H9N2亚型猪流感病毒血凝素基因的克隆、序列分析及生物信息学预测

对猪流感A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/(H9N2)分离株血凝素(HA)基因进行了克隆和序列测定,与GenBank中收录的相关序列进行了比对并绘制了系统发育进化树。采用生物信息软件和互联网服务器,预测HA的二级结构,分析其表面特性(亲水性、柔韧性、可及性和抗原性),综合预测HA的B细胞抗原表位。结果显示:HA蛋白含有6个糖基化位点,剪切位点序列为PARSSR GLF,为低致病性流感病毒的裂解位点。HA基因核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸的同源性与A/chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2)最高,均为99%。HA基因进化树显示分离毒株与A/chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2)位于同一分支,具有较近的亲缘关系;由此推测分离株可能是由A/chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2)而来,在跨物种传播的过程中发生了部分变异。生物信息学预测结果表明:HA蛋白肽链的24-31、167-179、190-196、266-273和487-508区段为预测的B细胞表位优势区。     

H6亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白线性表位的预测与鉴定

应用生物信息学方法预测H6亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白(HA)线性抗原表位,并对所获表位的免疫原性进行初步鉴定,为流感病毒表位疫苗研制和H6亚型特异性ELISA检测方法奠定基础。依据近年流感病毒流行趋势,从GenBank下载具有代表性的H6、H5、H7和H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白的氨基酸序列。利用DNA Star软件进行H6同亚型间氨基酸序列保守性分析,再将H6与H5、H7、H9不同亚型之间氨基酸同源性进行比较,然后借助在线服务器ExPASy和IEDB对序列进行抗原性、亲水性、柔韧性、二级结构和表面可及性预测。最后去除H6与H5、H7、H9亚型氨基酸同源区域,选择H6亚型氨基酸相对保守区域并且抗原表位综合预测结果较优的几个片段,所选择表位长度为15个氨基酸。合成所获得的优势线性表位,并用间接ELISA方法对所获表位的免疫原性进行鉴定。预测后获得4个线性抗原表位,经鉴定免疫原性最好的为表位A,最差的为表位B。     

H1N1猪流感病毒血凝素蛋白抗原表位的筛选及其抗原性分析

本研究旨在对H1N1猪流感病毒血凝素蛋白抗原分子的模拟表位进行分离鉴定并分析其抗原性。用抗H1N1猪流感病毒血凝素蛋白小鼠血清IgG对噬菌体随机12肽库进行筛选,3轮亲和筛选后,特异性噬菌体得到了有效富集;对随机挑选的47个噬菌体克隆用ELISA进行鉴定,其中40个为阳性;对40个阳性克隆测序得到3种不同氨基酸序列;用Western blotting对获得的3个不同序列的噬菌体克隆进行抗原性分析,显示这3种噬菌体插入短肽能和H1N1猪流感病毒感染小鼠血清特异性结合。结果表明,本试验获得了3种H1N1猪流感病毒血凝素蛋白模拟抗原表位,它们都具有明显的抗原性,为H1N1猪流感病毒的疫苗研究和诊断奠定了基础。     

H3N2亚型犬流感病毒头部缺失血凝素蛋白的真核表达及抗原性研究

为获得一种针对不同亚型流感病毒的共同保护性抗原,本研究以H3N2亚型犬流感病毒(canine influenza virus,CIV)的主要抗原蛋白血凝素(HA)为靶标,以四甘氨酸接头肽替换HA头部结构域,将免疫反应定向至更保守的HA茎部区,同时在HA茎部添加T4折叠三聚体以保护蛋白天然构象,通过杆状病毒表达系统表达头部缺失HA蛋白,并验证其抗原性。结果表明,利用昆虫细胞表达的头部缺失,HA蛋白单一性较好,分子量为47 ku,与CIV全病毒血清抗体可发生特异性结合反应,且头部去除区HA蛋白血清抗体可抑制H1N1和H3N2亚型流感病毒感染所致的细胞病变效应,中和效价分别为1∶160和1∶320。研究结果为制备针对不同亚型流感病毒(如H1N1和H3N2)的广谱疫苗提供了可能。     

H9N2亚型AIV福建分离株血凝素蛋白的特征

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)已在多个国家多种禽类中检测到,由于H9N2亚型AIV的低致病力特征,导致其在疫病防控中不被重视,目前该病在全世界范围内不断进化和流行。为明确H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)福建分离株血凝素基因编码蛋白的特征,丰富福建省H9N2亚型AIV分子流行病学信息。本研究通过选取NCBI数据库流感病毒资源库(influenza virus resource)中所有28株H9N2亚型AIV血凝素基因编码蛋白(仅选择有完整ORF毒株),其中鸡源22株和鸭源6株,通过分析其左侧结合域、右侧结合域和血凝素蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸特征,并通过和H9N2亚型AIV代表株来绘制相互之间遗传进化树。分析发现,28株H9N2亚型AIV福建株相互之间氨基酸同源性在90.5%~99.5%之间。从血凝素蛋白切割位点的氨基酸序列特征来看,所有H9N2亚型AIV血凝素裂解位点氨基酸序列均为非连续碱性氨基酸。血凝素蛋白切割位点为PARSSR↓GLF的毒株均处于H9N2亚型AIV的H9.4分支上H9 Y280分支的下部(H9.4.0分支、H9.4.1分支和H9.4.2分支),而血凝素蛋白切割位点为PSRSSR↓GLF的毒株均处于H9N2亚型AIV的H9.4分支上H9 Y280分支的上部(H9.4.3分支、H9.4.4分支、H9.4.5分支和H9.4.6分支),提示我们可根据H9N2亚型AIV血凝素裂解位点氨基酸序列特征,将我国H9N2亚型AIV分为2个大的基因亚群。对226位氨基酸位点研究发现,除5株鸭源H9N2亚型AIV早期分离株(A/Muscovy duck/Fujian/CL/1997、A/duck/Fujian/MH/2003、A/duck/Fujian/FQ107/2007、A/duck/Fujian/T7/2007和A/duck/Fujian/T14/2007)此处为Q,其他所有毒株均为L。该结果说明,鸡源H9N2亚型AIV在进化的过程中也可直接获得和人源受体结合位点能力,具有直接跨种感染的潜力。通过分析研究发现,福建地区H9N2亚型AIV基因亚群复杂,应加强对该区域H9N2亚型AIV的分子流行病学调查和生物学特性研究。     

H9N2亚型猪流感病毒山东分离株的分离鉴定及其HA、NP、NS基因序列分析

从山东地区疑似流感发病猪分离到 10株流感病毒 ,经国家流感中心鉴定均为 A型流感病毒 H9N2亚型。将其中 1株 Sw/ SD/ 1/ 2 0 0 3(H9N2 )的血凝素基因 (HA)、核蛋白基因 (NP)和非结构蛋白基因 (NS)进行克隆与测序 ,与Gen Bank收录的其他猪流感和禽流感 H9N2亚型的相关基因进行比较 ,推测 Sw/ SD/ 1/ 2 0 0 3(H9N2 )可能源于禽流感病毒 H9N2亚型和 H5 N1亚型的重组病毒 ;Sw/ SD/ 1/ 2 0 0 3的 HA氨基酸裂解位点与其他 H9N2亚型不同 ,Sw/ SD/1/ 2 0 0 3的 HA氨基酸裂解位点是 R- S- L- R- G,而其他猪流感和禽流感 H9N2亚型都是 R- S- S- R- G。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒陕西分离株的鉴定及HA、NP、NA全序列测定

从陕西地区疑似流感发病鸡分离到4株流感病毒,经国家流感中心鉴定均为A型流感病毒H9N2亚型。将其中1株A/Chicken/Shaanxi/3/2002(H9N2)的血凝素基因核蛋白基因和神经氨酸酶基因进行克隆和测序,与GenBank收录的其它流感H9N2亚型的相关基因进行比较,结果表明,A/Chicken/Shaanxi/3/2002(H9N2)的NA序列与A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)的NA序列同源性较高,为98.9%,但其HA序列与香港人流感病毒A/HongKong/1073/99、A/HongKong/1074/99(H9N2)的HA序列同源性较低,为85.9%。另外,氨基酸进化树分析结果显示,A/Chicken/Shaanxi/3/2002(H9N2)与A/chicken/HongKong/CSW153/03(H9N2)的亲缘关系最近,两者形成独立的分支。     

NA蛋白对流感病毒受体结合特性影响的研究

为研究两株H7亚型流感病毒A/chicken/Jilin/SD020/2014(H7N2)(简称JL/020)和A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9)(简称AH/1)受体结合特异性差异的影响机制,本实验利用反向遗传操作技术,构建一系列重配病毒和HA基因点突变病毒,检测其对受体结合特性的影响。固相ELISA检测结果表明血凝素蛋白(HA)中的57和312位氨基酸不影响流感病毒的受体结合特性,而神经氨酸酶蛋白(NA)使r-JL/020(AH/1骨架)结合SAα2,3Gal受体的结合能力高于r-AH/1(R57K/R312K),表明NA影响了流感病毒受体结合特性;同源建模进一步发现HA中的57和312位点与流感病毒受体结合结构域相距较远;交叉血凝抑制试验(HI)结果表明,H7单因子血清和H7N9全病毒血清对拯救的JL/020和AH/1病毒株的抑制价没有差异,而N2单因子血清对病毒的抑制能力存在差异。以上结果表明,NA蛋白影响了流感病毒的受体结合特性。本研究表明,除HA以外,NA也能够影响流感病毒的受体结合特性,该实验为进一步研究流感病毒受体结合特性提供了实验依据。     

具有HI活性的H1亚型流感病毒特异性单克隆抗体的制备与应用

为了制备具有HI活性的HI亚型流感病毒特异性单克隆抗体(MAb),本研究以H1N1亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)株A/Swine/Guangdong/718/01(H1N1)为免疫原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,经常规细胞融合后,血凝抑制(HI)方法进行检测,融合细胞经稀释克隆纯化后,获得11株能稳定分泌抗血凝素特异性HI MAb的杂交瘤细胞株。鉴定表明,所获MAb与其他具有血凝活性的病毒以及其他14个HA亚型的流感病毒均不具有HI交叉反应,表明这11株MAb均具有良好的流感病毒亚型特异性。其中A6F、2BBF和2BB与其他H1亚型流感病毒分离株的HI试验证实我国不同地区分离株之间的抗原性存在一定差异。11株MAb对H1SIV抗原的HI试验结果显示其HI效价有明显差异。叠加实验表明这些MAb分别识别HA抗原的不同表位。间接免疫荧光试验表明,2BBF、8HB、1DH、7FC和2BB均可与2009年流行H1N1病毒A/California/04/2009HA抗原发生特异性反应。这些MAb特异性的研制为H1亚型流感病毒的疫情病原学快速诊断以及病毒抗原性变异的相关研究提供了物质基础。     

病毒性 人畜共患病之——猪流行性感冒

猪流行性感冒是由于猪流行性感冒病毒所引起的一种高接触性急性呼吸道传染病,属于人畜共患病.流感病毒属正黏病毒科的病毒,根据病毒核蛋白抗原的特点可分为A、B、C三个型,其中感染猪的病毒主要是A型流感病毒,1981-1982年也从我国猪群中分离出多株C型流感病毒.A型流感病毒,因其外膜血凝素（H）和神经氨酸酶（N）蛋白抗原性不同,分为15个H亚型（H1-H15）和9个N亚型（N1-N9）.A型流感病毒除感染猪以外,可感染人、禽类、马.目前感染猪的流感病毒主要是A型流感H1N1和H3N2.     

Physicochemical properties of pseudorabies virus hemagglutinin.

Pseudorabies virus hemagglutinin was readily adsorbed on mouse erythrocytes at 4, 22, or 37 degrees C, but not on cattle erythrocytes. The adsorbed hemagglutinin could not be eluted from the cells by resuspending in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), by incubating at 37 or 50 degrees C, or by incubating in the presence of neuraminidase. The receptor on mouse erythrocytes for the hemagglutinin was inactivated by trypsin, but not by neuraminidase, sodium deoxycholate (DOC), potassium periodate (KIO4), dithiothreitol (DTT), 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and formalin. The hemagglutinin was inactivated by trypsin, alpha-amylase, pepsin, DOC, KIO4, and ethylendiamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), but not by papain, beta-glucosidase, phospholipase C, neuraminidase, DTT, 2-ME, Tween-80, ethylether, chloroform, trichloro-trifluoroethane, beta-propiolactone and formalin, suggesting that the hemagglutinin active component involved glycoproteins. The hemagglutinin was stable at 37 degrees C for lower temperatures but not at 60 degrees C or higher. The hemagglutinin activity was resistant to ultraviolet irradiation, while the infectivity was very susceptible. The hemagglutinin and the infectivity were readily sedimented by ultracentrifugation at 48,000 x g for 3 hr. In rate zonal centrifugation of the preparation on a sucrose density gradient, the hemagglutination (HA) activity showed a sharp peak at 1.22 g/ml coinciding with the peak of infectivity. The HA activity in the peak fraction seemed to be structually associated with virus particles. After fractionation of the virus by Nonidet P-40, the HA activity was found only in the fraction of the envelope material, indicating that the hemagglutinin is situated in the viral envelop.     

嵌合犬瘟热病毒H基因的重组狂犬病病毒的构建及免疫原性研究

【目的】构建表达犬瘟热病毒（CDV）血凝素蛋白H基因的重组狂犬病病毒（RABV）,并研究其生物学特性及免疫原性。【方法】在RABV HEP-dG株基因组G与L基因之间插入CDV H基因,构建重组全长cDNA质粒pHEP-dG （H）。将pHEP-dG （H）与辅助质粒共同转染BHK细胞,拯救携带CDV H基因的重组RABV HEP-dG （H）。将重组病毒接种BHK细胞,分析病毒的扩散能力;将重组病毒接种小鼠,分析病毒的致病性和免疫原性。【结果】RT-PCR及直接免疫荧光显示,传至第3代的病毒仍能检测到H基因,表明CDV H基因已成功插入RABV基因组中,并在HEP-dG （H）中稳定遗传和正确表达。HEP-dG （H）在BHK细胞中的生长曲线与HEP-dG毒株相似,病毒滴度在96 h达到峰值,但HEP-dG （H）的滴度在每个时间点略低于HEP-dG。以感染复数（MOI）为0.005感染BHK细胞,HEP-dG （H）的扩散能力比HEP-dG毒株低。HEP-dG （H）与HEP-dG对6周龄成年小鼠均不致死,但HEP-dG （H）对成年小鼠体重的影响弱于HEP-dG。HEP-dG （H）与HEP-dG均能诱导小鼠产生抗RABV的中和抗体,免疫后7 d抗体已达到保护水平（0.5 EU/mL）;此外,HEP-dG （H）可诱导产生CDV中和抗体。HEP-dG （H）与HEP-dG免疫小鼠3周后,均能抵御RABV标准攻毒毒株CVS-24的攻击。【结论】本研究成功构建重组RABV HEP-dG （H）,其具有良好的免疫原性和安全性,可作为RABV-CDV新型二联基因工程候选疫苗。     

The effect of eukaryotic expression vectors and adjuvants on DNA vaccines in chickens using an avian influenza model

Vaccination of poultry with naked plasmid DNA has been successfully demonstrated with several different poultry pathogens, but the technology needs to be further developed before it can be practically implemented. Many different methods can conceivably enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines, and this report examines the use of different eukaryotic expression vectors with different promoters and different adjuvants to express the influenza hemagglutinin protein. Four different promoters in five different plasmids were used to express the hemagglutinin protein of an H5 avian influenza virus, including two different immediate early cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), Rous sarcoma virus, chicken actin, and simian virus 40 promoters. All five constructs expressed detectable hemagglutinin protein in cell culture, but the pCI-neo HA plasmid with the CMV promoter provided the best response in chickens when vaccinated intramuscularly at 1 day of age on the basis of antibody titer and survivability after challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus at 6 wk postinoculation. A beneficial response was observed in birds boostered at 3 wk of age, in birds given larger amounts of DNA, and with the use of multiple injection sites to administer the vaccine. With the use of the pCI-neo construct, the effects of different adjuvants designed to increase the uptake of plasmid DNA, including 25% sucrose, diethylaminoethyl dextran, calcium phosphate, polybrene, and two different cationic liposomes, were examined. Both liposomes tested enhanced antibody titers as compared with the positive controls, but the other chemical adjuvants decreased the antibody response as compared with the control chickens that received just the plasmid alone. The results observed are promising for continued studies, but continued improvements in vaccine response and reduced costs are necessary before the technology can be commercially developed.     

以小鼠为模型评价重组伪狂犬病病毒rPRV-HA的免疫效力

以小鼠为动物模型，对此前构建的表达H3N2亚型猪流感病毒（SIV）血凝素（HA）基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒（rPRV-HA）进行了免疫效力评价。按每只10^5.0 TCID50 rPRV-HA的剂量通过滴鼻接种8周龄雌性BALB／c小鼠（n=60），同时设Bartha-K61免疫对照组（n=60）、非免疫攻毒对照组（n=20）和非免疫不攻毒对照组（n=10）。于免疫后不同时间分别从rPRV-HA免疫组和Bartha—K61免疫对照组随机剖杀一定数量的小鼠，其余小鼠于免疫后第28天用10^5.0 TCID50同亚型SIV毒株A／Swine／Heilongjiang／74／2000（H3N2）进行强毒攻击。攻毒后第4、7、14天分别剖杀小鼠，进行间接免疫荧光、病毒分离、血清学和病理组织学检测。结果表明，重组病毒主要分布于肺脏；免疫后14d起，从rPRV—HA免疫组及Bartha—K61免疫对照组均可检测到针对PRV的荧光抗体；从rPRV—HA免疫组可以检测到针对SIV的荧光抗体和血凝抑制抗体，而各对照组均呈阴性。攻毒后从rPRV—HA免疫组小鼠未分离到攻击病毒，血凝抑制抗体显著升高，病理变化显著轻于对照组，表明rPRV—HA免疫小鼠可以抵抗同亚型SIV的攻击，可以作为rPRV—HA免疫效力评价模型。     

5株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白分子特征分析和豚鼠间传播能力的评估

为研究H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)在哺乳动物间的传播能力,本研究以豚鼠为模型评价了5株H9N2亚型AIV在豚鼠体内的复制能力和水平传播能力,并分析了5株病毒血凝素(HA)蛋白的分子特征。结果表明,5株病毒均属于CK/Beijing谱系,其中2株病毒的HA具有人样受体特征(Lys226),2株病毒具有禽样受体特征(Gln226),而A/Chicken/JN/Li-2/2010(H9N2)株在该位点的氨基酸残基为苯丙氨酸(Phe226)。裂解位点分析表明,5株病毒均具有低致病性AIV特征。个别病毒的潜在糖基化位点存在增加或缺失现象。感染试验表明,5株病毒均能够在豚鼠呼吸道复制。并且在鼻甲骨处复制稳定,平均病毒滴度为2.01 Log EID50/mL～4.5 Log EID50/mL。传播试验表明,所有病毒株的人工接种豚鼠的鼻洗液中均能够检测到病毒,最长排毒期为接毒后第8 d,而接触组豚鼠鼻洗液中未检测到病毒。本研究表明,5株H9N2亚型AIV均属于CK/Beijing谱系,部分病毒株的HA蛋白已具备人样受体结合特征,并且关键氨基酸位点(226位)处出现新的突变。5株病毒均能够在豚鼠呼吸道复制并通过上呼吸道排毒,但不能在豚鼠间同群传播。     

Specific antibody responses and generation of antigenic variants in chickens immunized against a virulent avian influenza virus.

To examine the specificity of the antibody response to the influenza hemagglutinin and the generation of antigenic variants, chickens were immunized against the highly virulent H5 virus A/Ty/Ont/7732/66 (H5N9) and then challenged with a lethal dose of the virus. The antibody responses of these chickens to the hemagglutinin (HA) were examined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which their sera were titrated for the ability to block the binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to five distinct neutralizing epitopes on the viral HA. Based on the ELISA results, a majority (5/6) of the chickens produced antibodies to three of the five neutralizing epitopes on the viral HA. After challenge, two of six immunized chickens shed virus and died; antigenic comparisons of isolates from these two chickens indicated the presence of an antigenic variant; i.e., there was a change in one neutralizing epitope on the HA of virus shed by one chicken. None of the chickens had produced antibodies to this particular epitope on the viral HA. Inoculation of chickens with this variant resulted in 100% mortality, demonstrating that a change in this particular epitope did not alter the virulence of the virus. These studies indicate that chickens immunized against highly virulent influenza viruses may excrete virulent variants following challenge with live virus.     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体IPMA检测方法的建立

本试验旨在建立一种针对检测抗H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体的免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（immunoperoxidase monolayer assay,IPMA）筛选方法。通过优化MDCK细胞接毒量、细胞接毒后培养时间、封闭液的种类和工作浓度、工作时间等各个反应条件,并对建立的IPMA筛选方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价。结果显示,建立的IPMA检测方法的最优反应条件为MDCK细胞接毒10^2.63 TCID₅₀/100 μL H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,37℃培养24 h,含3‰ H₂O₂的甲醇室温固定15 min,5%脱脂乳37℃封闭2 h,50 μL杂交瘤细胞上清作为一抗,37℃孵育2 h,羊抗鼠HRP-IgG二抗37℃孵育1 h。所建立的IPMA方法能特异性地检测H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体,与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）和猪瘟病毒（CSFV）阳性血清不发生交叉反应;其敏感性检测结果显示,可检测1：3 200的HI=2^-9标准H1N1猪阳性血清;批间和批内重复性试验结果较好。综上所述,本试验成功建立了抗H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体的IPMA检测方法,该方法特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好,为生产鉴定H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体提供了一种简便、实用、有效的检测手段。     

Replicon particle vaccine protects swine against influenza

An alphavirus derived replicon particle (RP) vaccine expressing the cluster IV H3N2 swine influenza virus (SIV) hemagglutinin (HA) gene induced protective immunity against homologous influenza virus challenge. However, pigs with maternal antibody had no protective immunity against challenge after vaccination with RP vaccines expressing HA gene alone or in combination with nucleoprotein gene.     

Selection of thermostable Newcastle disease virus progeny from reference and vaccine strains.

In a study of low-virulence Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from poultry, 38% of the isolates had a more thermostable hemagglutinin than the lentogenic reference strains B1 and La Sota or live vaccines derived from those strains. Whether those strains with a more thermostable hemagglutinin are truly indigenous or whether they could have originated from vaccines used in the flocks was unknown. Seven monovalent NDV vaccines of B1 or La Sota type and reference B1 and La Sota strains were heat treated at 56 C to select variants more thermostable than the parent virus. Four thermal treatment cycles were completed, and virus propagated from the second and fourth heat treatments was assayed for changes in thermostability and antigenicity. The hemagglutinin thermostability of all vaccine and reference strain variants increased from the initial < or =10 min to > or =120 min after four treatments. Antigenic changes evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition against NDV monoclonal antibodies identified changes in only the heat-treated La Sota strains. The results demonstrate that the field isolates with a more thermostable hemagglutinin could have been derived by selection from the heterogenous NDV populations in vaccine strains and that minor antigenic changes may be a result of that selection.