松节油基阴离子表面活性剂的合成研究

以松节油、马来酸酐（MA）和环氧乙烷（EO）为基本原料，通过加成、酯化及聚合等化学反应，分别合成了松节油基聚氧乙烯酯（TMEE）和松节油基阴离子型表面活性剂（TMAS）。重点计论了不同原料配比、催化剂、反应温度及反应时间等因素对TMAS合成反应的影响，并对表面活性剂的红外光谱进行了解析。     

溶液聚合法制备PAMPS高吸水树脂及其性能研究

以2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）为单体,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N＇-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用溶液聚合法制备了PAMPS高吸水树脂,并对合成条件进行优化,得到了合成PAMPS高吸水树脂的最佳工艺条件：m（单体）=35%,m（引发剂）=0.04%,m（交联剂）=0.03%,中和度N=60%,反应温度（时间）50℃（2 h）、60℃（3 h）、70℃（2 h）.在此条件下合成的PAMPS高吸水树脂在室温下蒸馏水和0.9%NaCl溶液中吸液倍率分别为4 062 g/g及165 g/g.     

酚醛树脂与木材之间的相互作用

按不同的（甲配合）Ｆ／／Ｐ（苯酚）摩尔比（１．７０，２．００和２．３０）及ＮａＯＨ／Ｐ的摩尔比（０．４和０．６０）合成了一系列甲阶酚醛树脂。用粘度、密度、分子量、表面张力和接触角表征，采用第配方合成的宽分子量分布的酚醛树脂（ＰＦ）的特性。关于合成配方及树脂特性的变化，通过测定树脂的表面特性、湿润性及木材的表面特性的改变来表示。研究结果认为，甲阶ＰＦ胶的表面张力随ＮａＯＨ、甲醛数量及分子量而变化，毛     

麦芽糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛共缩聚树脂合成及表征北大核心

以麦芽糖、三聚氰胺和甲醛为主要原料在碱性条件下合成麦芽糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛共缩聚树脂（MMF树脂）,对MMF树脂合成工艺进行探讨并研究了麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比（M_（mal）/M_（mel））对MMF树脂的储存稳定性、胶合强度、分子结构以及分子量的影响。结果表明：MMF树脂优化合成工艺的缩聚温度为88~90℃、pH值为9.0~9.5、麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比（M_（mal）/M_（mel））为0.1~0.3;MMF树脂的储存期比MF树脂的储存期延长20d左右;当麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比低于0.3时,胶合板强度达到国家标准Ⅰ类胶合板要求;FT-IR表明MMF树脂分子结构连接方式主要以醚键和亚甲基键为主;GPC表明MMF树脂数均分子量为1600~1750。     

松节油水合萜二醇合成对(艹孟)烷二胺反应的研究

探索研究了由水合萜二醇制备对[艹孟]烷二胺（MDA）的全新合成路线。使用叠氮化钠将水和萜二醇转化成为二叠氮基对[艹孟]烷（平均得率73．1％）,再通过林德拉（Lindlar）催化剂使其催化加氢还原,成功制备了对[艹孟]烷二胺（平均得率86．3％）,反应总得率为63．1％。合成对[艹孟]烷二胺产品经过分离和提纯后通过物理性能、气相色谱组成、GC—MS、IR、^4H NMR等分析测试,鉴定了化学结构。在此基础上,对[艹孟]烷二胺产品作为环氧树脂固化剂进行了应用试验,其试验结果表明,该合成产品与市售对[艹孟]烷-1,8-二胺产品性能相当。研究结果表明,该合成路线是有效可行的。     

“苯酚-三聚氰胺-甲醛”共缩聚树脂（PMF）的研制

本试验以苯酚、三聚氰胺、甲醛为主要原料合成了PMF共缩聚树脂。研究考查了各原料配比对PMF树脂性能的影响，取n（F1）／n（P）、n（M）／n（P）、n（F2）／n（M）、n（NaOH）／n（P）为4个因素，对其进行优化试验，从而得到最佳优化配方。本试验合成的PMF树脂性能优良，用其压制的竹帘胶合板物理力学性能达到JG／T1．56-2004所规定的竹模板物理力学性能要求。并且，原料成本较PF树脂低，仅为竹胶合板用2122型PF树脂的66．1％左右。     

中药沙棘提取液对血液肿瘤细胞杀伤作用研究

探讨中药沙棘提取液对人慢性髓样性白血病细胞（K562）、人急性粒细胞白血病细胞（HL-60）、小鼠T淋巴瘤细胞（YAC-1）肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用及其作用机理。方法利用不同浓度沙棘提取液与K562、HL-60、YAC-1肿瘤细胞体外培养24h,测定肿瘤细胞DNA合成能力及脱氧尿嘧啶核酸（UdR）释放率。结果受视药对HL-60、YAC-1细胞DNA合成有抑制作用,对K562细胞DNA中UdR有释放作用。结论沙棘提取液对血液肿瘤细胞生长有明显抑制作用,其药物机理可能与沙棘对其DNA合成的解聚作用和抑制合成作用有关。     

聚氨酯木材胶粘剂的研究(Ⅰ)——化学组成对粘接力学性能的影响

以多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯（PAPI）和聚醚多元醇为原料合成了一种单组分、室温湿固化的端异氰酸酯聚氨酯胶粘剂。本研究考察了物料的化学组成对胶粘剂粘接木材的力学性能产生的影响。实验表明，与改性二苯基二异氰酸酯（MDI）相比，PAPI合成的胶粘剂对木材粘接干压剪强度提高了60％；将相对分子质量（Mw）为800、1000和2000的聚氧化乙烯二醇（PED）、Mw为300和3000的聚氧化丙烯三醇（N303和N330）以及聚四氢呋喃一氧化丙烯二醇（NG220）按优化的比例复合使用，以改性胺和有机锡复合催化，可有效提高粘接木材的干和湿压剪强度、固化速率以及木破率。Fr-IR光谱证实聚醚多元醇的-OH与PAPI的-NCO反应生成了氨基甲酸酯（-NHCOO-），但N—H和G=O均以氢键形式存在。     

美国红枫变色期苯丙氨酸解氨酶与查儿酮异构酶变化研究

以美国红枫‘秋天火焰’（Acer×freemanif‘Autumn Blaze’）和‘白兰地’（Acer rubrum‘Brandywine’）为试材,研究美国红枫变色过程中,叶片中花青苷含量及其合成相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和查儿酮异构酶（CHI））的活性变化。结果表明：两红枫品种叶片中花青苷含量随天数的增加均为单峰曲线,分别在第20d和25d出现峰值;PAL酶活性与花青苷含量成二次曲线关系,CHI酶活性与花青苷含量呈极显著的线性关系;PAI、CHI是秋天火焰花青苷合成的关键酶,CHI是白兰地花青苷合成的关键酶。     

木材工业用胶粘剂发展前景

本文综述了国外近年来对新型合成胶粘剂（包括低毒性脲醛树脂胶粘剂,阻燃、防腐胶粘剂和异氰酸脂胶粘剂）、利用再生资源制各胶粘剂（包括木素、单宁和碳水化合物）和“非传统粘合”技术的研究进展。作者认为,今后发展趋势是对现有合成树脂胜粘荆进行改性并向高性能发展;开发原料来源丰富、成本低廉、性能更优的新型非甲醛系合成胶粘剂;充分利用再生资源制胶和开发“非传统粘合”技术。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。