育能力，结果为深入探索生殖激素调控哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟的分子机制提供了理论依据。     

催乳激素对山羊脂肪酸合酶基因转录活性的影响

为探讨催乳激素对体外培养的山羊乳腺上皮细胞脂肪酸合酶（fatty acid synthase，FASN）基因转录活性的调控作用，试验分别用不同浓度的胰岛素（insulin，INS）、雌激素（estradiol，E₂）、催乳素（prolactin，PRL）及不同激素组合（INS+PRL、E₂+INS+PRL）处理山羊乳腺上皮细胞24 h，提取细胞总RNA，采用实时荧光定量PCR检测催乳激素对FASN基因mRNA表达水平的影响。细胞转染山羊FASN基因启动子报告基因载体，同样用不同浓度的胰岛素、雌激素、催乳素及激素组合处理24 h，利用双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测催乳激素对FASN基因启动子活性的影响。结果发现，用雌激素、催乳素处理山羊乳腺上皮细胞后，FASN基因启动子活性及mRNA水平极显著或显著上调（P<0.01；P<0.05），雌激素浓度为10、100 μmol/L和催乳素浓度为0.1和1 μg/mL时效果最为明显，而胰岛素对FASN基因的启动子活性及mRNA水平没有显著影响（P>0.05）。用不同激素组合（INS+PRL、E₂+INS+PRL）处理细胞均能显著上调FASN基因启动子活性及mRNA表达水平（P<0.05）。结果表明，雌激素和催乳素能够调控FASN基因的转录活性，为进一步研究泌乳过程中FASN基因的分子调控机制提供理论依据。     

Effect of GDF9 on Sheep Cumulus Cell Proliferation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) on the gene expression of cumulus cells expansion and hormone receptors as well as hormone secretion,in order to provide evidence for the role of GDF9 in the development of sheep cumulus cells.Sheep cumulus cells were used as the research object in this study,and were cultured for 48 h by adding different concentrations (0,50,100,200,400 ng/mL) GDF9 to low serum cell culture medium.Total RNA were extracted from the cells,using β-actin as the reference gene,Real-time quantitative PCR technology were used to detect the cumulus cells expansion related genes hyaluronic acid synthase gene 2 (HAS2),prostaglandin lead oxide synthase 2 (PTGS2),pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and hormone receptor genes follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR),luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and estrogen receptors (E₂R).Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to test the content of E₂ and P₄.The results showed that HAS2,PTX3,FSHR,E₂R and LHR mRNA relative expression of 200 ng/mL GDF9 group was extremely significantly higher than the control group and other GDF9 groups (P<0.01),PTGS2 mRNA relative expression was extremely significantly higher than the control group and 50,400 ng/mL GDF9 groups (P<0.01),and significantly higher than 100 ng/mL GDF9 group (P<0.05).When added 400 ng/mL GDF9,the relative mRNA expression of all the mentioned-above genes were all extremely significantly lower than that of the 200 ng/mL GDF9 group.Moreover,the E₂ secretion level was extremely significantly higher than that of the control group and 50 ng/mL GDF9 group (P<0.01),significantly higher than that of the 100 ng/mL GDF9 group(P<0.05),while had no significant difference from the 200 ng/mL GDF9 group (P>0.05).When added 100,200 and 400 ng/mL GDF9,the concentration of P₄ was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference from the 50 ng/mL group (P>0.05),and there was no significant difference between 100,200 and 400 ng/mL GDF9 groups (P>0.05).To sum up,GDF9 could promote the expansion of sheep cumulus cells and participated in the regulation of hormone secretion of sheep cumulus cells.     

Effects of Oxytropis glabra DC Poisoning on the Reproductive Organs in Hetian Sheep Ewes

The study was aimed to research the effects of Oxytropis glabra DC (O.glabra DC) poisoning on reproductive organs coefficent, reproductive performance and related gene expression in Hetian sheep ewes. The sera, hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary of Hetian sheep ewes cases poisoning of O. glabra DC were collected, the organ exponent and contents of GnRH, FSH, LH, E₂ and P₄ in serum were measured, then the mRNA expression of reproductive genes were measured. The result demonstrated that the index of hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary were extremely significantly higher than normal sheep (P < 0.01),the follicle number on the surface of the ovaries in poisoning groups were significantly lower than normal sheep (P < 0.05). The result of hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the nuclear of neuronal cells in hypothalamus were pyknosis and hyperchromatic; The nuclear of cells in pituitary deformation and hyperchromatic, cytoplasm decreased; The primary oocyte in ovary dissolved, disappeared, interstitial blood vessel expanded. The content of GnRH, FSH, LH, E₂ and P₄ in serum in poisoned Hetian sheep ewes were extremely significantly lower than normal sheep (P < 0.01). The mRNA expression levels of Kiss-1, GPR54, ERα in hypothalamus, GnRHR in pituitary and FSHR and LHR in ovary were extremely significantly lower than normal sheep (P < 0.01). The result showed that O. glabra DC poisoning could affect Hetian sheep ewes reproductive system by affecting microstructure and ultrastructure of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis.     

水牛发情周期生殖激素变化规律及唾液结晶的分析

试验对水牛发情周期血清和唾液中雌二醇(E_2)和孕酮(P_4)的浓度变化规律、水牛唾液结晶与卵泡发育变化分别进行了分析研究,为进一步探讨水牛发情规律、指导生产提供依据。采用酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)测定发情母水牛血清和唾液中E_2和P_4的浓度变化,并对血清和唾液的激素变化规律进行相关性分析。结果表明,水牛血清和唾液中的E_2和P_4呈波动性变化。发情前期,唾液中P_4浓度一直维持在6.50～7.10 ng/mL,发情第13天达到11.09 ng/mL,随后快速下降。唾液中E_2浓度在发情第3～5天出现一个峰值178.53 pg/mL,在第14～17天唾液中E_2浓度显著升高,出现第二个峰值179.10 pg/mL。母水牛唾液中E_2和P_4浓度的变化趋势与其在血清中的变化趋势基本一致,均呈显著相关(P<0.05);唾液中E_2与P_4浓度呈极显著相关(P<0.01)。水牛发情当天唾液结晶呈现明显的蕨类作物形状且分维值显著低于其他时间点(P<0.05)。水牛发情周期唾液结晶图形的变化与卵巢卵泡发育基本同步,可作为监测水牛发情及预测排卵的可靠指标之一。     

Effect of a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor on in vitro and in vivo secretion of estradiol and on the estrous cycle in ewes.

Three experiments were performed to study effects of decreased concentrations of estradiol-17β (E₂) on lifespan and function of ensuing ovine corpora lutea (CL). In experiment 1, 52 follicles were collected from 10 ewes and placed into individual culture with 0 or .01 μCi ³H-androstenedione (10 ng; ³H-A) and 0, 10⁻¹¹, 10⁻⁹, 10⁻⁷, or 10⁻⁵ M of a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, CGS16949A (CGS). Concentrations of E₂ secreted into the medium, and synthesis of estrogens as estimated by formation of ³H-water from ³H-A were decreased by 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁷ (P<.01), but not 10⁻⁹ or 10⁻¹¹ M CGS. In experiment 2, luteolysis was induced in 24 ewes by injection of PGF₂ on days 5 to 10 of the estrous cycle (0 hr). Ewes received 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg CGS per kg BW i.v. at −12, 0, 12 and 24 hr, and an ovulatory dose of hCG at 36 hr. Jugular (P<.001) and vena caval (P<.001) concentrations of E₂ were decreased by CGS at all doses tested for 8 to 10 hr, but had returned to levels similar to control ewes by the time of the next injection. Concentrations of E₂ around the time of the LH surge were similar in control and treated ewes. During the subsequent luteal phase, concentrations of progesterone (P₄) were similar in control and treated ewes. Thus, transient decreases in E₂ during the follicular phase were not deleterious to the subsequent luteal phase. In experiment 3, luteolysis was induced in 18 ewes by injection of PGF₂ on days 6 or 7 (0 hr) of the estrous cycle. Ewes received 0 or 1 mg CGS per kg BW i.v. every 8 hr from 0 to 40 hr. Ovulation was induced with hCG at 36 hr. CGS reduced jugular (P<.001) and vena caval (P<.001) concentrations of E₂, prevented an endogenous surge of LH (P<.05) and increased (P<.001) concentrations of FSH. All ewes had ovulated a marked follicle by 72 hr, but onset of the luteal phase, as assessed by concentrations of P₄, was delayed (P<.01) in ewes receiving CGS. Delayed luteal phases were not solely attributable to the presence of new CL or to luteinization of follicular cysts. When data were aligned according to the day ewes were observed in estrus, profiles of P₄ did not differ with treatment. Therefore, normal luteal function ensued following estrus whether or not ewes re-ovulated. In conclusion, decreased secretion of E₂ by the preovulatory follicle was not involved in the ontogeny of CL of short lifespan or subnormal function. Instead, adequate production of E₂ or precisely timed E₂ secretion may be required during follicular development for subsequent functional luteinization.     

Effect of adenovirus-mediated up-regulation of α-enolase gene products on follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA and luteinizing hormone receptor mRNA of granular cells from goose F1 follicles

Enolases are glycolytic enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. In order to evaluate the effect of ENO1 on follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) mRNA and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) mRNA of primary granular cell from goose F1 follicles, the recombinant plasmid adenovirus carrying ENO1 were constructed and infected the primary culture granular cells. The granular cells were randomly divided into three groups: recombinant adenovirus infected (pAd-CMV-ENO1), empty vector infected (pAd-CMV-Null) and no virus (mock control). The expression levels of FSHR mRNA and LHR mRNA of granular cells were examined by qRT-PCR. The results showed the group pAd-CMV-ENO1 had significantly higher FSHR mRNA expression levels than the other two groups (P < 0.05), but had significantly lower LHR mRNA expression levels than the other two groups (P < 0.05). The results suggested that ENO1 could improve the combination rate between FSH and FSHR to accelerate the proliferation and differentiation and steroidogenesis in poultry gonadal tissues.     

Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Canine Endometrial Stromal Cells Proliferation and Progesterone Receptor Expression

In this study different digestion and isolation methods were applied to obtain canine endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), different concentration levels were set for estrogen (E₂) and progesterone (P₄), then MTT method was used to measure their effect on cell proliferation in vitro, also cell immunohistochemistry was used for cell identification and measurement of effect on progesterone receptors (PR) expression.The results indicated that E₂ (15, 30 and 100 pg/mL) showed no significant regulations on both cell proliferation and PR expression, P₄ (15 and 30 ng/mL) had significant promoting effect on proliferation of ESCs (P<0.05), P₄ (3, 15 and 30 ng/mL) showed significant inhibitory effect on PR expression (P<0.05), the regulation level was related to concentration and acting time.