籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异研究

为阐明籼、粳超级稻干物质积累及光合生产特征的差异，以江苏地区大面积推广种植的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料，对稻麦两熟制条件下籼、粳超级稻干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、秧苗素质、叶型等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明，粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及上三叶叶长、叶基角、叶开角、披垂度和叶面积衰减率、收获指数均小于籼稻，而生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶、粒重/叶)、最大叶面积指数、总充实量、实收产量、生物产量、茎鞘最大输出量和表观输出量及比率均大于籼稻，差异显著或极显著。虽然粳稻主要生育期单茎干物重均不及籼稻，但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和叶面积，且随着生长发育的持续，群体光合物质生产优势不断加大，群体干物质积累量于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻。粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势，而灌浆初期(抽穗至乳熟期)茎鞘贮存物质合理输出，有效保障了高效光合层的安全支撑及高积累产量库的流畅充实。高生物学产量的稳定形成和叶面积“稳升缓降”态势以及拔节至成熟期较强的高效光合物质生产，是粳稻光合系统高效持续产出、灌浆充实多及高产形成的重要特征和原因。

Difference of Characteristics of Photosynthesis,Matter Production and Translocation between Indica and Japonica Super Rice

This study was to reveal the difference of characteristics of dry matter accumulation and photosynthetic production between indica and japonica super rice. Field experiments were conducted by using five representative super hybrid indica combinations and five conventional japonica super rice varieties planted on a large scale in Jiangsu region with rice-wheat double cropping rotation. Dry matter accumulation, distribution and translocation, leaf area, leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), seedling quality and leaf type were analyzed systematically. Results showed that, dry matter accumulation, LAD, CGR and NAR at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), leaf length, leaf base angle, angle between stem and leaf and drooping angle in top three leaves, leaf area decreasing per day after heading and harvest index of japonica rice were less than those of indica rice significantly, while dry matter accumulation, LAD, CGR and NAR at the middle and later growth stages (from jointing to maturity), ratio of leaf area of productive tillers, ratio of leaf area of top three leaves, grain-leaf ratio (spikelets per cm² leaf area, filled grains per cm² leaf area and grain weight per cm² leaf area), maximum leaf area index, total filling, grain yield, biological yield, maximum output and apparent output and their ratio were larger than those of indica rice significantly. Although dry matter weight per stem of japonica rice at the main growth stages was lower than that of indica rice, the superiority of population quantity suggested that japonica rice would possess higher dry matter accumulation and leaf area. With the advancement of growth and development, the superiority of photosynthesis and matter production of japonica rice was increasing, with a higher dry matter accumulation more than that of indica rice 25 d after heading approximately. The growth potential of japonica rice remained strong at the late period of grain-filling (from milky stage to maturity), while stored matter kept in the stem and sheath exported appropriately at the early period of grain-filling (from heading to milky stage), ensuring the security of efficient photosynthetic layer and the enrichment of high accumulation yield sink. Therefore, balanced formation of high biological yield, stable-increasing-slow-decreasing tendency of leaf area, and the large amounts of high efficient photosynthate production from jointing to maturity are the important characteristics and causes for the efficient and sustainable output of photosynthetic systems, more grain-filling and high yield formation in japonica rice.