中国农作物病虫害防控科技的发展方向

中国是世界上农作物病虫害发生最严重的国家之一,常年发生1700余种。近年来,受全球气候变化、经济一体化和农业产业结构调整等诸多因素的影响,中国农作物病虫害问题趋于严重。化学农药是目前中国防治农作物病虫害的最主要手段,农药的大量使用在控制有害生物的同时,也带来了农药残留超标、环境污染、害虫抗药性与再猖獗等一系列问题。因此,发展绿色防控科技,大幅度降低化学农药的用量是中国植物保护科研工作的核心任务,其重点发展方向包括：产业结构调整、全球经济一体化和气候变化等因素对重大病虫害种群演替规律的影响,基于现代生物技术、信息技术、新材料与先进制造的植保新理论、新方法与新产品,绿色防治关键技术与产品,化学农药精准施药和残留检测追溯技术,智能化植物保护装备,以及区域性病虫害绿色可持续控制模式等。     

Conservation tillage

Conservation production systems combine tillage and planting practices to reduce soil erosion and loss of water from farmland. Successful conservation tillage practices depend on the ability of farm managers to integrate sound crop production practices with effective pest management systems. More scientific information is needed to determine the relations between tillage practices and physical, chemical, and biological soil factors that affect plant and pest ecology. There is a need to devise improved pest management strategies for conservation tillage and to better understand the impact of conservation tillage on water-quality, especially as it is related to use of agricultural chemicals. While savings in fuel, labor, and soil have induced many farmers to adopt conservation tillage, improved methods and equipment should increase adoption even more.     

水稻害虫绿色防控技术研究的发展现状及展望

绿色低碳是我国当前农业发展的主要方向,作物病虫害绿色防控技术是保障粮食安全的重要措施,其推广和应用对于农业可持续发展具有重要意义.水稻是我国主要的粮食作物之一,近年来我国在水稻病虫害绿色防控技术研究和推广上取得了巨大的进展.本文分别从生态调控技术、农艺栽培措施、物理防控技术、生物防治和应急精准化学防治方面系统梳理和总结...     

我国农作物绿色食品的生产瓶颈和生产前景

生产农作物绿色食品是农业的发展方向,也是可持续发展的必然要求,是世界范围都要引起 重视的普遍课题,我国更需迫切重视。使用一般的无公害杀虫剂是不能生产出绿色食品的,而目前病 虫害绿色防控技术还不成熟,现在可用于绿色食品生产的高效无毒的杀虫剂在我国已首先研究出来 了,当前缺少的仅是农产品市场完备的农药残留检测机制,解决这个瓶颈问题可给绿色食品创造存在 的空间,从而实现农业绿色产业大发展,这一天的到来已为期不远。     

南京湖熟现代农业示范园区农药减量控害工作实践与思考

介绍了南京湖熟现代农业示范园区农作物病虫害防治农药减量控害工作的具体做法,提出加强植保测报体系建设,推广绿色防控技术,推进植保专业化统防统治,是实现农药使用量零增长的有效举措。     

植物保护的发展现状与新世纪展望

植物保护是现代农业生产体系中不可缺少的一环，自二次大战后，由于化学农药与肥料的急速发展与应用，使农业生产有突破性的进展，本文旨在回顾20世纪下半叶，植物保护的进展情形，植物保护科技应用所涉及的问题以及植物保护科技在新世元里的发展趋势。     

RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF CROP PEST MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA

● Crop pests are a major factor restricting agricultural production in China. ● The National Monitoring and Early Warning System (NMEWS) was established > 40 years ago. ● Application of NMEWS has increased national capability to tackle pests. The importance of food security, especially in combating the problem of acute hunger, has been underscored as a key component of sustainable development. Considering the major challenge of rapidly increasing demands for both food security and safety, the management and control of major pests is urged to secure supplies of major agricultural products. However, owing to global climate change, biological invasion (e.g., fall armyworm), decreasing agricultural biodiversity, and other factors, a wide range of crop pest outbreaks are becoming more frequent and serious, making China, one of the world’s largest country in terms of agricultural production, one of the primary victims of crop yield loss and the largest pesticide consumer in the world. Nevertheless, the use of science and technology in monitoring and early warning of major crop pests provides better pest management and acts as a fundamental part of an integrated plant protection strategy to achieve the goal of sustainable development of agriculture. This review summarizes the most fundamental information on pest monitoring and early warning in China by documenting the developmental history of research and application, Chinese laws and regulations related to plant protection, and the National Monitoring and Early Warning System, with the purpose of presenting the Chinese model as an example of how to promote regional management of crop pests, especially of cross border pests such as fall armyworm and locust, by international cooperation across pest-related countries.     

四川丘区旱作农药高效减量施用与绿色替代技术研究进展

农药减量施用和绿色替代技术是农业绿色发展的必然要求,也是保证农产品质量和食品安全的有效途径。为了有效推进农业绿色发展,持续改善农业生态环境,通过查阅大量文献并结合科学研究和生产实践,总结了适宜四川丘区农业生产的农药高效减量施用和绿色替代技术（化学农药零施用技术、农药节约减量施用技术和农药精准高效施用技术）。（1）化学农药零施用技术是通过物理、生物和农业措施等达到不施农药防治病虫害目的;（2）农药节约减量施用技术主要通过开发高效农药品种和添加高效助剂实现化学农药减量施用;（3）农药精准高效施用技术即在作物病虫害预测预报的基础上做到“八准”施药,以求使用最少的药剂达到最佳的防治效果。科学高效的农药施用和绿色替代技术是实现中国农业高质量发展的重要前提,为四川丘区农业高效绿色生产提出了病虫防控研究与技术指导意见。     

Sensing technologies for precision specialty crop production

With the advances in electronic and information technologies, various sensing systems have been developed for specialty crop production around the world. Accurate information concerning the spatial variability within fields is very important for precision farming of specialty crops. However, this variability is affected by a variety of factors, including crop yield, soil properties and nutrients, crop nutrients, crop canopy volume and biomass, water content, and pest conditions (disease, weeds, and insects). These factors can be measured using diverse types of sensors and instruments such as field-based electronic sensors, spectroradiometers, machine vision, airborne multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing, satellite imagery, thermal imaging, RFID, and machine olfaction system, among others. Sensing techniques for crop biomass detection, weed detection, soil properties and nutrients are most advanced and can provide the data required for site specific management. On the other hand, sensing techniques for diseases detection and characterization, as well as crop water status, are based on more complex interaction between plant and sensor, making them more difficult to implement in the field scale and more complex to interpret. This paper presents a review of these sensing technologies and discusses how they are used for precision agriculture and crop management, especially for specialty crops. Some of the challenges and considerations on the use of these sensors and technologies for specialty crop production are also discussed.     

The application of unmanned aircraft systems to plant protection in China

Agricultural use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in China has risen recently with the increased demand for precision agriculture. The focus of UAS use in China is on improving the efficiency of crop production and reducing environmental harm from runoff related to current crop management activities. This use will keep increasing with the support of new policies on land transfer and appropriately scaled operations for farming in the near future. A major agricultural application of UAS in China is plant protection, toward increasing pest and disease management efficiency. The advantages of UAS are apparent in the country, which has the largest number of small-sized farms in the world. UAS in China have advantages for farms in mountainous regions and orchard production, where it is difficult for ground-based machines to manoeuvre. Advances of UAS use in the country have created new challenges to the agricultural aviation industry in crop monitoring, pest sampling, pest detection, pest diagnosis and spraying technology. This article reviews the agricultural use of UAS in China, with a focus on plant protection. The challenges and prospects of UAS use in the country are also summarised.     

Crop diversity and pest management in sustainable agriculture

Large-scale crop monocultures facilitate the proliferation and increasing prevalence of diseases and pest insects. Many studies highlight the impacts of plant diversification upon pathogens, and the population dynamics of insects and beneficial organism in agricultural ecosystems. These studies provide evidence that habitat manipulation techniques such as intercropping, relay, and rotation can significantly improve disease and pest management. This review introduces the concept of crop diversity, considers recent insights and mechanisms underlying crop diversity, and discusses its potential for improving sustainable agricultural practices. Recently, the phytobiomes resulting from increased crop diversity are increasingly recognized for their contribution to disease and pest control. Further, understanding the interactions between pathogens or pests with their host phytobiome may lead to novel options for the prevention of pests. Recent advances in the agricultural systems include:(i) a better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop species and genotypes;(ii) ecological progress including a better understanding of the context-dependency of those interactions; and(iii) the role of microtopographic variation in agricultural systems for priming basal resistance to multiple pests and pathogens by intercropped crops. We also highlight recent progress in China and the potential options for habitat management and design that enhance the ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.     

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION,PESTS AND PATHOGENS OF WHEAT AND RICE

● An overview of impacts of climate change on wheat and rice crops. ● A review on impacts of climate change on insect pests and fungal pathogens of wheat and rice. ● A selection of adaptation strategies to mitigate impacts of climate change on crop production and pest and disease management. Ongoing climate change is expected to have impacts on crops, insect pests, and plant pathogens and poses considerable threats to sustainable food security. Existing reviews have summarized impacts of a changing climate on agriculture, but the majority of these are presented from an ecological point of view, and scant information is available on specific species in agricultural applications. This paper provides an overview of impacts of climate change on two staple crops, wheat and rice. First, the direct effects of climate change on crop growth, yield formation, and geographic distribution of wheat and rice are reviewed. Then, the effects of climate change on pests and pathogens related with wheat and rice, and their interactions with the crops are summarized. Finally, potential management strategies to mitigate the direct impacts of climate change on crops, and the indirect impacts on crops through pests and pathogens are outlined. The present overview aims to aid agriculture practitioners and researchers who are interested in wheat and rice to better understand climate change related impacts on the target species.     

我国绿色防控技术应用状况及发展建议

绿色防控是在农业生产中采取生态调控、理化诱控、生物防控以及科学精准用药技术措施提高病虫害综合防治效率, 最大程度地减少农药用量、降低农产品的农药残留, 从而达到推动绿色无公害产业发展和提高整体经济效益的目的。其中生态调控包括选用抗病品种、优化作物布局、培育健康种苗、清洁田园等措施；理化诱控包括色诱、灯诱、性诱、食诱、两网覆盖、避雨防控等措施；生物防控包括以虫治虫、以螨治螨、以菌治虫、以菌治菌等措施。科学精准用药技术以高效、低毒、低残留的生态环保农药为基础, 从农药制剂、施药机械、施药技术上进行了阐释, 最后针对目前绿色防控过程中政府和社会的重视程度、农民认识、资金支持、防控体系、推广方式中存在的问题, 给出了相应的对策建议。     

农业结构调整与水稻病虫害的持续治理

农业产业结构的调整、全球气候的异常变化以及世界经济一体化进程的加快，给水稻的安全生产带来了许多新的挑战。水稻病虫害是影响水稻安全生产的重要因素。论述了种植业结构调整、全球气候异常、产品质量要求提高、农村就业结构的改变以及杂交水稻国际化推广带来的水稻病虫害发生的变化。提出了狠抓规模化经营和专业化生产；加强植保基础设施和监测手段建设；加强高新技术成果开发提供优良的后备技术；完善农业社会化服务体系；强化病虫防治责任机制建设和法制化管理水平；加强国际合作做好区域治理以实现水稻病虫害持续治理的策略。     

Status of Major Diseases and Insect Pests of Potato and Pesticide Usage in China

As the fourth important staple crop just after rice, maize and wheat, potato plays a crucial role in food security, poverty alleviation, cropping structure adjustment and transformation and updating of agriculture in China. The total harvested area and production of potato in China rank first in the world. However, the yield is much lower than the average level of the world due to a variety of diseases and insect pests of potato. With the support of National Key Research and Development Program of China, the major diseases and insect pests as well as pesticide use in potato production were surveyed in the six main production areas. Twenty-seven major potato pests were found in China. Six diseases (i.e. late blight, early blight, black scurf, Fusarium wilt, potato black leg and potato common scab) and six insect pests (i.e. wireworms, chafer grubs, aphids, twenty-eight spot lady beetle, potato tuber moth and thrips) were proposed to be listed as the most important management target in all the production areas. Moreover, more attention should be paid to prevent and control of bacterial wilt, ring rot and powdery scab. On the basis of census data, the average number of pesticide application and usage per unit area of potato in China were 17 and 40.03 kg·hm ^-2, which were higher than the national average level of 4.16 and 3.49 kg·hm ^-2. The control target of current registered pesticides did not cover many increasingly severe potato pests, such as bacterial wilt, common scab, powdery scab, and so on. Adoption and spread of integrated pest management (IPM) were proposed to be the most important strategy for reducing pesticide use and costs in potato production. To make scientific pest-management and pesticide reduction strategy, a potato pest early warning system should be developed based on rapid, sensitive and reliable detection and monitoring method. As host plant resistance is the economically feasible options for pests managing, it is important to improve potato resistant variety breeding and application, optimize variety layout. Development and promotion of high-efficient pesticide application technology and environmentally friendly alternatives to chemicals are the core drivers to realize chemical pesticide reduction.     

Control of cotton pests and diseases by intercropping: A review

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a globally important crop that is often damaged by pests and diseases. Current cotton pests and diseases management is dependent on chemical pesticides. Although chemical pesticides are usually effective, long-term application of these pesticides often leads to increased insecticide resistance in the pests, fewer natural enemies, reduced natural control, and a degraded environment. Because of increased environmental awareness and the need for sustainable cotton production, the control of cotton pests and diseases using biological means like intercropping is increasingly receiving attention. Intercropping of cotton with other crops can often boost the total yield and output of the intercropping system and provide significant economic benefits without sacrificing cotton quality. Intercropping also increases the number of natural enemies, and reduces the occurrence of cotton pests and diseases by altering the ecological structure and environmental conditions in the fields. Cotton-based intercropping is an effective strategy to reduce the competition between cotton and grain or other economic crops for arable land. It is also an important way to increase the populations of natural enemies in cotton fields for the management of pests and diseases. However, inappropriate intercropping can also increase labor requirements and even result in inadequate control of pests and diseases. This review focuses on the performance and the mechanisms of intercropping for reducing cotton pests and disease as well as on the effective management of intercropping systems. The risks and limitations, as well as the study approaches needed and the prospects of intercropping for the control of cotton pests and diseases, are also discussed. This information is intended to aid researchers and growers in designing economically viable and ecologically friendly pest and disease management strategies that will reduce the use of chemicals and the cost of cotton production.     

中国马铃薯病虫害发生情况与农药使用现状

作为继水稻、玉米和小麦之后的第四大主粮作物,马铃薯在保障我国粮食安全、精准扶贫、种植业结构调整以及农业产业转型升级中发挥着至关重要的作用。我国马铃薯的种植面积和总产量均位居世界首位,但单产水平因病虫害等瓶颈因素的制约低于世界平均水平。在国家重点研发项目的资助下,项目组在马铃薯六大优势产区开展了有害生物疫情监测和农药使用现状普查工作。明确了我国马铃薯生产上的主要病虫害共计27种,提出以晚疫病、早疫病、黑痣病、枯萎病、黑胫病、疮痂病、金针虫、蛴螬、二十八星瓢虫、马铃薯块茎蛾、蚜虫、蓟马等“六病六虫”为重点防控对象,根据各区域情况兼顾青枯病、环腐病、黄萎病、粉痂病等病虫害的防控。探明了我国马铃薯单位面积农药施用次数和施用量分别为17次和40.03 kg·hm ^-2,高于全国平均水平的4.16次和3.49 kg·hm ^-2。马铃薯现有农药登记产品防治对象的覆盖范围严重不足,青枯病、疮痂病、粉痂病等重要病虫害面临无登记农药可用的窘境。在农药减施策略方面,提出践行有害生物综合治理方针。建立马铃薯病虫害监测预警和早期精确诊断技术体系,为制定科学防控策略,适时精准施药奠定基础。选育推广抗病、虫品种,优化品种布局。适时播种、合理间套作,从时空两个维度阻隔规避马铃薯有害生物的侵染。种薯源头管控,完善种薯认证监管体系。扩大合格脱毒种薯的应用面积,大力推广种薯处理技术。研发推广化学农药高效施用技术与绿色防控替代技术是实现马铃薯化学农药减施的核心驱动。     

绿色食品藠头栽培技术规程

从产地环境、种藠选择、整地与施肥、栽植方法与密度、大田管理和病虫害防治等多个方面对绿色食品藠头栽培的关键技术进行规程化概述,为绿色食品藠头的优质、高效生产提供技术支撑。     

Benefit/risk considerations in the use of pesticides

The use of pesticides is one of the more controversial of public issues. This is so because their very widespread use produces immediate benefits to a small section of society, the agricultural industry, while the long term risks are shared by society as a whole. This discussion focuses on the contrast between benefits and risks and outlines some of the long term ecological problems that have resulted from the overuse, misuse, and injudicious use of pesticides. Detailed discussion is provided for such ecological disasters as insect pest resistance to pesticides, pest resurgences and the development of secondary pests; together with contamination of food webs and general ecotoxicity. It is concluded that implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) tactics provides the only practical answer to the manifold problems arising from the sole reliance on pesticides for pest control. IPM provides an ecological oriented strategy for pest control that can maximize the benefits of pesticide use and minimize the risks.     

Integrated pest management and plant health

Crop production and livelihoods of smallholder farmers are often threatened by crop insect pests and diseases worsening the insecurity of food.  Globalization has rapidly increased the introduction and threats of invasive pests.  Climate change results in a changed suitability of landscapes to pests, further increasing the threat and uncertainty of their impact.  Providing innovative technologies for sustainable pest management to smallholder farmers is urgently needed for food security and eliminating poverty.   The most devasting diseases and insect pests to major crops such as rice, wheat, maize and potato contribute to the largest yield losses in the world.  Under the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Chinese plant protection scientists, in collaboration with experts of different regions, carried out a specific project to prioritize top crop diseases and insect pests that affect smallholder farmers’ production globally.  After evaluation by relevant global experts, top 10 crop diseases and insect pests have been assessed as six crop diseases and four insect pests, namely cereal blast disease, potato late blight, wheat rust disease, Fusarium head blight, maize lethal necrosis disease, banana Fusarium wilt (TR4), rice planthopper, wheat aphid, whitefly, and oriental fruit fly.  Integrated pest management (IPM) guidelines for the identified diseases and insect pests have been formulated, and will be shared through a global knowledge platform.  To share the knowledge with more researchers, the IPM of four major diseases including cereal blast disease, Fusarium head blight, maize lethal necrosis disease and potato late blight were further reviewed and presented in this special focus.   The first case study is cereal blast disease caused by fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (Zhang et al. 2022), which is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops, rice, wheat, pearl millet and finger millet (Chakraborty et al. 2021; Hossain 2022).  Different pathovars of M. oryzae often infect different host plants with high specificity.  The rice blast disease caused by the Oryza pathotype (MoO) of M. oryzae can result in 10–30% yield loss in rice-growing countries, posing a major threat to rice production, especially in the small-scale farming system (Mutiga et al. 2021).  The Triticum pathotype (MoT), causing wheat blast disease, was first found in Brazil in 1985.  It has now spread to other countries in South America, and also Asian countries such as Bangladesh (Islam et al. 2016).  Wheat blast disease can result in an average yield loss of 51% in the affected field, becoming one of the most fearsome wheat diseases (Islam et al. 2020).  Because of low fungicide efficacy against the blast diseases and lack of availability of resistant varieties, control of rice and wheat blast diseases is difficult.  A combination of management strategies including early detection and utilization of biopesticides was proposed (Zhang et al. 2022), providing some helpful insights for fighting these devasting cereal blast diseases.   The second case study is the fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by FHB pathogens, which are mainly the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Chen et al. 2022).  FHB is one of the most important diseases that affects wheat production worldwide (Summerell 2019).  In general, a severe FHB epidemic occurred every four or five years in the most of wheat production regions.  Since 2010, the outbreaks of FHB have become more frequent in China.  Besides causing yield loss in affected crop field, FHB also produces mycotoxin contaminating the harvested grains, which are harmful to humans and livestock (Stepien and Chelkowski 2010).  According to the economic importance and toxicity of FHB, F. graminearum is considered as one of the world’s top 10 fungal phytopathogens (Dean et al. 2012).  Breeding resistant cultivars has been considered as the most effective strategy against FHB (Wegulo et al. 2015).  Rational use of chemical pesticides, and potential biopesticides, and good agronomic practices are also important components in the IPM programme for FHB.    The third case study is the maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), which is a relatively new viral disease on maize (Zhan et al. 2022).  The MLND is caused by the co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and one of cereal-infecting potyviruses, and the symptoms on maize include leaf necrosis, premature aging, small cobs and even plant death (Redinbaugh and Stewart 2018).  First reported in Americas in 1970s and 1980s, the MLND has now spread to more than fifteen countries in the Americas, Asia and Africa (Wangai et al. 2012).  The outbreaks of MLND in several Asian and African countries caused devastating damage to maize production with large impacts on smallholder farmers (Mahuku et al. 2015).  Integrated management of MLND involves effective detection methods such as serological methods, nucleic acid-based methods, and next-generation sequencing.  The practices, such as using certified seeds, sanitary measures, crop rotation, and tolerant or resistant varieties, have been considered as the effective, economical and eco-friendly approach to prevent and control MLND. The fourth case study is the potato late blight (PLB) disease (Dong and Zhou 2022).  PLB, caused by the fungal-like oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease worldwide that led to the infamous Irish potato famine of the 1840s.  Besides the primary host potato, P. infestans also infects other solanaceous plants such as tomato, petunia and nightshade.  These infected plants can become pathogen inoculum to potato (Kirk et al. 2003).  Originated from Central Mexico or South America, this disease has spread to almost all major potato-producing countries including the United States, Canada, China, and India (Fry et al. 2015).  Up to now, PLB remains the most important biotic constraint to potato production worldwide and presents a major threat to global food security, especially for under-developed areas that heavily depend on potato as the major source of food (Cucak et al. 2021).  Careful agronomic practices, such as using pathogen-free seed, serve as the good start for the successful management of PLB.  Chemical fungicides remain the most effective means to control the pathogen.  However, these chemical fungicides should be used more scientifically to avoid over-dosage and high cost.  Some potential environmental-friendly biopesticides have been identified (He et al. 2021).  Additionally, new technologies which may bring some innovative solutions to control PLB are also proposed.   The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), the most destructive migratory insect pest in the world, was also selected in the special focus (Li et al. 2022).  Desert locust is an omnivorous insect, feeding on more than 300 various host plants including many cultivated crops and wild plants (Li et al. 2021).  Formation of desert locust swarms and the outbreak of desert locusts are induced by a combination of environmental stimuli.  During its outbreak and migration, desert locust can cause serious damage to cultivated crops, such as cotton, alfalfa, beans, wheat, barley, corn, flax, tobacco, tomato, potato, and melons, posing a major threat to food security and rural livelihoods.  Since the 20th century, there have been 15 outbreaks of the desert locust, affecting about 30 million km² of Africa and Asia continents and the lives of 850 million people in 65 countries (Ceccato et al. 2007; Divi 2020).  Studies demonstrate the correlation between poor early childhood health and the desert locust swarm outbreak (Kien and Nguyen 2022).  To date, much research has been conducted regarding the ecology and management of desert locusts.  Climate change resulted in more favorable conditions, which is a major factor contributing to the recent outbreak of desert locust in 2020 (Peng et al. 2020).  A critical component of preventive management programs is being able to locate significant infestations rapidly.  The FAO provides forecasts, early warning and alerts on the timing, scale and location of invasions and breeding through its global Desert Locust Information Service (DLIS).  Integrated management of desert locust, mainly including physical control methods, chemical insecticides, microbial pesticides, and biocontrol methods, are summarized in ths review (Li et al. 2022).   Occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests have been worsened by climate change in many aspects.  Prevention of yield loss of major crops is critical for achieving global food security.  Not only the IPM strategies should be adopted, but also the inter-government cooperation should be encouraged to share knowledge, information and innovative solutions, and to jointly tackle with challenges caused by transboundary pests.  All these efforts are needed to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.