珠海口岸首次截获南非石竹卷蛾

2015年1月珠海出入境检验检疫局首次从鲜葡萄中截获我国进口南非鲜食苹果议定书中关注的检疫性有害生物——南非石竹卷蛾(Epichoristodes acerbella),本文对该虫的寄主、分布及形态特征进行了详细描述。文中应用DNA条形码技术扩增了该虫的线粒体COI基因的部分序列,并与Genbank数据库和DNA条形码数据库BOLDSYSTEMS v3中已知序列比对,结果与Genbank中2条南非石竹卷蛾序列98%以上一致;与BOLDSYSTEMS v3数据库中10条南非石竹卷蛾序列98%以上一致。     

越南火龙果中杰克贝尔氏粉蚧的检疫鉴定

福建出入境检验检疫局多次从越南进口的火龙果中截获粉蚧活虫,为了快速、准确的鉴定到种,选用通用引物LCO1490/HCO2198扩增该虫的COI序列,得到698 bp的基因片段,与Gen Bank和BOLD Systems v3系统中已发布的DNA序列进行比对,初步确定种类后,再查阅文献资料,利用形态学进行复核,最终确定该粉蚧为杰克贝尔氏粉蚧(Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi GimpelMiller)。     

欧洲纵坑切梢小蠹的检疫鉴定研究

云浮口岸从土耳其进境木质包装中截获多头活小蠹虫,本研究对该小蠹虫的形态特征进行描述,同时采用小蠹科通用引物CI-J-2183和TL2-N-3014进行PCR扩增该虫的COⅠ基因序列。结果获得758 bp的基因序列,通过与Gen Bank数据库比对分析显示,该序列与Gen Bank数据库上的3条欧洲纵坑切梢小蠹COⅠ序列相似性高达99%;采用邻接法(NJ)构建的系统发育树也显示该虫与欧洲纵坑切梢小蠹亲缘关系极近且在同一进化分支中。结合形态特征和DNA条形码序列分析,可最终判定所截获昆虫为欧洲纵坑切梢小蠹。     

烟草花叶病毒丁香分离物的分离与鉴定

 从表现花叶症状的丁香病株上获得一病毒分离物,其在电镜下为约300 nm×18nm的杆状粒子;电泳分析表明感病组织中ds RNA大约为6.4kbp,而其外壳蛋白分子量约为17.6k Da。以上实验结果初步将该病毒分离物鉴定为烟草花叶病毒属(Tobamovirus)。根据该属病毒复制酶基因序列设计通用引物,进行RT-PCR检测,扩增出约1000 bp的预期特异片段(Gen Bank AY566703)。将PCR产物克隆后测序,序列分析表明,与从蚕豆中分离的TMV-B株系序列(Gen Bank AJ011933.1)同源性为99.90%。根据烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)的RNA CP基因序列设计引物,进行RT-PCR,扩增出约800 bp的预期特异片段(Gen Bank AY56672),序列分析表明,与TMV-B株系序列(Gen Bank AJ011933.1)同源性达99%,上述实验结果表明,该病毒分离物为TMV。由于该分离物与TMV-B在指示植物上的症状存在明显差异,所以,作者把该分离物暂命名为TMV-S。     

基于分子标记COI、28S和18S对新菠萝灰粉蚧与菠萝灰粉蚧的识别鉴定

新菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley)是我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,与近似种菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus brevipes(Cockerell))从形态上很难区分,给口岸快速准确鉴定带来了困难。本研究尝试采用快速、易于操作的DNA条形码技术对两种粉蚧识别鉴定。实验选择两种粉蚧的不同地理种群共65个样本,选用3个分子标记(COI、28S和18S)进行引物筛选、基因扩增、序列分析。结果表明:引物(18S_2880_F/18S_B_R;28S_S3660_F/28S_A335_R;Pco_F/C1-12342_R)能够成功扩增所有测试样品;3个分子标记都存在条形码间隔,COI最大,28S次之,18S最小;结合Gen Bank数据库中的同源序列进行系统发育分析,28S的NJ树图与COI相似,均以高支持率(97%和100%)将所有样本分成2个独立分支,分析结果与形态鉴定结果一致。与28S和COI相比,18S基因序列矩阵构建的聚类树含低支持率分支。本研究扩增的COI及28S基因区段均可作为快速准确鉴定新菠萝灰粉蚧与菠萝灰粉蚧的有效分子标记。     

溴甲烷对扶桑绵粉蚧的熏蒸处理研究

为建立扶桑绵粉蚧溴甲烷熏蒸处理方法,本文测定了溴甲烷熏蒸2h对扶桑绵粉蚧各虫龄的致死毒力。用机率值分析表明:各虫龄对溴甲烷敏感性不同,以1龄若虫对药剂最敏感,以3龄若虫耐药性最强;在20℃和29.5℃下3龄若虫达到99%死亡率所需CT值分别为44.09 g.h/m3和29.77 g.h/m3,其对应的LC99分别为28.09 g/m3和18.10 g/m3。验证实验表明在21～25℃下以剂量38g/m3,在26～30℃下以剂量25 g/m3熏蒸2h各供试虫龄死亡率均达到100%,该指标可为扶桑绵粉蚧安全检疫处理提供参考。     

侵染牡丹的烟草脆裂病毒的检测鉴定及序列分析

为明确江苏省牡丹上烟草脆裂病毒(Tobacco rattle virus,TRV)的发生情况,利用ELISA和RT-PCR方法对采集自扬州市的40份牡丹叶片样品进行了检测鉴定,测定了其中一个分离物Peony-11中TRV RNA1分子的部分蛋白编码区序列,并结合Gen Bank中已报道的相关序列对其进行了多样性和系统发生分析。结果显示,江苏省扬州市牡丹上TRV的检出率高达62.5%;序列分析表明本研究获得的TRV牡丹分离物Peony-11与Gen Bank中其它63个分离物的核苷酸序列一致率为90.5%~99.7%;系统发生和遗传距离分析表明TRV可以分成2个组10个亚组,组间、亚组间具有较为清晰的地理和寄主特异性,其中Peony-11分离物位于亚组I-1。     

西双版纳地区寄生橡胶树的蚧虫种类

通过调查发现云南省西双版纳地区寄生橡胶树的蚧虫有5种,分属于3个科.其中蚧科2种,即橡胶盔蚧和橄榄黑盔蚧;粉蚧科1种,即大洋臀纹粉蚧;盾蚧科2种,即类巨腺白盾蚧和东方片圆蚧.描述了以上5种蚧虫为害橡胶树的基本情况及国内外对各蚧虫的防治概况,预测了未来可能严重为害橡胶树的蚧虫种类.     

进境新西兰猕猴桃中猕猴桃果腐病菌的检测与鉴定

对来自新西兰的猕猴桃进行了病原菌的分离培养,结果在果实中分离到2株疑似猕猴桃果腐病菌的菌株Na-3419和Na-4756。对其进行了病原菌形态学观察、致病性测定并结合分子生物学方法检测,实验结果表明,菌株Na-3419和Na-4756在PDA培养基上生长良好,能产生大量的分生孢子;经真菌通用引物(ITS4/ITS5)扩增和测序,菌株Na-3419与Gen Bank中登录号EU482221.1和EU482220.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%,菌株Na-4756与Gen Bank中登录号AY359230.1、AY359226.1和KR859079.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%;病菌接种猕猴桃3 d后开始发病。根据上述试验结果,将分离获得的菌株Na-3419和Na-4756鉴定为猕猴桃果腐病菌(Neofabraea actinidiae)。这是上海口岸首次在进境的猕猴桃果实上截获该有害生物。     

泰国输华真柏中一种隐皮孢囊线虫的鉴定

深圳口岸从来自泰国真柏苗木中截获一种隐皮孢囊线虫。序列分析显示截获的孢囊线虫28S r DNA-D2/D3区基因序列与Gen Bank中布林克曼隐皮孢囊线虫(Cryphodera brinkmani)(登录号为JQ965677和DQ328705)的序列相似性为99%。系统进化树中截获的孢囊线虫和布林克曼隐皮孢囊线虫聚为一个分支。结合形态学特征比较和分子特征分析,将截获的孢囊线虫鉴定为布林克曼隐皮孢囊线虫。这是我国口岸首次报道截获该线虫。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.