超高压对秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

秘鲁鱿鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是一种高产量、低价格、低品质的海洋渔业资源,由于其肉质粗糙,还有酸、苦、涩等不良风味,使秘鲁鱿鱼的资源化利用成为一个难点问题。本研究以秘鲁鱿鱼为研究对象,通过测定肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的硬度、弹性、电泳图谱等,研究了超高压对其凝胶特性的影响,并比较了其与热诱导凝胶的差异。结果表明,超高压300MPa、10min时,秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶弹性达到最大值1.43;超高压300MPa、25min时凝胶弹性为1.42;超高压400MPa、25min时凝胶硬度达到最大值52.5g;300MPa、保压25min时凝胶强度达到最高值68.4g。不添加TG-B型谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)时,秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维难以形成热诱导凝胶;添加了2%TGase的热诱导凝胶硬度较高,可达到74.74g,但凝胶弹性仅为0.90,凝胶强度为67.0g,与超高压诱导凝胶的强度相近。研究表明,超高压具有促进凝胶形成和改善凝胶特性尤其是凝胶弹性的作用,可以成为替代热处理的一种秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜制品生产的新技术。     

熟制对虾虾仁超高压杀菌主要参数探讨

实验通过不同的压力和保压时间处理虾仁,以此考察超高压的杀菌效果以及对产品品质的影响。结果表明,压力是影响杀菌效果的主要因素,当压力为600MPa,保压时间为20min时,虾仁中接种的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌总数分别下降7.1、7.0、7.2和4.3个log。枯草芽孢杆菌对高压最不敏感。超高压处理对产品的理化性质有一定影响,随着压力增大,水分含量有所减小,但幅度不大,色泽L值减小,红度a值无显著影响,硬度、弹性和咀嚼度都增大。在4℃低温保藏过程中,虾仁硬度有所增大,弹性无明显变化,而色泽红度呈现先缓慢增大后下降的趋势。感官评定结果表明,经600MPa保压15min的样品在4℃保藏60d后最被喜爱,120d后仍可被接受。     

超高压处理对鳙品质的影响

研究了不同超高压条件(0、50、150、300、450和600MPa,保压处理15 min)对鳙感官、色度、硬度、pH、氨基氮含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性和超微结构的影响.结果表明,超高压处理改善了鱼肉的气味、滋味和咀嚼度,300、450和600MPa处理能够显著提高鱼肉的感官品质(P＜0.05);改变了鱼肉的色度,使L *值和b*值升高,a*值下降.150MPa以上的高压能够显著提高鱼肉的硬度(P＜0.05).氨基氮含量在高压处理后显著升高(P＜0.05),50和300MPa处理组的氨基氮含量比对照组分别上升了15.19％和17.89％.鱼肉的pH随着压力的升高而上升.超高压抑制了肌球蛋白Ca2+-ATPase活性,当压力≥150MPa时,Ca2+-ATPase的失活速度明显加快.超高压对肌原纤维的超微结构也有较大影响,150MPa处理后,肌节收缩,肌原纤维变粗,M线、Z线和H区消失,A带和I带断裂.450MPa处理后,肌节结构被完全破坏,肌原纤维间隙消失,肌原纤维凝胶化现象严重.综合感官和理化测定结果可知,超高压在改善鳙品质方面具有潜在的应用前景.     

不同处理条件下鲢鱼糜凝胶水分状态和微观结构的特征

为探讨超高压改善低盐鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鱼糜凝胶品质的机制,利用低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)、差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimeter,DSC)、傅里叶红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)以及扫描电镜分析比较了超高压低盐鱼糜凝胶[300 MPa,1.5%氯化钠(NaCl)]与常压低盐鱼糜凝胶(0.1 MPa,1.5%NaCl)以及常压普通鱼糜凝胶(0.1 MPa,2.5%NaCl)在水分状态和微观结构上的差异。DSC结果表明超高压低盐鱼糜凝胶可冻结水的冰点降低,结合水含量(17.58%)较低盐对照组(10.89%)显著提高;LF-NMR表明超高压低盐鱼糜凝胶弛豫时间T21、T23和T24左移,不易流动水的含量(76.65%)较低盐对照组(67.29%)提高了9.39%;超高压处理能使低盐鱼糜凝胶形成光滑、连续、均匀的三维网络结构。因此,超高压处理(300 MPa,10 min)能够提高低盐鲢鱼糜凝胶结合水含量、改善微观结构。     

淀粉种类对草鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

通过分析草鱼鱼糜流变学特性、草鱼鱼糜凝胶特性等,研究不同种类淀粉的添加对鱼糜凝胶性能的影响。结果表明,添加不同种类淀粉(马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯和醋酸酯淀粉)能不同程度地影响草鱼鱼糜的保水性和凝胶品质,包括硬度、凝胶强度、胶着性以及咀嚼性;流变学结果也表明,适量添加淀粉能有效促进草鱼鱼糜凝胶的形成。其中,添加醋酸脂淀粉对草鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性影响最大,使得草鱼鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性和白度均达到最大值。因此,添加醋酸酯淀粉可以显著改善草鱼鱼糜流变及凝胶特性,有助于淡水鱼高值化利用与产业化升级。     

5种淡水鱼鱼糜凝胶基本特性研究

文章以凝胶特性、肌原纤维蛋白化学键以及脂质、磷脂含量等为指标,研究了5种淡水鱼[黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)]鱼糜第一段和第二段加热的凝胶性能变化。结果显示,第一段加热鱼糜的凝胶强度、硬度、咀嚼性、白度、持水性显著小于第二段(P<0.05),但凝胶弹性和内聚性差异不明显。表面疏水性均在第二段加热后显著增大,且增加程度差异显著(P<0.05);对于二硫键,鳙和黄颡鱼两段加热的凝胶样品差异不显著(P>0.05)。第二段加热凝胶的脂质质量分数介于38.24~76.45 g·kg^-1,磷脂质量分数介于1.929~3.452 mg·g^-1。     

鲜活小龙虾超高压剥壳预处理工艺比较及其对虾仁品质的影响

为探究超高压剥壳预处理工艺对鲜活小龙虾脱壳效果及品质的影响，本研究组合不同压力(150、200、250、300 MPa)和保压时间(1、3、5、7 min)对鲜活小龙虾进行超高压脱壳预处理。脱壳效果评价指标选用脱壳时间和虾肉完整率。品质评价指标选用汁液流失率及可表示肌原纤维蛋白变性程度的肌原纤维蛋白含量、表面疏水性、总巯基含量、羰基含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性等指标。结果显示：超高压处理有助于小龙虾脱壳，小龙虾的脱壳时间随着压力的增大而缩短；除150 MPa、3 min处理组外，其他超高压处理组的虾仁完整率可达100%;适当的压力可以降低小龙虾的汁液流失率，200 MPa、1 min和300 MPa、5 min处理后的小龙虾虾肉汁液流失率，分别为7.25%和9.16%,两者均低于生鲜组。随着压力的增大，肌原纤维蛋白含量、总巯基含量和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性下降，表面疏水性及羰基含量上升；300 MPa(1、3、5 min)处理后的肌原纤维蛋白变性程度明显。综合分析脱壳效果及蛋白理化特性指标，本研究认为200 MPa、1 min处理能同时...     

超声时间对鲢鱼糜凝胶特性和蛋白结构的影响及相关性

为探究超声预处理对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,并进一步阐明凝胶特性变化与蛋白二级结构之间的相关性规律,本实验对鲢鱼糜进行超声预处理,探究超声过程中(0～50 min)凝胶强度、色泽、水分分布、微观结构、蛋白分子量以及二级结构的变化。结果显示,超声波处理10 min,鱼糜凝胶强度显著提高,束缚水的能力增强,凝胶网络结构更为致密;但随超声时间的增加,凝胶劣化,不易流动水转变为自由水。凝胶电泳及红外光谱结果显示,随着超声时间增加,鱼糜中蛋白未发生降解或聚集;二级结构中α-螺旋相对含量降低,β-折叠、无规则卷曲和β-转角相对含量增加。通过皮尔逊相关性分析可知,超声预处理促进蛋白质结构展开,更利于鱼糜在加工过程中形成均匀的网络结构,提高凝胶强度以及保水能力。研究表明,适量超声预处理可以通过改变鱼糜蛋白结构,改善鱼糜凝胶特性。本研究可为超声波技术在鱼糜制品加工中的应用提供参考。     

乳清蛋白与凝胶化条件对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了浓缩乳清蛋白(WPC)和凝胶化条件对白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,检测指标包括破断力、凹陷度、凝胶强度、白度和折曲性能.结果表明:白姑鱼鱼糜最适宜的凝胶化条件为40℃ 60 min.在40℃和50℃凝胶化60 min的条件下,添加的WPC在总蛋白中的蛋白比例为5%和10%时能够使白姑鱼鱼麋凝胶特性增强,并能保持和改善凝胶的弹性,抑制50℃下的凝胶劣化现象.但在30℃凝胶化60 min的条件下,WPC的添加反而会降低鱼糜的凝胶特性与弹性.添加10%的WPC能够显著(P<0.05)提高白姑鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度.     

海虾超高压灭菌的试验研究

以新鲜海虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)为对象,研究了重复加压对超高压灭菌效果的影响.采用正交试验设计方法考察了不同工艺参数(处理压力、保压时间、加压次数)对海虾中微生物存活量的影响,确定超高压处理海虾的最佳工艺条件.试验结果表明,当处理压力为300～400 Mpa,保压时间为10～20 min,加压2~3次时,对海虾中各种微生物杀灭作用显著.在重复3次加压,压力为400 Mpa,保压时间为15 min的条件下,可以杀灭海虾中99.3%的微生物.     

鲟鱼鱼糜漂洗工艺优化及其对品质的影响

本研究以鲟鱼(Acipenser sinensis)肉为原料,通过正交实验对鲟鱼鱼糜的漂洗工艺进行了优化,对鱼糜漂洗前后的蛋白质含量及其组成、水分分布、凝胶性能等进行了研究。结果显示,鲟鱼鱼糜的最佳漂洗工艺为：水漂洗1次,盐水漂洗1次,盐的质量分数为0.25%,漂洗时间为1 min。鲟鱼鱼糜经漂洗后,其盐溶性蛋白比例显著升高(P<0.01);鱼糜中的水分受到的束缚力增加,自由度减小,形成了更为致密的凝胶网状结构;破断力、凹陷距离、凝胶强度、持水力、白度等表征凝胶性能和鱼糜品质的指标明显提升。研究表明,采用恰当的漂洗工艺可显著提高鲟鱼鱼糜的品质。     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate,CaCl2, and Setting Condition

The effects of setting time, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on textural properties of silver carp surimi were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate and compare the effects of setting time (30–90 min), WPC (1–9% of protein ratio), and CaCl₂ (1–59 mmol/kg) on the gel strength. Models for breaking force, breaking distance, and gel strength of surimi gel were established. The maximum gel strength was achieved at the setting time of 60 min, WPC and CaCl₂ at 5% protein ratio, and 15–18 mmol/kg. CaCl₂ was the most significant factor affecting the gel strength.     

Cryoprotective effects of shrimp head protein hydrolysate on gel forming ability and protein denaturation of lizardfish surimi during frozen storage

ABSTRACT:   The effects of shrimp head protein hydrolysate (SHPH) from three species of shrimp (northern pink shrimp [ Pandalus eous ], endeavour shrimp [ Metapenaeus endeavouri ], black tiger shrimp [ Penaeus monodon ]) on gel forming ability and protein denaturation of lizardfish surimi during frozen storage at −25°C were evaluated. The quality of lizardfish surimi with 5% (dried matter) of any of the three SHPH or sodium glutamate (Na-Glu) was examined in terms of gel strength, whiteness, Ca-ATPase activity and the amount of unfrozen water, comparing with those of surimi without additive as the control. The residual Ca-ATPase activity and gel strength of surimi with SHPH were higher than those of the control throughout 180 days of frozen storage, regardless of shrimp species. The highest effect was found in surimi with Na-Glu. The gel strength and Ca-ATPase activity found a high positive correlation. The addition of SHPH to surimi also increased the amount of unfrozen water by approximately 1.29–1.36 fold higher than the control, however kamaboko gels of the control was significantly whiter. From these results, freeze-induced denaturation of lizardfish muscle protein could be lessened by the addition of SHPH, resulting in a high gel strength and Ca-ATPase activity.     

Comparison of horse mackerel and tilapia surimi gel based on rheological and <Superscript>1</Superscript>H NMR relaxation properties

ABSTRACT:   Horse mackerel and tilapia surimi were subjected to six different heat and pressure treatments in order to compare gelation characteristics of easy- and difficult-setting gels, that is, temperature dependence, by observing rheological properties and microscopic molecular mobility. The stress–relaxation and proton spin–spin relaxation time (¹H T ₂) of water were measured for all treated gels. Horse mackerel gel demonstrated higher elasticity, large distribution of the stress–relaxation process, and smaller water ¹H T ₂ than tilapia in both heat and pressure treatments. The water ¹H T ₂ was steeply increased in the pressure treatment at around 294 MPa for both fishes. In contrast, the ¹H T ₂ rarely changed in the heat treatment in spite of the considerable change in rheological properties. From the experimental results, it is considered that the gelation of horse mackerel (easy setting) surimi is induced by highly unfolding and re-aggregation of protein, which contributes to the formation of a strong network structure compared with tilapia in both heat and pressure treatments, and that pressure treatments hardly improve the gel strength of tilapia (difficult setting) surimi. The water ¹H T ₂ measurement was used effectively in order to study gelation characteristics of easy- and difficult-setting fish through observing its molecular dynamics.     

Effects of pH and NaCl on Gel Strength of Pacific Whiting Surimi

The effects of varying concentrations of salt and pH on the gel strength of Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) surimi were investigated. Surimi gels were made with and without the protease inhibitor beef plasma protein (BPP). Gel strength was measured by torsion and reported as shear stress and shear strain. In general, surimi gels increased in gel strength with increased pH. Stress increased to a greater degree than strain about pH 7. Water holding capacity values increased up to pH7 and than leveled off. Surimi gels made with low salt (0.9%) or not salt had greater stress values that the higher salt surimi gels in the alkaline pH range. The results demonstrated that the effects of salt and pH are interactive on gels strength for Pacific whiting surimi     

添加圆苞车前子壳粉的鲢鱼糜凝胶工艺优化及其凝胶特性

圆苞车前子壳粉(psyllium husk powder, PHP)是一种富含膳食纤维的食品亲水胶体。为了解其在鱼糜制品中的作用,本实验以冷冻鲢鱼糜为研究对象,以凝胶强度和持水性(water holding capacity, WHC)为考察指标,研究了PHP的添加量、凝胶化温度和凝胶化时间3个因素对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,进行了三因素三水平的正交试验和验证试验。正交试验结果得到最佳工艺条件:PHP添加量0.1%,凝胶化温度45°C,凝胶化时间2 h。单因素试验结果表明,添加适量PHP (0.1%～0.3%)能够增加鱼糜凝胶的硬度和WHC,但对破断距离有不利影响;根据验证试验中蒸煮损失率、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)分析,PHP的添加降低了较高凝胶化温度时凝胶的蒸煮损失,PHP或许可以促进肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy chain, MHC)分子间交联,减缓蛋白质降解,形成更加致密的凝胶结构。本研究对PHP作为一种新型食品原料应用于开发优质健康鱼糜制品进行了初步的探究,以期为丰富亲水胶在影响鱼糜凝胶特性中的应用研究提供一定的参考。     

Changes in purine content of tilapia surimi products during processing

ABSTRACT:   Changes in purine-related compounds of tilapia surimi product during processing were investigated. The washing step could result in about 60% decrease of total purine content in tilapia mince during processing. The main released purine substance was inosine monophosphate. The major reducing effect was conducted in the first 10 min during washing. No significant changes were observed after washing for 20 and 30 min. The lowest total purine content of tilapia surimi product was obtained with repeating the washing step twice. Thus, this procedure could reduce the purine content of tilapia mince from a high purine content level to a middle level. The gel strength of tilapia surimi product increased with increasing washing duration within 30 min. However, tilapia surimi product with a middle purine content and acceptable gel strength might be produced by washing twice in 10 min during processing.     

TG酶制剂对鱼糜凝胶强度的影响

本文研究了TG-K、TG-B、TG-AK三种酶制剂在不同的添加量、凝胶化时间下对冷冻蛇鲻鱼糜凝胶强度的影响。结果表明:三种酶制剂都有增强冷冻蛇鲻鱼糜凝胶强度的作用,以 0.15％的 TG-AK酶制剂,30℃时凝胶化 30分钟凝胶强度增强效果最好,此方案应用于鱼丸的生产,产品的凝胶强度弹性明显增强。     

Effect of pH-shifting on the gel forming characteristics of salt-ground meat from walleye pollack

ABSTRACT:   In order to elucidate the mechanism of the changes in gel forming characteristics of fish meat by pH-lowering, the gelation-temperature curve and the gelation-moisture content curve were examined using the acidified walleye pollack surimi or neutralized one after acidification. In the gelation-temperature curve, the gel strength was highest at 30°C and lowest at approximately 50–60°C, irrespective of pH shifting. The gel strength at 30°C and 80°C decreased with the decrease in pH value. The neutralization of acidified surimi improved the gel strength, but it was considerably lower than the original gel strength. The gel strength at 50–60°C was not affected by pH lowering. The gel strength at 80°C could not be revived to the original by pH readjustment, either in the presence or in the absence of EDTA. These results suggest that irreversible changes of meat protein take place under the low pH, and the oxidation ability of sulfhydryl (SH) groups of protein molecule is not affected by pH-shifting.