2株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒人工感染鸭的11项血液生化指标测定

鸭肌肉接种禽流感病毒A/duck/Guangdong/185/2004（H5N1）和A/duck/Guangdong/221/2004（H5N1）后,血清中的丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、总蛋白、肌酐、总胆固醇、钙和磷明显升高;葡萄糖和甘油三酯明显降低;白蛋白表现为先下降后升高的变化趋势。作者认为,检测这些血液生化指标对于诊断禽流感具有一定的参考价值。     

一株鸡源H6N1亚型禽流感病毒全基因的分子特征

2008年国家禽流感参考实验室在我国禽流感流行病学调查期间分离到1株鸡源H6N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)A/Chicken/ZheJiang/80/2008(H6N1)(简称为CK/ZJ/80/08),为了弄清该病毒的分子特征,我们对其8个基因片段分别进行扩增和序列测定,对每个基因进行BLAST分析,找出同源性最高的毒株。利用DNAStar中的Megalign功能进行进化分析。结果表明CK/ZJ/80/08的HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为QIETR↓GLF,推测可能为一株低致病力AIV。其HA基因与日本北海道的A/duck/Hokkaido/228/2003(H6N8)和黑龙江的A/mallard/Heilongjiang/131/2006(H6N2)以及香港早期分离株A/chicken/HongKong/17/77(H6N1)等处于同一分支;NA基因在颈部没有缺失,与A/duck/Tsukuba/718/2005(H1N1)、A/goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)等处于同一分支;M基因与A/duck/Hokkaido/W90/2007(H10N7)高度同源(同源性为99%);NS基因与A/duck/Denmark/65047/04(H5N2)和A/goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)处于同一分支。NP、PA、PB1、PB2分别与贵州和江西分离的H5N2亚型AIV的相应基因关系密切,同源性分别为98%、97%、97%、97%。由此推测CK/ZJ/80/08可能是由H6N2、H1N1、H10N7、H5N2等多个亚型病毒重组而成。     

一株H5N1亚型高致病力禽流感病毒人工感染鸭的18项血液生化指标测定

鸭接种高致病力禽流感病毒A/duck/Guangdong/220/2004（H5N1）后,血清中的丙氨酸氨基转移酶（谷丙转氨酶）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（谷草转氨酶）、γ-谷氨酰基转移酶、肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶明显升高;碱性磷酸酶明显下降;α-淀粉酶先升高后下降;总蛋白、球蛋白、尿素氮、胆固醇、钙和磷轻微升高;白蛋白、肌酐、葡萄糖、甘油三酯和尿酸轻微下降。作者认为,检查这些血液生化指标的变化,对于诊断禽流感具有一定意义。     

鸭源H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及其HA和NA基因的生物信息分析

分离到1株 H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒, 经序列测定发现HA蛋白裂解位点上插入多个连续的碱性氨基酸（PQREIRRKKR*G）,从分子上证实是一株高致病性禽流感病毒。核酸序列比较分析结果表明,分离的流感病毒HA基因与A/duck/VietNam/Ncvd1/2002(H5N1)同源率最高,达到98.8%;NA基因与A/duck/VietNam/Ncvd1/2002(H5N1) 和A/chicken/Jiangsu/cz1/2002(H5N1)同源率最高,达到98.7%。氨基酸水平上,HA与A/duck/Viet Nam/Ncvd1/2002(H5N1)同源率最高,可达99.3%;NA与A/chicken/Jiangsu/cz1/2002(H5N1)同源率最高,达98.7%。HA与NA基因的潜在糖基化位点与作者所选参比毒株一致。通过遗传进化树分析结果表明,A/duck/VietNam/Ncvd1/2002(H5N1)可能是该毒株的来源株。     

一株鸟源H1N2型禽流感病毒全基因序列分析

2011—2012年,对我国广西活禽市场进行流行病学监测时从麻雀体内分离鉴定出1株H1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),命名为A/Sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)。为了解该株H1亚型AIV的来源、特征及其分子演化规律,本研究对其全基因序列进行测定,并与GenBank登录的相关病毒进行遗传演化分析。结果表明:这株分离纯化的H1N2毒株HA基因切割位点附近的氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF,属于低致病力AIV的特征;NA基因与A/duck/Guangxi/GXd-2/2010(H6N2)在同一分支内,核苷酸同源性为98%;PB1与PB2基因与H5和H4亚型较为接近;PA基因与A/duck/Guangdong/E1/2012(H10N8)同源性最高;NP基因则与A/chicken/Pakistan/NARC-16945/2010(H3N1)同源性达97%;而NS与MP基因分别与A/wild duck/Korea/SH5-26/2008(H4N6)、A/duck/Shanghai/C84/2009(H3N2)同源性最高。因此,推测A/Sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)可能是不同来源的基因经过复杂重组演变后的1株重组病毒。     

一株野鸭源H4N6亚型禽流感病毒A/mallard/Yancheng/2005的全基因组克隆和序列分析

应用流感病毒通用引物对盐城珍禽自然保护区野鸭泄殖腔棉拭子分离株禽流感病毒A/mallard/Yancheng/2005（简称Mallard/YC/2005）（H4N6）进行全基因组序列扩增,结合GenBank中的相关序列进行遗传进化分析。结果表明,Mallard/YC/2005（H4N6）HA基因与A/duck/Siberia/1701/1996（H4N6）的核苷酸同源性最高（97.5%）,推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为PEKASR,为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列;神经氨酸酶（NA）、非结构蛋白（NS）均没有氨基酸缺失;基质蛋白2（M2）与宿主特异性有关的位点及碱性聚合酶2（PB2）的627位都是亲禽类细胞的氨基酸;M基因与家鸭分离株A/duck/Yangzhou/02/2005（H8N4）的核苷酸同源性为99.4%,PA基因与家鸭分离株A/duck/Jiangxi/1286/2005（H5N2）的核苷酸同源性达98.9%,说明这2个基因已经在家鸭体内存在并参与了基因重排。     

1株H5N1亚型高致病力禽流感病毒人工感染鸭的细胞凋亡观察

TUNEL染色法和透射电镜观察表明,鸭静脉接种或眼-鼻-口腔-泄殖腔混合接种高致病力禽流感病毒A/duck/Guangdong/220/2004(H5N1)后,心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胰、肠、脑、胸腺和法氏囊均可发生细胞凋亡.其中,凋亡主要发生在胰腺泡上皮细胞、肾小管上皮细胞、肝细胞和肠黏膜上皮细胞;也有少量神经元、神经胶质细胞、心肌细胞、呼吸毛细管上皮细胞,胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊淋巴细胞发生凋亡.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒复制特性的基因分析

利用反向遗传技术,通过基因重排方法,以A/chicken/shanghai/F/98（H9N2）禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）的6个内部基因为骨架,与A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV的HA和NA基因组合,产生3株H9N2亚型重排AIVs。动物试验发现A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98（H9N2）和A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV主要在呼吸系统复制,A/chicken/shanghai/F/98（H9N2）株在气管和肺组织的复制能力明显强于A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV株。3株H9N2亚型重排AIVs的动物试验发现HA和NA基因对H9N2亚型AIV在呼吸道的复制特性起主要作用。内部基因对H9N2亚型AIV在呼吸道的复制也有一定的作用。结果表明1994年中国首次分离到的H9N2亚型AIV经过4年的宿主适应和基因进化,加强了其在呼吸系统的复制能力,奠定了气溶胶传播的基础。     

H6亚型鸭源流感病毒HA基因序列分析

为了研究H6亚型禽流感病毒的分子特征,本研究从鸭的咽喉拭子样本中分离到一株禽流感病毒,通过血凝抑制试验证实该分离株为H6亚型流感病毒,命名为A/duck/Heilongjiang/QG 1/2013(H6).对其血凝素基因进行了克隆和序列分析,结果表明分离株与我国鸭源禽流感病毒A/duck/Guangxi/585/2005 (H6N5)的同源性最高,达到97.8％.系统发育树分析进一步证实分离株与A/duck/Guangxi/585/2005 (H6N5)的亲缘关系最近,共同起源于台湾分离株A/chicken/Taiwan/G23/87 (H6N1).本研究为H6亚型禽流感的流行病学研究补充了新的数据.     

1株H6N5亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Yangzhou/013/2008的全基因测序及遗传进化分析

在对华东地区家养水禽中流感病毒的带毒状况进行流行病学监测的过程中,采用常规的血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR方法,分离鉴定出1株H6N5亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Yangzhou/013/2008(简称Dk/YZ/013/08)。为了探讨该亚型病毒在流感病毒生态分布中的作用,作者对Dk/YZ/013/08进行了全基因序列测定,并结合Gen-Bank中已收录的所有H6N5亚型病毒的基因组序列及其它参考序列进行了遗传进化分析。结果表明Dk/YZ/013/08的血凝素基因(HA)与近年中国台湾分离的鸭源毒株A/duck/Kingmen/E322/2004(H6N2)的核苷酸一致性最高(94%),推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为"P-Q-I-E-T-R-G",为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列;神经氨酸酶基因(NA)与瑞士分离株A/mallard/Switzerland/WV4060167/2006(H3N5)的亲缘关系最近(核苷酸一致性96.9%);而碱性聚合酶2(PB2)基因则与A/duck/Zhejiang/11/2000(H5N1)的遗传距离最近,可能由H5N1亚型流感病毒提供,提示该毒株可能是一株重组病毒。     

Pathogenicity in quails and mice of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from ducks

In our study, the pathogenicity of H5N1 influenza A viruses circulating in waterfowls in Southern China was investigated. Three H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses isolated from ducks, A/Duck/Guangdong/383/2008(DK383), A/Duck/Guangdong/378/2008(DK378) and A/Duck/Guangdong/212/2004(DK212) were inoculated at 10(6) fifty-percent egg infectious doses (EID(50)) into ducks, quails and mice and showed varying levels of pathogenicity. In ducks, the mortality rates ranged from 0 to 60% and the mean death time (MDT) was 0-6.7 days post-inoculation (DPI). While the viruses were highly pathogenic in quails, resulting in 83.3-100% mortality and the MDT of 2.3-3 DPI, they were completely lethal in mice (100% mortality). The viruses replicated in many organs of ducks and quails and were found in the brain, and kidney, lung and spleen of the mice. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that DK383 and DK378 viruses of clade 2.3.2 belonged to genotype 11, while DK212 virus of clade 9 was genotype 3. Our study illustrated H5N1 influenza viruses within Clade 2.3.2 and 9 from duck in Southern China had very highly pathogenicity to Japanese quails and BALB/c mice, but viruses within Clade 2.3.2 had more highly lethality than those of clade 9 to Muscovy ducks. Therefore, they had posed a continued challenge for disease control and public health.     

核酸免疫制备抗猪流感病毒HA单克隆抗体

为制备H1N1猪流感病毒HA蛋白单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,McAb),本试验利用表达猪流感病毒A/Swine/Guangdong/2004(H1N1)毒株HA蛋白的表达质粒pVAX1-HA肌注股内肌免疫BALB/c小鼠,将其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(SP2/0)进行融合;通过间接ELISA方法筛选和有限稀释法克隆,获得9株稳定分泌抗HA单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。中和试验结果显示,单克隆抗体4D5株对H1N1流感病毒起中和作用,该单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞培养上清的效价为1∶1024。这株单克隆抗体与哈尔滨兽医研究所国家重点实验室保存的H3N2流感病毒、H5N1流感病毒均不发生交叉反应,显示出了很好的H1特异性;间接免疫荧光试验结果显示,这株单克隆抗体能与H1N1流感病毒发生特异性反应。制备的特异性抗HA单克隆抗体为建立H1N1流感病毒免疫学检测方法和单链抗体抗病毒复制研究奠定了基础。     

A vaccine prepared from a non-pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus strain from the influenza virus library conferred protective immunity to chickens against the challenge with antigenically drifted highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

Inactivated influenza virus vaccine prepared from a non-pathogenic influenza virus strain A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/2004 (H5N1) from the virus library conferred protective immunity to chickens against the challenge of antigenically drifted highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), A/whooper swan/Hokkaido/1/2008 (H5N1). The efficacy of the vaccine was comparable to that prepared from genetically modified HPAIV strain deltaRRRRK rg-A/ whooper swan/Mongolia/3/2005 (H5N1), which is more antigenically related to the challenge virus strain, in chickens.     

Protective efficacy of stockpiled vaccine against H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken in Kumamoto prefecture,Japan, in 2014

H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have spread worldwide, and antigenic variants of different clades have been selected. In this study, the national stockpiled vaccine prepared from A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/2004 (H5N1) strain was evaluated for the protective efficacy against H5N8 HPAI virus isolated in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, in April 2014. In the challenge test, all of the vaccinated chickens survived without showing any clinical signs and reduced virus shedding. It was concluded that the present stockpiled vaccine was effective against the H5N8 HPAI virus.     

Development of vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses

To establish vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/04 (H5N1) [Vac-1/04 (H5N1)], A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-3/07 (H5N1) [Vac-3/07 (H5N1)], and A/duck/Hokkaido/ Vac-2/04 (H7N7) [Vac-2/04 (H7N7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. Vac-1/04 (H5N1) and Vac-3/07 (H5N1) were generated by genetic reassortment between H5N2 or H5N3 virus as an HA gene provider and H7N1 or H6N1 viruses as an NA gene provider. Vac-2/04 (H7N7) was a genetic reassortant obtained using H7N7 and H9 N2 viruses to give high growth character of the H9N2 virus in chicken embryonated eggs. The results of sequence analyses and experimental infections revealed that these H5N1 and H7N7 reassortant viruses were non-pathogenic in chickens and embryos, and had good growth potential in embryonated eggs. These viruses should be useful to develop vaccines against H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.     

Experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated in Japan

We examined the pathogenicity for chickens of two H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Japan, A/chicken/ Yamaguchi/7/2004 (Ck/Yamaguchi/7/04) isolated from outbreaks in commercial layer chickens, and A/duck/Yokohama/aq10/ 2003 (Dk/Yokohama/aq10/03) isolated from duck meat imported from China. All chickens inoculated intranasally with either strain died, and the viruses were reisolated from all organs examined. However, both the mean time of onset of clinical signs and the mean death time of Ck/Yamaguchi/7/04 were shorter than those of Dk/Yokohama/aq10/03.