2BFD-4型花生覆膜播种机的设计与试验

摘要：根据中国北方地区花生垄作覆膜播种的特点,为提高花生播种机工作效率,改善作业质量,研制了2BFD-4型花生覆膜播种机。该播种机突破了一垄两行的播种模式,增加了排种单体和仿形机构,解决了单体运动干涉与仿形问题,实现了宽幅花生播种。对排种器与开沟器结构进行了优化,提高播种和开沟性能。整机结构紧凑,性能可靠,作业效率高,覆膜平整。经田间试验表明：该播种机播种质量较好,空穴率为0.58%,重播率为1.75%,种子破碎率为0.37%,穴粒数合格率为95.03%,种肥垂直间距为41.52 mm,出苗率为88.33%,各项指标均达到了相关标准,可以适应中国目前北方花生机械化的发展要求。     

花生收获机械的研究现状与发展趋势

通过对国内外花生收获机械的调研与资料检索,综述了用于分段收获的花生挖掘犁、花生收获机和用于联合收获的花生联合收获机的类型及特点.在系统介绍和分析了上述花生收获机械以及用于分段收获中花生摘果机的基础上,从各种机型的工作原理、结构特点、动力配套、性能指标、适应条件等多方面论述了国内外花生收获机械所具有的优势和存在的不足.结合中国加入世贸组织及产业结构调整对花生收获机械带来的挑战与机遇,提出了发展中国花生收获机械化的对策和建议.     

4HQL-2型全喂入花生联合收获机的研制

针对中国花生的种植特点,借鉴已有的设计经验,研制成功了一种适于中国花生主产区收获作业的4HQL-2型全喂入花生联合收获机。该机利用挖拔组合式工作原理,为保证挖拔效果和稳定性,设计了一种全新的挖拔组合装置;夹持输送部件首次采用了三带夹持原理（普通V型带）,利用柔性夹持方式大大降低了花生的机械掉果率;去土部件采用了上下摆拍式去土方式,去土效果好,损失低;摘果装置采用全喂入式,利用甩捋式工作原理提高了鲜湿花生的摘净率;清选装置采用风筛组合式,逐稿器和振动筛作反向摆动可有效地减轻整机振动。经田间检测摘果率为99.6%,总损失率3.3%,破损率2.0%,含杂率2.2%,达到了设计和相关标准要求,并已通过农业部鉴定。     

锥盘式花生种子脱壳装置研制

针对现有花生脱壳机脱净率低、种仁损伤率高及其对花生品种适应性差等问题,该研究设计了一种锥盘式花生种子脱壳机构。以花育23花生为试验对象,利用EDEM软件对花生荚果进行脱壳模拟试验,通过仿真分析与脱壳装置样机试验获得了脱壳机构最优结构参数。为进一步提高脱壳质量,在上下锥盘表面粘贴橡胶刺皮,以锥盘式花生脱壳机构的下锥盘转速、橡胶凸起数目、最小脱壳间隙为试验因素,脱净率、损伤率为响应值,进行单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验。利用Design-Expert软件对试验结果进行方差分析,以建立脱净率、损伤率与下锥盘转速、橡胶凸起数目及最小脱壳间隙的回归模型。通过提高脱净率、降低损伤率的双目标优化得到关键参数的最优组合为:下锥盘转速270 r/min,橡胶凸起数目5 500个/m~2,最小脱壳间隙11 mm。样机试验表明,粘贴橡胶刺皮的锥盘式脱壳装置样机的脱净率和损伤率均值分别为97.84%和3.27%;与滚筒式花生种子专用剥壳机相比,有橡胶刺皮的锥盘式脱壳装置的脱净率提高了2.03个百分点,损伤率降低了0.67个百分点。橡胶刺皮疲劳损伤试验表明,累计脱壳作业90 h后橡胶刺皮严重磨损,脱壳质量降低,应及时更换。研究结果可为花生种子脱壳机的研发及改进提供参考。     

全喂入式花生捡拾收获机捡拾输送装置研制

为了提高直立形花生捡拾收获质量和效率,解决花生捡拾输送装置制造工艺复杂、成本高、易卡堵、易缠绕跳齿、链耙扭曲等问题,该文设计了一种大型全喂入花生收获机捡拾输送装置,设计了其总体结构和传动系统。该装置可完成果秧的捡拾、推送归拢、交接输送以及部分去土等作业。对关键部件进行了结构设计和关键参数的分析确定;采用倒八字椽檐交接技术,设计了一种"凸"字形滑板滚筒式防卡滞捡拾器;采用静套动防缠绕技术,设计了链耙式输送装置。田间试验表明,平均捡拾率97.39%,捡拾落果率1.12%,可靠性达到98.91%,各作业性能指标满足设计要求。该研究可为直立形花生捡拾输送装置以及其他作物捡拾输送装备的研发提供技术参考。     

立锥式小区花生脱壳机气吸清选装置研制

在花生育种栽培和植保等科研实践中，需要进行大量的小区试验，每个试验小区花生均需进行独立收获、脱壳和清选。由于没有相应的小区花生脱壳与清选设备，仅人工作业效率低下且容易出现"混杂"问题。为此该研究在已研制的立锥式小区花生脱壳机及脱壳装置基础上，设计了三通道横流气吸清选装置。通过试验获得了花生脱壳后物料主要成分的漂浮速度和空气动力因数，分析了花生脱出物在水平横吸气流场中的受力和运动轨迹分析，并据此进行清选装置关键部件结构、参数设计和样机研制。以四粒红花生为试验对象，进行了花生脱壳与清选装置性能试验。性能试验结果表明，当转速为1 200 r/min、喂入量为15 kg/min时，吸风口高度为80 mm时的综合清选性能较好，损失率为2.01%、含杂率为0.98%，优于行业标准。该研究填补了国内小区花生脱壳清选装置的空白，对进一步开展花生科研和检验等小型专用花生脱壳清选设备研究具有一定参考价值。     

超声复合酸处理促进花生分离蛋白的亚基解离

为了改善蛋白质的功能特性,该研究分析了超声复合酸处理对花生分离蛋白的溶解性、紫外光谱、荧光光谱、二级结构及纳米结构等的影响,并探讨不同处理条件下蛋白聚集体结构变化的机理。结果表明,超声作用可以明显促进花生分离蛋白的不溶性聚集体向可溶性聚集体转变,单独超声及超声复合酸处理使其溶解度相对于对照分别增加了12.9%和15.3%（P<0.05）;电泳、紫外和荧光光谱表明,超声和酸作用均有助于亚基解离及蛋白质结构展开,从而促进更多的酪氨酸、色氨酸和苯丙氨酸等疏水性基团暴露;圆二色谱分析显示,与对照相比,在超声复合酸处理使花生分离蛋白的a-螺旋增加21.9%,β-折叠减少3.6%,无规则卷曲增加1.8%（P<0.05）;纳米结构表明,超声复合酸处理最大程度地降低了花生分离蛋白的颗粒大小。该研究证实,在酸性条件下进行超声处理,能显著促进花生分离蛋白的亚基解离和结构展开。该研究为后期蛋白亚基重新相互作用形成不同功能的改性蛋白提供参考。     

花生白绢病的防治方式探究

白绢病是花生生长期间的常见病害,在我国各个花生种植地区均有发生,严重情况下会导致花生减产,对花生产业发展造成很大影响。基于此,采用4种不同防治方式对花生白绢病发生区域进行处理。结果表明,在花生出苗后40天进行灌根处理时,对花生白绢病的防治效果最佳,死苗率仅有25.1%,每667 m2产量为300.8 kg,病株率为6.5%,百果质量为166.8 g,与对照组相比,花生的成活率、产量以及花生果实平均质量都有较大的提高。     

芝麻、花生在压榨过程中非线性粘弹塑性模型与蠕变模拟

在芝麻、花生流变试验的基础上，采用模型理论与经验模型相结合的方法建立芝麻、花生非线性粘弹塑性模型，并运用改进模拟退火计算方法对模型参数反演。数值模拟芝麻、花生、碎花生的蠕变，数值模拟的最大相对误差分别为5.7%、1.5%、4.3%，结果表明，非线性粘弹塑性模型能较好描述芝麻、花生流变特性。运用蠕变速率曲线确定了芝麻、花生、碎花生的平衡压榨时间。     

花生种子吸胀期间耐低温性及其与品质性状的相关研究

利用55份花生种子进行低温吸胀萌发试验,统计露白率及芽长/种长,筛选耐低温种质,并通过近红外光谱技术测定油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、脂肪、蛋白质及蔗糖含量,分析花生种子吸胀期间耐低温性与各项品质性状之间的相关性.结果表明:参试花生种质在2℃96h低温胁迫条件下,露白率≥80%的种质有3份、80%＞露白率≥70%的种质有3份、...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.