RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF CROP PEST MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA

● Crop pests are a major factor restricting agricultural production in China. ● The National Monitoring and Early Warning System (NMEWS) was established > 40 years ago. ● Application of NMEWS has increased national capability to tackle pests. The importance of food security, especially in combating the problem of acute hunger, has been underscored as a key component of sustainable development. Considering the major challenge of rapidly increasing demands for both food security and safety, the management and control of major pests is urged to secure supplies of major agricultural products. However, owing to global climate change, biological invasion (e.g., fall armyworm), decreasing agricultural biodiversity, and other factors, a wide range of crop pest outbreaks are becoming more frequent and serious, making China, one of the world’s largest country in terms of agricultural production, one of the primary victims of crop yield loss and the largest pesticide consumer in the world. Nevertheless, the use of science and technology in monitoring and early warning of major crop pests provides better pest management and acts as a fundamental part of an integrated plant protection strategy to achieve the goal of sustainable development of agriculture. This review summarizes the most fundamental information on pest monitoring and early warning in China by documenting the developmental history of research and application, Chinese laws and regulations related to plant protection, and the National Monitoring and Early Warning System, with the purpose of presenting the Chinese model as an example of how to promote regional management of crop pests, especially of cross border pests such as fall armyworm and locust, by international cooperation across pest-related countries.     

中国农牧系统养分管理研究的意义与重点

中国由于农牧分离和不合理的养分管理方式导致了农田硝酸盐淋失、水体富营养化、氨挥发和温室气体排放等环境问题日益严重。研究中国“土壤-作物-畜牧业”生产系统（即农牧系统）养分流动特征,通过优化农牧系统养分管理,保持养分合理流动与循环,减少各个环节的养分环境排放,提高系统利用率是农牧业可持续发展的关键,也可为“化肥减施”、“有机肥替代化肥”、“畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用”和“面源污染阻控”等国家行动提供科学依据。本文对中国农牧系统养分投入、利用率和环境排放等特征、国内外农牧系统养分管理研究进展进行了分析,提出中国农牧系统养分管理研究重点。目前中国农牧系统养分流动特征是过渡依赖化肥养分投入提高粮食和饲料产量,进而支持集约化畜牧业发展;而农牧分离的生产方式导致了农牧系统养分流动效率低,环境排放高;都市圈及其周边是排放的热点区域。国际研究经验表明,农牧结合是可持续集约化农业的必然出路,农牧结合的核心是通过改善畜禽粪尿管理,减少养分的损失和提高养分在农田循环的比例和数量。兼顾提高农牧业生产力和保护环境的“土壤-作物-畜牧业”系统养分管理已经成为全球关注的焦点。未来,中国农牧系统养分管理研究应包括：（1）典型农作系统“土壤-作物-畜牧”系统养分流动规律和环境效应的定量研究;（2）有机肥替代化肥机理与调控途径研究;（3）畜禽粪尿养分循环利用机理和减排技术研究;（4）高产高效“土壤-作物-畜牧”系统设计研究。     

A NEW APPROACH TO HOLISTIC NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN CHINA

● Progress on nitrogen management in agriculture is overviewed in China. ● 4R principles are key to high N use efficiency and low N losses in soil-crop systems. ● A new framework of food-chain-N-management is proposed. ● China’s success in N management provides models for other countries. Since the 1980s, the widespread use of N fertilizer has not only resulted in a strong increase in agricultural productivity but also caused a number of environmental problems, induced by excess reactive N emissions. A range of approaches to improve N management for increased agricultural production together with reduced environmental impacts has been proposed. The 4R principles (right product, right amount, right time and right place) for N fertilizer application have been essential for improving crop productivity and N use efficiency while reducing N losses. For example, site-specific N management (as part of 4R practice) reduced N fertilizer use by 32% and increased yield by 5% in China. However, it has not been enough to overcome the challenge of producing more food with reduced impact on the environment and health. This paper proposes a new framework of food-chain-nitrogen-management (FCNM). This involves good N management including the recycling of organic manures, optimized crop and animal production and improved human diets, with the aim of maximizing resource use efficiency and minimizing environmental emissions. FCNM could meet future challenges for food demand, resource sustainability and environmental safety, key issues for green agricultural transformation in China and other countries.     

军队农场生产管理特点及发展对策

军队农场是国家为保障军事供给在农业生产中宏观调控的产物,是中国农业生产的重要力量。文章分析了军队农场在体制、生产经营、决策、技术体系和管理等方面的自身特点,提出了在新形势下军队农场因其固有特性所面临的挑战,并提出了发展对策。     

SUSTAINABLE PLANT PEST MANAGEMENT THROUGH OPTIMIZATION AND MINIMIZATION

Plant pests and diseases have significant negative impacts on global food security, world trade and rural livelihoods. Climate change exacerbates these impacts in certain parts of the world. Overreliance on pesticides as the primary tool for plant pest management leads to problems such as pesticide resistance and pest resurgence. Environmental and food safety concerns are also associated with overuse of pesticides in crop production. There is clearly a need for a shift in pest management strategies and practices globally. Optimization of structures and functions in crop production agroecosystems through soil conservation practices and cropping diversification can improve pest regulation services provided in the systems. Prioritization of safer alternatives and practices in the IPM pyramid, such as resistant varieties and biopesticides, helps minimize the use of potentially risky agricultural inputs such as synthetic pesticides. Investment is needed to boost the development of innovative green technologies and practices. Production, distribution, use and regulatory capacities need to be strengthened to facilitate large-scale adoption of green technologies and practices. Finally, policy, financial and market instruments should be wielded to provide an enabling environment for the transformation to sustainable plant pest and disease management strategies and practices worldwide.     

Fleets of robots for environmentally-safe pest control in agriculture

Feeding the growing global population requires an annual increase in food production. This requirement suggests an increase in the use of pesticides, which represents an unsustainable chemical load for the environment. To reduce pesticide input and preserve the environment while maintaining the necessary level of food production, the efficiency of relevant processes must be drastically improved. Within this context, this research strived to design, develop, test and assess a new generation of automatic and robotic systems for effective weed and pest control aimed at diminishing the use of agricultural chemical inputs, increasing crop quality and improving the health and safety of production operators. To achieve this overall objective, a fleet of heterogeneous ground and aerial robots was developed and equipped with innovative sensors, enhanced end-effectors and improved decision control algorithms to cover a large variety of agricultural situations. This article describes the scientific and technical objectives, challenges and outcomes achieved in three common crops.     

Crop diversity and pest management in sustainable agriculture

Large-scale crop monocultures facilitate the proliferation and increasing prevalence of diseases and pest insects. Many studies highlight the impacts of plant diversification upon pathogens, and the population dynamics of insects and beneficial organism in agricultural ecosystems. These studies provide evidence that habitat manipulation techniques such as intercropping, relay, and rotation can significantly improve disease and pest management. This review introduces the concept of crop diversity, considers recent insights and mechanisms underlying crop diversity, and discusses its potential for improving sustainable agricultural practices. Recently, the phytobiomes resulting from increased crop diversity are increasingly recognized for their contribution to disease and pest control. Further, understanding the interactions between pathogens or pests with their host phytobiome may lead to novel options for the prevention of pests. Recent advances in the agricultural systems include:(i) a better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop species and genotypes;(ii) ecological progress including a better understanding of the context-dependency of those interactions; and(iii) the role of microtopographic variation in agricultural systems for priming basal resistance to multiple pests and pathogens by intercropped crops. We also highlight recent progress in China and the potential options for habitat management and design that enhance the ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.     

保定市农作物病虫害植保社会化服务的现状问题与对策

阐述了发展植保专业化服务组织、开展统防统治的必要性。分析了保定市植保专业化服务组织的现状、类型（专业合作社型、专业协会型、专业服务公司型、农资企业型、基层农技部门型、村防治组织型、种植大户型、其他类型）和服务形式（出工代防代治、带药代防代治、全程承包防治、自防自治）;指出了植保服务组织发展以及统防统治工作中存在的主要问题;从高度重视、加大投入、建章立制、多元发展、规模经营、机艺匹配、典型带动、提高素质8个方面,提出了保定市植保专业化统防统治的对策与建议。     

基于国营农场的作物生产信息管理系统设计与实现

【目的】研究基于国营农场规模化农业生产模式下作物生产信息管理系统的作用、功能、以及设计和实现方法。【方法】以新疆兵团农场为例分析国营农场的作物生产信息管理特点,合理划分角色和功能,使用BS（Browser/Server）和CS（Client/Server）混合软件结构模式,基于.net技术体系采用面向对象程序设计方法。【结果】开发了适用于国营农场的作物生产信息管理系统并在兵团130团场进行试运行,系统融合RS和GIS技术,提供了信息采集、录入、管理、统计分析等功能,能够满足国营农场生产管理要求,大大提高工作效率。系统采用基于服务的软件结构,将数据访问封装为Web服务,初步提供异构系统数据共享支持。【结论】通过设计和开发基于中国国情的农作物生产信息管理系统,提高了国营农场的管理效率,并为精准农业相关技术在生产中的充分应用提供了数据支持和系统架构上的探索。     

中国粮食作物家庭农场适度规模的比较研究

推进家庭农场适度规模经营是发展现代农业、建设社会主义新农村的必然趋势。选取粮食作物家庭农场为研究对象,对我国粮食作物家庭农场适度规模相关文献进行归纳与总结,主要针对粮食作物家庭农场的适度规模进行了比较,提出需确保粮食作物家庭收入达到当地城镇居民收入水平;种植水稻家庭农场的适度规模,应该约为10 hm~2,小麦的适度规模约为30 hm~2,无法达到规模的地区,应考虑种养结合、或者不同农作物的轮作和套种来实现适度规模经营;地理位置较偏远的山区,可考虑发展种植经济作物的家庭农场和农业合作社,利用合作社的优势为家庭农场的发展提供产业链服务,以期为我国的农业生产实践提供指导建议。     

Does Internet use promote the adoption of agricultural technology? Evidence from 1 449 farm households in 14 Chinese provinces

China is characterized as ‘a large country with many smallholder farmers’ whose participation in modern agriculture is key to the country's modern agriculture development. Promoting smallholder farmers’ adoption of modern agricultural production technology is one effective way to improve the capabilities of smallholder farmers. This paper aims to explore the impact of Internet use on the adoption of agricultural production technology by smallholder farmers based on a survey of 1 449 smallholders across 14 provinces in China. The results suggest that Internet use can significantly promote technology adoption, with the probability of adopting new crop varieties, water-saving irrigation technology and straw-returning technology increasing by 0.200, 0.157 and 0.155, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of Internet use is found to be heterogeneous with a greater effect on smallholder farmers having low education levels, limited training, and high incomes. To increase agricultural production technology adoption by smallholders, rural Internet infrastructure and Internet use promotion should be the focus for the Chinese government.     

植物组织培养在作物新品种选育与后代繁育上的应用

随着科学技术的不断创新,植物组织培养作为一项发展已久的生物技术,近年来发展异常迅猛。由于其生长周期短、成活率高、工厂化生产和农村现代化发展管理水平高等优点,这项技术已被广泛应用于现代农作物生产中,成为中国现代化农村发展的关键技术之一。鉴于此,本文重点围绕植物组织培养技术在农业方面与基因工程、原生质体与体细胞杂交、倍性育种、种质资源保存和作物脱毒、离体培养等方面的应用展开论述,着重探讨组培技术在作物育种方法与后代繁殖上的应用现状及它们各自解决的生产难题,并简单介绍组培技术结合环境控制的应用,为后续农业生产提供参考。     

Conservation tillage

Conservation production systems combine tillage and planting practices to reduce soil erosion and loss of water from farmland. Successful conservation tillage practices depend on the ability of farm managers to integrate sound crop production practices with effective pest management systems. More scientific information is needed to determine the relations between tillage practices and physical, chemical, and biological soil factors that affect plant and pest ecology. There is a need to devise improved pest management strategies for conservation tillage and to better understand the impact of conservation tillage on water-quality, especially as it is related to use of agricultural chemicals. While savings in fuel, labor, and soil have induced many farmers to adopt conservation tillage, improved methods and equipment should increase adoption even more.     

农业结构调整与水稻病虫害的持续治理

农业产业结构的调整、全球气候的异常变化以及世界经济一体化进程的加快，给水稻的安全生产带来了许多新的挑战。水稻病虫害是影响水稻安全生产的重要因素。论述了种植业结构调整、全球气候异常、产品质量要求提高、农村就业结构的改变以及杂交水稻国际化推广带来的水稻病虫害发生的变化。提出了狠抓规模化经营和专业化生产；加强植保基础设施和监测手段建设；加强高新技术成果开发提供优良的后备技术；完善农业社会化服务体系；强化病虫防治责任机制建设和法制化管理水平；加强国际合作做好区域治理以实现水稻病虫害持续治理的策略。     

The transformation of agriculture in China: Looking back and looking forward

China's grain yield increased from 1 t ha~(–1) in 1961 to 6 t ha~(–1) in 2015, while successfully feeding not only its large population but also supplying agricultural products all over the world. These achievements were greatly supported by modern technology and distinct governmental policy. However, China's grain production has been causing a number of problems mainly related to declining natural resources and a lack of environmental protection. Due to the growing population and changing dietary requirements, increasing food production must be achieved by increasing resource use efficiency while minimizing environmental costs. We propose two novel development pathways that can potentially sustain agricultural crop production in the next few decades:(i) enhancing nutrient use efficiency with zero increase in chemical fertilizer input until 2020 and(ii) concurrently increasing grain yield and nutrient use efficiency for sustainable intensification with integrated nutrient management after 2020. This paper provides a perspective on further agricultural developments and challenges, and useful knowledge of our valuable experiences for other developing countries.     

从实验室到田间：中国农业生物技术的发展及其影响

在过去的三十年间，中国从事农业生物技术研究的科技工作者已经培育了数百个适合中国自然生长条件并满足其它不同农业需求的新型农作物新品种。其中，有的可以更有效地抵抗害虫和病害爆发，有的可以节约水分和肥料，有的则具有更高的营养价值。许多这样的作物品种是通过转基因技术培育而成，也就是有目的地将供体的遗传物质转移到受体作物中，而毋需通过传统的杂交育种手段。这样一种转基因技术在一些国家引发了广泛的争议。在中国，尽管转基因技术研究在实验室内正在广泛开展，但到目前为止，只有转基因抗虫棉真正在农业生产上发挥着作用。在名为中国“农业生物技术：兴起和前景”的新书中，笔者首先介绍了目前在中国正蓬勃开展的农业生物技术研究产业，然后详细论述了中国对农业生物技术的投资在中国国内和全球范围内所产生的影响，这种影响如何依赖于实验室之外的一些因素：传统农业研究和生物技术方面的所获基金支持及其成效，中国对于生物安全性所持谨慎态度的影响，种子流通渠道的效率，以及国内外公众对转基因产品的接受程度。     

中国小麦产业发展与科技进步

文章总结分析了新中国成立以来中国小麦生产发展和品种选育与栽培技术研究的历史进程。小麦生产发展分为4个阶段,即1949—1957年恢复性增长、1958—1978年稳定增长、1979—1999年单产快速增长和2000—2016年产量质量同步提升。简要介绍了1949年前的育种起步历史,1950年以后小麦育种取得了巨大进展,经历了抗病稳产早熟、矮化抗倒高产和高产优质高效3个阶段,矮秆基因和1B/1R易位系利用与株型改良起到关键作用,育成了碧蚂1号、泰山4号、扬麦158、豫麦21、济麦22等突破性品种,主产麦区经历了8~9次品种更新换代。黄淮麦区的矮秆高产育种和长江中下游麦区的抗赤霉病育种在国际上产生重要影响。概括了种质资源、远缘杂交、矮败小麦、品质改良、兼抗型成株抗性育种、基因组学等领域的新进展。小麦栽培研究经历了4个阶段,20世纪50年代以合理密植为核心,20世纪六七十年代重点研究不同麦区小麦生长发育规律与高产栽培历程,20世纪80年代提出了各主要麦区栽培技术模式包括精播高产、节水高产等技术,20世纪90年代以优质和信息技术应用为主。未来产业发展面临提升质量、降低成本和保护环境三大挑战,气候变化、病害加重、缺乏优质高效抗病品种制约生产发展,建议加强优质抗病高效品种选育与新技术应用研究,实现栽培研究与植保、土肥、农机等有机结合,以全面提高小麦产业的竞争力。     

作物基因组学与作物科学革命

作物科学的发展对于世界粮食的增产起着重要的作用。本文回顾了第一次绿色革命的历史。通过比较中国与国际上矮化育种时间、矮源的来源以及同期主要绿色革命国家产量的提高幅度,证明中国应该是第一次绿色革命的策源地与发起国之一。包括“中国绿色革命”、杂交水稻等成果在内的中国作物科学研究成果对中国及世界作物生产作出了突出的贡献。当前中国的作物生产面临着严峻的挑战。第一次绿色革命之后的数十年间,中国小麦等主要粮食作物遗传改良年增长仅为0.7%-0.9%,远低于1.7%的需求;肥水利用效率仅为发达国家的1/3;机械化程度虽有较大的提高,但与发达国家相比仍有较大差距;农产品品质不能满足人们的需求,食品安全存在较大问题。鉴于上述情况,目前迫切需要开展一场以“更高产、更高效、更优质、更环保”为主要目标的新的绿色革命。尽管传统的作物科学对作物生产作出了巨大的贡献,但事实证明,仅靠传统的作物科学难以完成新的绿色革命重任。作物基因组学是当前生物科学领域发展最为迅速的一门新兴学科。当前大多数作物基因组测序已经完成,标志着作物科学已经进入基因组时代,为基于基因组学的作物科学研究奠定了基础。基因组学的发展正在促进作物科学在以下4个方面取得重要进展：（1）促进作物种质资源核心种质构建、重要农艺性状基因的克隆与种质资源的开发与利用,推动种质资源变异组学科的形成;（2）促进作物育种理论与育种方法的重大突破,推动育种基因组学的形成与发展;（3）推动环境条件与栽培措施影响基因表达调控的影响机制研究,一批受环境因素调控的基因将被发现,促进栽培学研究向栽培基因组学的方向发展;（4）迅速提高特色作物的研究水平,缩小作物间研究差距。当前是作物科学发展史上前所未有的高速发展时期,种质资源变异组学、育种基因组学与栽培基因组学的发展将引起作物科学的革命,并将由此引发新的绿色革命。文中分析了中国当前在研究队伍的组织、研究题目与研究材料的选择与研究成果的转化等方面存在的问题,并提出了解决方法及发展方向。     

数字孪生系统在农业生产中的应用探讨

数字孪生技术与农业的深度融合将为农业数字化转型升级提供新动能。农业数字孪生系统基于农业生产系统所产生的数据流，通过实时态势感知、超实时虚拟推演和全程交互反馈，有效实现对作物生产系统的智慧管控。系统分析了作物生产系统及其认知方法的发展历程，明确了农业数字孪生系统产生的背景、概念、内涵、基本组成及其技术优势，提出我国农业数字孪生系统的应用方向和发展路径，为推进我国作物生产智能化提供参考。     

Challenge and Opportunity in Improving Fertilizer-nitrogen Use Efficiency of Irrigated Rice in China

Today, about 30% of world nitrogen (N) fertilizer is consumed by China. Rice crops in China consume about 37% of the total N fertilizer used for rice production in the world. Average rate of N application for rice production in China is high and fertilizer-N use efficiency is low compared with other major rice growing countries. Research progresses have been made internationally and domestically on the application method, fertilizer-N sources, computer-based decision support systems, and real-time N management in order to reduce N losses and increase fertilizer-N use efficiency. In addition to continuous increase in N rate and lack of adoption of new knowledge and technology in N management by farmers, we hypothesize that high indigenous soil N supply, adoption of hybrid and super rice cultivars, improper timing of N application, and practice of mid-season drainage could be the causes for the low fertilizer-N use efficiency in China. Future research work on improving fertilizer-N use efficiency of rice crop in China should focus more on improving cultivar‘s N responsiveness, optimizing the timing and rate of N application based on crop N status, and achieving optimal soil N supply capacity.