农业生物多样性防控作物病虫害的研究进展

农业生物多样性对维系农业系统的生态平衡和保障农业可持续发展起到重要的作用,为防治农作物的病虫害以提高作物产量,该文综述了农业种质资源多样性、农业物质多样性和农业景观多样性对农作物病虫害防控的研究进展,提出在现代农业防治中应尽量减少高毒农药的使用,利用农业生态中的生物多样性来持续控制农业病虫害发生的思路,以充分利用农业生物多样性在作物病虫害防控方面的作用。     

FLOWERING PLANTS AND ENTOMOPHAGOUS ARTHROPODS IN THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE: A PRACTISE-ORIENTED SUMMARY OF A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP

● Most entomophagous arthropods consume nectar or pollen as alternative diets. ● The attractive of floral resource with different traits varies in a wide degree. ● Floral resource plays positive effects on not only entomophagous insects but also agricultural biodiversity, multiple ecosystem services and crop production. There is a growing demand for high-quality agricultural products and more countries have adopted landscape management by sowing flowering plants in agricultural fields as an important branch of conservation biological control. However, there has been less concern over the interactions and trade-offs between floral plants and entomophagous arthropods. This paper review progress in pollen/nectar feeding habits of entomophagous insects including parasitoids and predators which are important natural enemies of crop pests in agricultural fields. Factors that influence the preference of different guilds of natural enemies are reviewed to guide the selection of flowering plants in conservation biological control practices. Most studies find that floral resources have positive effects on both biological traits of natural enemies and their abundance and diversity, and this is believed to contribute greatly to pest control. Furthermore, the potential impacts of floral resources on crop yields are also discussed with an emphasis on a guild of entomophagous insects that provides both pest control and pollination services.     

农业害虫的持续控制

把农业害虫防治的工作划分为４个发展阶段,即原始防治阶段、化学防治阶段、综合治理阶段、持续控制阶段．从昆虫的多样性及害虫与植物、天敌、环境之间的相互关系出发,探讨利用抗虫品种、自然天敌、昆虫激素、不育技术、栽培措施等安全有效的方法实施害虫持续控制的可行性．根据社会—经济—自然复合农业生态系统的结构和功能,提出研究农田生物群落结构及其多样性在我国农村现行经济体制和现代农业技术条件下的时空动态,将可望从系统和群落的水平深入理解植物—害虫—天敌三者之间的相互关系,揭示害虫发生及其天敌繁衍的生态机制,并为制订以利用品种抗性、生境调节和自然天敌为基础的农业害虫可持续控制策略和措施提供理论依据．     

Pest management

Although it has not yet been universally adopted, pest management figures prominently in current planning. For pest management to be effective, agricultural scientists must adopt an interdisciplinary approach to solving problems; this means considering not only complexes of pests including insects, pathogens, and weeds, but whole crop systems. The requisites for successful pest management programs include availability of current weather data, cooperation between research and Extension personnel, and feedback from individual growers. A pilot program for alfalfa pest control is in its third year of development at Purdue University. It involves the cooperation of entomologists, engineers, physiologists, economists, and agronomists, and research and implementation proceed simultaneously. Microcomputers are used for monitoring, integrating, storing, and transmitting meteorological information to a central location, where it is used in simulations of the alfalfa plant and the alfalfa weevil. The resulting advisories are produced at teletype terminals at four locations in the alfalfa growing region of Indiana. Our experience with this prototype system indicates that computer-based pest management programs will be dynamic and reliable systems capable of delivering alternative action strategies with virtually unlimited accessibility.     

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION,PESTS AND PATHOGENS OF WHEAT AND RICE

● An overview of impacts of climate change on wheat and rice crops. ● A review on impacts of climate change on insect pests and fungal pathogens of wheat and rice. ● A selection of adaptation strategies to mitigate impacts of climate change on crop production and pest and disease management. Ongoing climate change is expected to have impacts on crops, insect pests, and plant pathogens and poses considerable threats to sustainable food security. Existing reviews have summarized impacts of a changing climate on agriculture, but the majority of these are presented from an ecological point of view, and scant information is available on specific species in agricultural applications. This paper provides an overview of impacts of climate change on two staple crops, wheat and rice. First, the direct effects of climate change on crop growth, yield formation, and geographic distribution of wheat and rice are reviewed. Then, the effects of climate change on pests and pathogens related with wheat and rice, and their interactions with the crops are summarized. Finally, potential management strategies to mitigate the direct impacts of climate change on crops, and the indirect impacts on crops through pests and pathogens are outlined. The present overview aims to aid agriculture practitioners and researchers who are interested in wheat and rice to better understand climate change related impacts on the target species.     

Parasitoid wasps as effective biological control agents

Biological control (biocontrol) is a safe, sustainable approach that takes advantage of natural enemies such as predators, parasitic insects or pathogens to manage pests in agroecosystems. Parasitoid wasps, a very large evolutionary group of hymenopteran insects, are well-known biological control agents for arthropod pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Here, we summarize the recent progress on the application of parasitoid wasps in biocontrol in China for the last five years. These include species diversity of parasitoid wasps, identification of dominant parasitoid wasps associated with insect pests and biocontrol practices (three types of biological control, i.e., classical, augmentative and conservation biological control) in several Chinese agroecosystems. We then treat different mass-rearing and release technologies and the commercialization of several parasitoid wasp species. We also summarize other work that may have a potential use in biocontrol, including the effect of plant volatiles on parasitoids and recent advance in the molecular mechanisms underlying the host regulation by parasitoid wasps. Future research area and applied perspectives are also discussed, noting that advances in biocontrol technologies in Chinese agriculture informs research at the global level.     

枇杷病虫害绿色防控技术研究

枇杷病虫害绿色防控主要是指利用生态管控、生物防治等保护生态环境的手段控制农 作物病虫危害的保护方式。健康栽培,保护生物多样性,保护利用有益生物控制病虫,综合运用 农业防治技术以及科学使用农药杀虫是常用的枇杷病虫害绿色防控技术,能够起到理想的病虫 害预防与治理效果。     

Adaptation of Drosophila species to climate change——A literature review since 2003

Global climate warming has been exerting impacts on agricultural pests. Pests also take some strategies to adapt to climate change. Understanding such adaptation could benefit more accurate predictions and integrated management of pest. However, adaptation to climate change has not been widely investigated in agricultural pests but has been well documented in model species, Drosophila, and reviewed by Hoffmann before 2003. To provide recent progress and references for agricultural entomologists who interested in thermal biology, here we have reviewed literatures since 2003 about adaptation to temperature changes under climate change. We mainly summarized thermal adaptation of Drosophila (especially to high temperatures) from three aspects, behaviors, plastic responses and micro-evolution and discussed how Drosophila increases their heat tolerance through these three mechanisms. Finally, we summarized the measures of thermotolerance and concluded the main progress in recent decade about the behavioral thermoregulation, mortality risks driven by limited evolutionary and plastic response under climate change, geographic distribution based on basal rather than plastic thermotolerance. We propose future work focus on better understanding adaptation of organisms including agricultural pests to climate change.     

间作苜蓿草枣园地表优势昆虫种类及优势度动态分析

了解间作牧草枣园地表昆虫种类及其动态变化,有助于有效地控制枣树害虫。2009年7—10月,研究了间作苜蓿草枣园地表昆虫群落物种组成及优势度动态变化。结果表明,7—10月份枣园地表昆虫群落总计9目42科,优势种是长蝽科和果蝇科。地表昆虫群落结构随着季节气温变化而不断变化,优势天敌昆虫有步甲、草蛉、缘蝽和食蚜蝇,优势天敌害虫有叶蝉、蝽和长蝽。枣草间作不仅可增加枣林植被的多样性,扩大捕食性天敌昆虫的生态容量,而且有助于实现枣树生产可持续发展和有害生物生态调控。     

鳞翅目昆虫生物钟的研究进展与展望

经过长期的自然演化,昆虫生命活动和行为中有着明显的昼夜和季节的节律性周期变化——生物钟(circadian clock)。鳞翅目昆虫是当前物种最丰富的昆虫群体,包括蝴蝶和飞蛾约16万种,其中近70%的重要农林害虫属于鳞翅目。而鳞翅目昆虫生物钟的研究进展对于深入剖析鳞翅目昆虫丰富多变的生理行为调控机制,有效开展鳞翅目经济昆虫的生产及农林害虫防治具有重要意义。总结了昼夜节律生物钟对鳞翅目昆虫孵化与取食、生长与变态、生殖与滞育、求偶与迁飞等生理行为的影响,重点概述了鳞翅目昆虫生物钟分子调控机制、生物钟与内分泌激素协同调控机制等重要研究进展,并基于生物钟原理探讨了鳞翅目昆虫与植物协同进化关系及重要生态意义,展望了将生物钟理论应用于农业害虫防治和经济昆虫饲养改良的应用前景。     

Potato insect pest management

正Having an estimated production of 388 million tons in 2017(FAO2019),potatoisoneoftheworld’smostimportant foodcrops,alongwithrice,wheat,andmaize.Potato plantscanadapttodifferentagriculturalenvironments and are widely grown over many latitudes and elevations(Douchesetal.2004).Inadditiontoitsconsumptionin Europe, North America and countries of the former Soviet Union, potato is now also popularized in Africa and Asia,     

RNA干扰技术在农作物害虫防治中的应用

RNA干扰(RNAi)技术作为基因沉默的工具,已被广泛应用于农作物害虫防治研究。准确选择靶基因、将dsRNA或siRNA导入昆虫体内、siRNA在昆虫体内的扩增和扩散是RNAi技术应用于农作物害虫防治的基础。应用RNAi技术能有效地保护农作物抵抗害虫危害,在农作物遗传改良进行精准抗虫方面具有重大的应用前景。     

Rodent biology and management: Current status,opinion and challenges in China

China experiences serious agricultural damages from rodents, and, correspondingly, researchers in China are actively studying rodent biology and management. Following the popularization of ecologically-based rodent pest management and extension of the basic state policy of Ecological Civilization Construction in China, recent efforts in rodent control technologies are mainly focused on eliminating side effects of rodenticides and developing environmentally friendly techniques. Considering ecological functions of rodents to test their interaction with the environment is a promising design for understanding rodent populations in local ecosystems and for developing ecologically-based rodent management. Using ecological phenotypes and applying advanced techniques of molecular biology, genetics, and epigenetics might be useful for illustrating the deep regulatory mechanisms of fluctuations in rodent populations. However, facing the dual characteristics of rodents as pests and their roles as keystone species in many ecosystems, it is still a challenge to establish reasonable local thresholds to balance rodent management with the negative effects of rodent control on the environment in the future.     

农业防治最佳生态系统管理的特点—内因治虫

农业防治是多学科的综合应用,以建立最佳农业生态系统为目标,因而它是最佳生态系统管理。害虫的猖獗发生,是由于种群的生理生态特性的内因和环境条件的外因密切统一的结果。从内因控制害虫的猖獗发生,是最根本、最合理、最有效的措施。内因治虫,主要通过寄主植物的遗传基质、营养成分和建立优良生态系,使寄主植物能从内因影响害虫的控制。     

农业病虫害监测中高光谱遥感技术应用研究

农作物病虫害监测是有害生物综合防治必不可少的环节之一。本文首先在阐述高光谱遥感监测农作物病虫害原理的基础上,对高光谱遥感技术近年来在农业病虫害防治中的应用进行了归纳总结,按主要大宗作物种类进行分类,体现了高光谱遥感在植保领域中广阔的应用前景。最后,对该技术在农业病虫害领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

Effects of sesame nectar on longevity and fecundity of seven Lepidoptera and survival of four parasitoid species commonly found in agricultural ecosystems

Ecological engineering involves the use of plants to promote establishment,survival and efficiency of natural enemies in agricultural systems.Some plant species may be hosts or provide resources to some pest species.We assessed the risks and benefits of sesame(Sesamum indicum L.),as a nectar source for seven economically important Lepidopteran pest and four parasitoid species in a range of vegetable crop systems.Our results showed that the mean longevities of arthropod parasitoids Pteromalus puparum(L.),Encarsia sophia(Girault Dodd) and male Microplitis tuberculifer(Wesmael) were significantly extended when fed on sesame flowers compared to the water control.Sesame flowers had no effect on adult longevities and fecundities of six out of the seven Lepidoptera pest species tested except Plutella xyllostella(L.) females laid more eggs when fed on sesame flowers.It is likely that the increased fecundity is due to accessibility to nectar at the bottom of corolla because of their smaller body sizes.Our findings provide a first step towards better understanding of the risks and benefits of using sesame to implement ecological engineering for the management of vegetable pests.     

温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorium Westwood生物学及其防治

在温室中，温室白粉虱是花卉和蔬菜的重要害虫，不仅取食造成这些植物的直接危害，还传播一些植物病毒病的病原。对近十余年来国内外有关温室白粉愎生物学及治理的研究，进展进行综述。内容包括温室白粉虱地发生，危害，生物学，以及国内外对此虫采用的各种防治措施。     

农田生态系统中的鼠类群落管理

农田生态系统内，鼠害的形成是土地农业利用和开发的“副产品”，农业生产格局、作物布局和各种农业措施等都会对鼠类的生存与发展产生影响。不科学的灭鼠不仅不能控制害鼠，而且还会刺激鼠类数量的增长。制定农田鼠类管理措施，除了需要掌握鼠类本身的发生规律、种群动态等生物生态学特性外，应关注农业生产格局对鼠类群落产生的重大影响，充分发挥农业措施对鼠类群落种群发生发展的作用。同时，还应注意人类的经济建设活动对鼠类群落的影响，必须认识到鼠害治理是一项社会性的工程。     

RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF CROP PEST MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA

● Crop pests are a major factor restricting agricultural production in China. ● The National Monitoring and Early Warning System (NMEWS) was established > 40 years ago. ● Application of NMEWS has increased national capability to tackle pests. The importance of food security, especially in combating the problem of acute hunger, has been underscored as a key component of sustainable development. Considering the major challenge of rapidly increasing demands for both food security and safety, the management and control of major pests is urged to secure supplies of major agricultural products. However, owing to global climate change, biological invasion (e.g., fall armyworm), decreasing agricultural biodiversity, and other factors, a wide range of crop pest outbreaks are becoming more frequent and serious, making China, one of the world’s largest country in terms of agricultural production, one of the primary victims of crop yield loss and the largest pesticide consumer in the world. Nevertheless, the use of science and technology in monitoring and early warning of major crop pests provides better pest management and acts as a fundamental part of an integrated plant protection strategy to achieve the goal of sustainable development of agriculture. This review summarizes the most fundamental information on pest monitoring and early warning in China by documenting the developmental history of research and application, Chinese laws and regulations related to plant protection, and the National Monitoring and Early Warning System, with the purpose of presenting the Chinese model as an example of how to promote regional management of crop pests, especially of cross border pests such as fall armyworm and locust, by international cooperation across pest-related countries.     

绿色防控模式对叶菜害虫的控制作用及综合效益评价

为探索绿色防控技术集成应用的综合控害效果和应用效益,比较了2种不同防控模式下害虫种群动态、菜田昆虫结构组成与多样性变化的影响,用环境经济学方法评价了绿色防控技术应用于生产的实际效果,并与化学防治为主的常规防控区的综合效益进行对比。结果表明,绿色防控模式下菜田优势害虫的控制效果显著优于常规防控区;对田间昆虫群落特征的影响主要表现在物种组成、多样性指数及物种分布的均匀性等方面,尤其对优势害虫、捕食性天敌等影响更为明显;通过综合应用绿色防控技术,化学农药的用量减少,菜田主要害虫优势集中性指数降低,天敌数量和作用增加,多样性指数增大;绿色防控区采用生态控制的方法,每667 m2每季可实现经济、社会、环境效益分别为2　9791,8063,1　0429元,明显优于常规防控区。因此,科学应用绿色防控集成技术,减少化学农药用量,改善生态环境,逐步增强天敌对优势害虫的控制能力,这在菜田害虫生态控制中具有重要作用。