Phyllochron Dynamics Under Controlled Environments in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Previously, we reported that phyllochron of rice greatly fluctuated in the course of development under natural conditions. The present study was carried out to examine the phyllochron dynamics using the five near-isogenic lines (NILs) for heading time and the recurrent parent. The change of phyllochron was investigated under four different controlled conditions regarding daylength and temperature. Growth duration (days to heading) showed a large variation among different growth regimes as well as genotypes. Changes of phyllochron were evaluated in the genotypes by using a quartic polynomial regression that was well fitted to the change of phyllochron in the present controlled environments as previously observed under natural conditions. Phyllochron began to drastically increase after around the 5th phytomer order and decreased with the progress of reproductive development in similar manners under different environments. The pattern of phyllochron change varied from a flat to non-flat shape. The shape of the equation was affected by genotypes as well as daylengths and temperatures. In addition, the shape was closely related to the growth duration (days to heading) of the genotype, suggesting that the phyllochron might internally increase depending on the genotype controlling the heading date. Therefore, the present results showed that the sufficient examination of phyllochron dynamics is necessary for understanding a variation in the heading date of rice.     

Wheat Development as Affected by Radiation at Two Temperatures

A wheat cultivar (Condor) was grown in two experiments (thermal regimes 18/13 and 21/16°C) under low (298 μE m^-2: s^-1) radiation regimes during either an early phase from seedling emergence to terminal spikelet initiation (S₂), a late phase from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis (S₂), or for the full period from seedling emergence to anthesis (S₁₂), or high (560 μE m^-2s^-1) radiation throughout the growing period (S₁₂) to determine whether developmental events are affected by radiation. The main developmental events considered in this study were the timing of terminal spikelet initiation and anthesis, the final number of leaf and spikelet primordia initiated in the apex and the rate of leaf appearance. Number of grains per spike and culm height were also measured. The duration of each phenophase was not affected by radiation intensity. Temperature affected the rate of wheat development, but the acceleration of development due to temperature during the seedling emergence - terminal spikelet initiation phase only slightly reduced (from 24.8 to 23.2 days). Differences in time from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis were greater than in the earlier phases, having been the duration reduced from 24.6 to 20.0 days due to high temperature. Associated with the lack of effect of radiation on phasic development and the negligible effect of temperature on the duration of the early phases of development, final Leaf number was practically unchanged in this study by either the radiation level or the growing temperature. Thus, radiation did not affect the rate of leaf initiation. The number of spikelets was affected by neither the treatments nor the thermal environment. The rates of leaf appearance were accelerated by temperature. Radiation, on the other hand, did not significantly alter the rates of leaf appearance in any of the treatments. As expected from many sources in the literature, the number of grains per spike was significantly affected by radiation during the phase from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis. Due to the lack of significant effects of radiation on the developmental patterns of wheat, the changes in number of grains per spike were due to changes in the number of grains born in each spikelet. The results of the present study were compared with others available in the literature on the effects (or lack of them) of radiation and CO₂ concentration on phasic development, plastochron and phyllochron in wheat to reach the general conclusion that the rate of developmental events in wheat, in contrast to other plants, is almost completely independent of the availability of assimilates, with a possible exception for the Equatorial latitudes.     

水稻冠层结构的动态模拟研究

根据水稻器官生长的生物学规律,在试验研究的基础上,结合生长模型相关输出,构建了普适性的水稻冠层拓扑结构模型。以节间及其着生叶或穗为单位,将水稻植株分解成若干生长单元,来描述水稻植株的冠层拓扑结构;利用Logistic曲线模拟器官伸长过程,并结合器官发育与叶龄关系,确定了各器官的初始伸长时间和伸长历期,构建了水稻植株冠层动态生长模型;最后对模型进行了检验,初步实现了以日为单位的虚拟水稻生长。     

水稻叶片的卷曲特性及其遗传分析

应用在构建近等基因系中的3个回交世代的F<,2>群体,在不同年份,不同环境下对水稻卷叶的卷曲特性及遗传规律进行了测定和分析.结果表明,水稻叶片发生卷曲是在第4片叶,但开始发生卷曲的时间是在6叶期,随着叶片数的增加,卷曲度随之增加至最大值;随着稻株叶片生长完成,叶片卷曲度在上三叶中均呈下降趋势,表现为:剑叶>倒二叶>倒三叶,卷曲度的降幅也表现相同趋势;叶基角随着生育进程的加大、叶片卷曲度的不断减小而增加,但叶基角的增幅与叶片卷曲度不呈简单的反比关系;该卷叶性状是由1对主效基因控制的不完全显性遗传.     

Effects of moisture stress on leaf appearance,tillering and other aspects of development in Triticum tauschii

Summary A glasshouse study was conducted to describe the dynamics of leaf and tiller appearance of four accessions of T. tauschii (Tt 04, Tt 17, Tt 65 and Tt 74) and to determine the influence of moisture stress (treatments were high and low moisture, imposed seven days after transplanting) on these and other aspects of development in this wild wheat.Under high moisture conditions, accessions differed greatly in flag leaf dimensions, culm length and seed number per spike, the values being lower in Tt 04 than in the other accessions. Low moisture strongly reduced values for these traits, with Tt 04 being least affected, but overall, there was no apparent association between the values obtained for these variables in the high moisture conditions and the effects of moisture stress. For three of the four accessions, final leaf number on the main culm was significantly lower in the low moisture treatment than in the respective control (P<0.05), but the differences between treatments (ca. 0.5 leaves or less) were very small. Maximum tiller number, on the other hand, was strongly reduced by low moisture, and initiation of tillering was inhibited until water was reapplied. There were no apparent after-effects of the moisture regime on the rate of subsequent tiller appearance.The four accessions differed in their leaf appearance rates, giving phyllochron values (117–142° Cd leaf^-1) within the range reported for hexaploid wheat. Low moisture tended to increase phyllochron, but in only one accession was this effect significant. Thus, depending on the accession, low moisture did not affect, or slightly decreased (by ca. 15–20%) the rate of leaf appearance. These effects were similar to those reported for cultivated wheat suggesting that there would be little scope for using these accessions of T. tauschii in breeding for stress tolerance.     

基于改进的CTGC系统下不同CO2浓度对水稻生长发育的影响

为探索二氧化碳肥效作用对作物生长发育产量形成的长期影响及其在气候变化背景下的综合影响，验证改进后二氧化碳与温度梯度系统（CTGC）的精确性与可靠性，开展了水稻全生育期二氧化碳和温度梯度处理试验，测定了水稻生长发育及产量形成的反应，分析了环境因素对水稻生长发育的影响，并就试验系统原理和功能的改进做了说明。研究表明，处理小区水稻的籽粒灌浆增长和灌浆速率、干物质增长和增长速率显著增加，产量和生物产量显著增加，并且表现为随二氧化碳浓度与温度增高而增加的趋势。生物量增加尤以营养生长中后期旺盛表现最为明显，并使得水稻发育期略显延迟；处理小区水稻的经济系数比对照小区明显降低。表明二氧化碳与温度处理增加了水稻的生物量，二氧化碳肥效作用对水稻籽粒产量的提高具有潜力。     

Diallel analysis of floral morphology in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Patterns of photoperiodic-response curve (PRC) of heading time in rice were examined using the five near-isogenic lines (NILs) of Taichung 65, in which insensitive alleles was replaced by photosensitive alleles through backcrossings. In the first experiment, the NILs showed the diversified patterns of PRC, depending on genotype, under the controlled conditions (9-, 10-, 12- and 14-h daylengths). In addition, the two NILs with different Se1 alleles showed the different patterns although they showed similar heading times under natural daylength (NDL) conditions. The cryptic difference gives some clues as to the relationship between the patterns and heading-time behaviors under NDL conditions. In the second experiment, behaviors of vegetative and reproductive developments under 20-h daylength condition with high- and low-nutrient conditions were examined to know whether or not they behave as expected from their PRC obtained in the first experiment. Under the extremely long-day condition, the photosensitive alleles brought about long-growth durations where the internal changes for senescence might drastically occur with increases of total number of phytomers (TNP) and decrease potentials for reproductive developments. The nutrient levels might not affect the pattern of internal changes but might affect TNP, depending on genotype, and as a result, the nutrient levels might bring about different developmental fates in the same genotype under the long-day condition. The present results suggest the importance of genotype-by-environment interaction in relation to the cryptic variation of PRC in rice.     

旗叶蜡质含量不同小麦近等基因系的抗旱性

于2013-2014和2014-2015年度,以多蜡质和少蜡质的4个小麦近等基因系为材料,采用田间旱棚方式控制土壤水分,研究了蜡质含量与小麦抗旱性的关系。结果表明,干旱处理后,多蜡质小麦品系旗叶的蜡质含量平均为15.15 mg g?1,较少蜡质小麦品系(8.43 mg g?1)高79.8%;多蜡质小麦品系旗叶的水势较高,干旱处理后下降幅度明显小于少蜡质小麦品系,水分散失率也显著低于少蜡质品系(P< 0.05);多蜡质小麦品系旗叶的光合速率平均下降7.5%,而少蜡质小麦品系下降9.8%;多蜡质小麦品系旗叶PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)平均下降幅度为3.4%,少蜡质小麦品系下降幅度达到5.8%;多蜡质小麦品系的籽粒产量高于少蜡质品系,平均高3.7%;多蜡质小麦品系的抗旱指数和干旱敏感指数均显著低于少蜡质小麦品系(P< 0.05)。以上结果表明,蜡质能够提高小麦的抗旱性,旗叶蜡质含量可以作为抗旱小麦品种的选择指标。     

OsBTF3基因在水稻光合作用和生长发育中的功能

为了揭示转录因子OsBTF3在水稻生长发育中的功能,比较分析了OsBTF3过量表达和RNAi转基因水稻T₁代株系叶片生长和株型发育的表型。结果表明,与野生型对照株相比,过量表达株系在叶绿素含量、叶绿体数量、光合速率、叶片大小、株高、节间长方面显著增加或增强; 而RNAi株系的明显降低或减弱。OsBTF3基因的增量或减量表达显著影响水稻光合作用、叶片生长和株型发育。说明OsBTF3在水稻生长发育中具有重要调控功能,可能在水稻转基因分子育种方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Climatic determinants of lowland rice development

Accurate modelling of plant development is the basis for any assessment of climate change impact on crop yields. Most rice models simulate development (phenology) based on temperature and photoperiod, but often the reliability of these models is reduced beyond the environment they were calibrated for. In our study, we tested the effects of relative air humidity and solar radiation on leaf appearance rate in greenhouse experiments and analysed data sets from field studies conducted in two extremely different rice-growing environments in Nepal and Senegal. We also analysed environmental effects on duration to flowering of one popular IRRI material (IR64) for eight different sites covering the entire temperature range where rice is widely cultivated. Both low relative air humidity and low solar radiation significantly decreased leaf appearance rate. Mean air temperature explained 81% of the variation in duration to flowering across sites, which was furthermore significantly influenced by relative air humidity. Across all sites, a simple linear regression approach including mean air temperature and mean relative humidity in the calculation of duration to flowering led to a root mean square error (RMSE) of 10 days, which was slightly lower than the RMSE of 11 days achieved with an automated calibration tool for parameter optimization of cardinal temperatures and photoperiod sensitivity. Parameter optimization for individual sites led to a much smaller prediction error, but also to large differences in cardinal temperatures between sites, mainly lower optimum temperatures for the cooler sites. To increase the predictive power of phenological models outside their calibration range and especially in climate change scenarios, a more mechanistic modelling approach is needed. A starting point could be including relative air humidity and radiation in the simulation procedure of crop development, and presumably, a closer link between growth and development procedures could help to increase the robustness of phenological models.     

Developmental Dynamics and Early Growth Vigour in Rice 2. Modelling Genetic Diversity Using Ecomeristem

Early vigour is an important objective in rice breeding. A previous study reported strong positive effects of development rate (DR, 1/phyllochron) on early growth vigour in two rice panels. This study provided a model‐based analysis of DR effects on rice early vigour and underlying source–sink processes during exponential growth, using Ecomeristem model. Relevant model parameters were fitted to panel observations, and their effect on early vigour was quantified. A sensitivity analysis was performed to quantify the impact of model parameters on simulation outputs. The simulated behaviour of a population of virtual genotypes defined by the combination of model parameter values was compared with that of diversity panel. Finally, a simulation experiment was conducted to analyse source–sink adjustments constituting early vigour across a range of DR. Parameters governing structural development, particularly DR, had greater impact on vigour than parameters for resource acquisition. High DR was associated with rapid dry weight accumulation and low transitory carbohydrate reserves in both real and virtual populations. Genotypic DR is thus a major driver of early vigour in rice under stress‐free conditions. To evaluate traits contributing to vigour, the capacity of crop models to simulate interactions between structural development and resource acquisition must be improved.     

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响

稻麦两熟地区,旱直播水稻生产受前茬小麦收获、全量麦秸秆还田及耕整地质量不高等因素的影响,常采用迟播期、大播量、高基本苗和主茎成穗为主的“独秆”栽培模式,而配套该模式直播稻优质丰产的氮肥管理技术尚缺乏系统的研究。以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为材料,采用机械旱直播方式,基本苗为380×10⁴ hm^-2,设置不同叶龄期(六、七、八、九和十叶龄期)氮肥追施处理及氮肥追施用量(纯氮180 kg hm^-2和225 kg hm^-2)处理,以基本苗380×10⁴ hm^-2和300×10⁴ hm^-2的旱直播精确定量氮肥管理(纯氮270 kg hm^-2,基肥︰分蘖肥︰穗肥=3.5︰3.5︰3.0)为对照,系统比较研究“独秆”栽培模式下,全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随追施叶龄的延后,水稻产量呈先增后降趋势,八叶期追施氮肥水稻产量显著高于其他处理,且追施量增加,水稻产量进一步提高。与2组对照相比,在纯氮180 kg hm^-2,氮肥减量33.3%情况下,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期一次性追施氮肥,可显著提高水稻产量5.10%和8.65%;在纯氮225 kg hm^-2,氮肥减量16.7%情况下,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期及7 d后二次追肥可显著提高水稻产量7.46%和11.09%。不施氮素基肥配合八叶期追施氮肥水稻产量提高的原因是,保障较大穗型的基础上增加有效穗数,显著提高群体颖花量,同时保持较高水平的结实率和千粒重。随追肥叶龄延后,水稻整精米率呈增加趋势,垩白度呈增大趋势,蛋白质含量增加,直链淀粉含量下降,食味值呈降低趋势。与2组对照相比,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期追施氮肥的水稻,加工品质提高,整精米率提高0.67%~2.23%;外观品质变好,垩白度降低3.6%~14.5%;营养品质提升,蛋白质含量增加3.03%~14.08%;蒸煮食味品质呈变优趋势,直链淀粉含量下降4.23%~10.95%;食味值无显著差异。综上所述,“独秆”栽培模式下基肥不施氮肥配合全程氮肥在分蘖中后期适宜叶龄施用可实现稻麦两熟地区旱直播稻迟播期、大播量和高基本苗生产方式的提质增产生产。     

水稻生育期对籽粒产量及品质的影响

明确水稻生育期与产量、品质的关系,对水稻高产优质育种和合理栽培措施的制定,具有重要的意义。本文以晚粳宁111和春江302经遮光(短日照)处理后获得的不同生育期水稻植株为材料,分析其产量和米质指标。结果表明,生育期152 d以上时,对产量无显著影响,而生育期短于152 d时,产量与生育期间呈极显著正相关;成熟期群体干物质积累量随生育期变化的趋势与产量表现基本一致。不同稻米的长度、宽度、蛋白质含量以及淀粉消减值,均以中等偏短生育期(131~132 d)最小,大于或小于131~132 d,均会使上述指标值增加;两品种直链淀粉含量亦有相似的趋势,只是其最低值分别对应132和137 d的生育期;各处理稻米淀粉的崩解值变化与消减值趋势相反。对垩白粒率、垩白度及糊化温度,各处理均呈随生育期延长而降低的趋势;生育期变化对碾米品质影响总体上较小。     

Leaf appearance of annual clovers responds to photoperiod at emergence

Leaf appearance rate and time to canopy expansion of four annual clover species (arrowleaf, balansa, gland and Persian) were quantified in field and controlled environment studies. Crops sown in autumn, which experienced shortening daylengths at emergence, had a slower rate of leaf production and consequently took a longer time to initiate branching, than spring-sown crops. When autumn-sown ‘Bolta’ balansa clover emerged on the shortest day in winter (21 June), the rate of leaf appearance was lengthened by 4 °C d/leaf/h. When the same species emerged after the shortest day, into an increasing photoperiod, the phyllochron was shortened by 5 °C d/leaf/h. This influence of photoperiod on the phyllochron consequently altered the time to axillary leaf production (branching). Throughout all sowing dates, phyllochron was the fastest for ‘Prima’ gland (33–91 °C d/leaf) and slowest for ‘Cefalu’ arrowleaf (53–116 °C d/leaf) clovers. ‘Bolta’ balansa was 44–82 °C d/leaf and ‘Mihi’ Persian 61–93 °C d/leaf. The response of phyllochron to photoperiod suggests these annual clovers should be sown in late summer or early autumn to initiate axillary leaf production as soon as possible to ensure maximize dry matter for early spring.     

植物生长调节剂对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响

为了研究不同植物生长调节剂对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响,在大田条件下,以寒地水稻‘空育131’为材料,叶面喷施4种植物生长调节剂,调查叶龄及茎蘖动态变化,研究水稻抽穗后物质生产、转运和输出变化,比较农艺性状、产量构成、产量及品质变化的差异。结果表明：与CK相比,叶面喷施ND调节剂明显加速了水稻叶龄进程,增加了水稻分蘖茎数、穗长以及抽穗至乳熟阶段水稻茎鞘物质的输出率和转运率,显著提高了水稻抽穗期的光合势和净同化率,提高了水稻籽粒千粒重、穗粒数以及单株产量,进而提高了水稻产量,实现产量增幅7.04%,BaDao调节剂次之;另一方面,叶面喷施ND和BaDao提高了稻谷糙米率和精米率,以ND表现最佳。而喷施PY显著降低植株高度和节间长度,抑制了水稻株高和节间长度的正常生长,明显降低了稻米的垩白率、垩白大小和垩白度,其次是BaDao调节剂。以上试验研究表明,叶面喷施ND和BaDao调节剂,可提高寒地水稻籽粒产量,改善稻米品质。     

籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异研究

为阐明籼、粳超级稻干物质积累及光合生产特征的差异,以江苏地区大面积推广种植的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对稻麦两熟制条件下籼、粳超级稻干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、秧苗素质、叶型等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明,粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及上三叶叶长、叶基角、叶开角、披垂度和叶面积衰减率、收获指数均小于籼稻,而生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶、粒重/叶)、最大叶面积指数、总充实量、实收产量、生物产量、茎鞘最大输出量和表观输出量及比率均大于籼稻,差异显著或极显著。虽然粳稻主要生育期单茎干物重均不及籼稻,但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和叶面积,且随着生长发育的持续,群体光合物质生产优势不断加大,群体干物质积累量于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻。粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势,而灌浆初期(抽穗至乳熟期)茎鞘贮存物质合理输出,有效保障了高效光合层的安全支撑及高积累产量库的流畅充实。高生物学产量的稳定形成和叶面积“稳升缓降”态势以及拔节至成熟期较强的高效光合物质生产,是粳稻光合系统高效持续产出、灌浆充实多及高产形成的重要特征和原因。     

双季晚稻不同类型品种产量及其群体动态特征差异研究

在长江中游双季稻地区(江西上高),以籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻4种类型20个具有代表性的品种为材料,采用湿润育秧大苗移栽种植方式,设置各类型品种最适的高产栽培处理,系统比较分析了不同类型水稻品种产量及其构成、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态与组成、光合势、干物质积累、群体生长率和净同化率等方面的差异,以期为双季稻区适宜品种的选用以及高产栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑。结果表明,双季晚稻不同类型品种产量表现为籼粳杂交稻杂交粳稻常规粳稻杂交籼稻,差异极显著。籼粳杂交稻群体产量最高的原因是在保持一定穗数的基础上,极显著增加每穗粒数,进而提高群体颖花量,同时保持稳定的结实率和千粒重。与杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻群体相比,籼粳杂交稻群体茎蘖数于生育前期稳步增长,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗,够苗后增长平缓,高峰苗数量较少、下降平缓,成穗率中等(73.19%左右);群体叶面积指数前期增长较缓,最大值出现在孕穗期,为7.93左右,此后平稳减少,抽穗期叶面积指数、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均极显著增高,成熟期仍保持3.85以上;群体干物质积累量有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期少,拔节后干物质积累速度较快,孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期和成熟期显著或极显著增高,且生育中后期干物质积累比例高;群体光合势、群体生长率和净同化率表现为"前小,中高,后强"。     

水稻叶氮量等生理参数的叶位分布特点及其与氮素营养诊断的关系

以氮素营养特性差异较大的3个品种为材料,研究了水稻不同生育期顶部4片展开叶中叶片总氮、叶绿素和游离氨基酸及叶鞘总氮含量的叶位分布特点。各生育期叶片和叶鞘总氮含量均以顶1叶最高,而游离氨基酸和叶绿素的最高含量叶位随品种和生育期而异。抽穗前游离氨基酸的最高含量叶位随品种和生育期变化较大,而抽穗后以顶1叶含量     

水稻叶色变化动态的模拟模型研究

定量描述叶片颜色变化的动态过程是植物生长数字化和可视化的重要内容。本研究通过对不同水稻品种和不同水氮处理条件下主茎和分蘖不同叶位叶色变化过程的连续观测和定量分析，构建了水稻叶片颜色随生长度日变化的动态模拟模型。水稻叶片颜色变化的基本过程可以用3个阶段的SPAD值分别表达，第一阶段为基于幂函数的伸长期，叶色逐渐增强，第二阶段为相对稳定的功能期，叶色基本不变，第三阶段为基于二次曲线的衰老期，叶色逐渐减弱；并基于二次曲线方程分别描述了叶片含氮量和含水量对叶色变化过程的调控效应。在此基础上，进一步建立了叶片SPAD值与叶色组分（RGB）值的关系模型。利用独立的水稻田间试验资料对所建模型进行了测试和检验，显示主茎不同叶位叶色变化3个阶段模拟值的均方根差分别为2.58、3.69和3.82，4个分蘖不同叶位叶色变化模拟值的均方根差分别为4.65、4.39、3.51和4.25；SPAD值与叶色组分间模拟值的均方根差分别为2.98和3.25。表明本模型可较好地模拟不同生长条件下水稻不同茎蘖上不同叶位叶色的动态变化过程，从而为实现水稻生长系统的数字化模拟和可视化显示奠定了基础。     

陇东塬区冬小麦生长量对气候变化的响应

为了研究气候变化对冬小麦的影响,利用陇东塬区1995—2013年连续19年冬小麦生长量资料及气候因子资料,采用气候倾向率、相关分析等方法,分析气候变化与冬小麦生长量的生理因果关系。结果表明,19 年来冬小麦生育期内日平均气温上升,气候倾向率为0.552℃/10 a;有效积温增加,气候倾向率为126.1℃/10 a;降水总量上升,气候倾向率为7.619 mm/10 a;日照时数减少,气候倾向率为-42.256 h/10 a。19 年来,陇东塬区冬小麦植物干重、生长率、叶面积、千粒重及气候产量均增加。各气候要素对生长量的影响在各发育期不同,营养生长期降水对冬小麦的生长起决定作用,随着生长发育进程,降水的影响逐渐减弱,积温、日照时数的影响逐渐增强,小麦气候产量与生育期内平均气温呈负相关,与降水量、有效积温和日照时数呈正相关。