Biogeographic differences in cone, needle and seed morphology among natural Picea asperata populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude: the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.     

云杉天然群体表型多样性研究

以系统揭示云杉全分布区天然群体表型变异程度和变异规律为目的 ,以其全分布区 10个有代表性天然群体 ,每个群体 30个个体为试材 ,对针叶、球果、种鳞、种翅和种子等 17个表型性状进行系统比较分析 ,采用方差分析、多重比较、相关分析和聚类分析等统计分析方法 ,讨论了群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明 :云杉种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在极其丰富的遗传差异。云杉球果、针叶、种鳞、种翅和种子 5个表型性状的变异系数分别为 19 14 %、2 6 4 6 %、13 5 8%、19 78%和 174 0 % ,种鳞性状稳定性较其他性状高。表型分化系数 (VST)的变幅为 2 0 9%～ 4 0 6 2 % ,群体间表型分化系数均值为 30 99%。群体间变异 (30 99% )小于群体内变异 (6 9 0 1% )。 17个表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关 ,球果长度、球果径、种鳞长度、种鳞宽度和种子千粒重为云杉易测定和重要的表型性状。云杉种内群体表型变异在空间分布上呈现以纬度为主的单向变异模式 ,利用群体间欧氏距离进行UPGMA聚类分析表明 ,云杉群体可以划分为 5类     

祁连山青海云杉天然群体表型性状遗传多样性分析

调查祁连山青海云杉天然分布区的10个群体,每群体10个个体 ,以系统揭示其表型变异程度和变异规律为目的,对针叶、球果、种鳞、种翅和种子的17个表型性状进行系统的比较分析.采用方差分析、多重比较,相关分析、聚类分析等多种分析方法,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行讨论.方差分析结果表明:各性状在群体间都存在极显著差异;除球果干质量和球果长/球果径外,其余性状在群体内都存在着极显著的差异.表型分化系数即群体间变异为31.20%,小于群体内的变异(68.80%).17个表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关.表型性状呈现出以经度变异为主的梯度规律性.通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将青海云杉10个群体划分为4个类群.     

Variation in cone and seed characters in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) across natural distribution in western Himalayas

We analyzed 17 seed sources (seed stands) of Pinus wallichiana for variations present in cone and seed characters, scattered over natural distribution in north-west Himalayan states (Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh) of India. The significant variations were observed in cone weight, cone length, cone width, seed length, seed width, seed weight, seed germination, radicle length, and plumule length among different seed sources of the species. Significant positive correlation between seed weight, cone weight and cone width showed that seed weight in the species depend more on the cone size. Seed germination was also positively correlated with seed weight, cone weight and radicle length in the study. The estimates of variability with regard to genetic parameters for seed weight, seed germination, cone length, cone width, cone weight showed wide range of variation in the study. Seed weight showed high heritability values coupled with maximum genetic gain. Traits with such values indicate presence of good amount of heritable additive components and are under strong genetic control. The findings of the study revealed that seed sources expressed both phenotypic and genotypic differences in the seed and cone traits which might be due to the differences in genetic make up of various seed sources and environmental factors i.e. genotypic and environmental interaction. The study suggests that the seed weight should be given the top priority for the further improvement of this species.     

不同居群连香树种子形态变异及其与环境因子相关性分析

分析不同居群连香树种子形态变异及其与环境因子相关性,结果表明:不同居群间种子长宽、种翅长宽和千粒重均存在显著差异,按大小排序均为白龙江种>药山种>美姑种,种子形态与纬度、气温、海拔、降水等环境因子之间有显著关系,且呈现较好的稳定性。     

白花树天然群体表型多样性研究

调查了9个群体的14个表型性状,采用巢式方差分析、变异系数、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,分析了群体间和群体内表型多样性.结果表明:白花树表型性状在群体间和群体内都存在丰富的变异,群体间表型分化系数为59.08％,大于群体内变异;侧枝、叶片、果实和种子4类表型性状的平均变异系数分别为31.02％、16.85％、8.2％和6...     

Variation in needle and cone traits in natural populations of Pinus yunnanensis

Pinus yunnanensis Franch. is a major component of coniferous forests in southwestern China. Little is known about its intraspecific variation. Morphological variations in needle and cone traits of P. yunnanensis were analyzed to quantify variability among and within natural populations.Seven traits were measured on 10 needles collected from 30 trees in each of the 18 sampled populations of P. yunnanensis. Four cone traits were measured in 221 individual trees from nine populations. The results showed that there were significant differences(p \ 0.01) both among populations and within populations in each needle and cone trait.The proportion of phenotypic variation of nearly all needle and cone traits was over 50 % within populations, which showed trees within populations accounted for a majority of the total variation. The needle traits showed higher variability within population than cone traits. Variability in theneedle traits was correlated with geo-climatic parameters(longitude, latitude, altitude, temperature, and precipitation).Needle length and the ratio of needle length to fascicle sheath length showed clinal variation in response to latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. A hierarchical classification of all populations based on needle traits led to the formation of four major groups. The findings provide important genetic information for the evaluation of variation. Moreover, it will assist in management of genetic diversity of P. yunnanensis.     

Variation in seed and seedling traits and their relations to geo-climatic factors among populations in Yunnan Pine(Pinus yunnanensis)

Differences in seed germination and seedling growth among populations of Pinus yunnanensis Franch.were quantified to provide information for use in the regeneration,reforestation,and improvement of this species.Seed germination and seedling growth traits at the nursery stage were investigated at the population level.We evaluated relationships between pairs of measured traits as well as the association between measured traits and geoclimatic variables including longitude,latitude,elevation,temperature and precipitation.Seedling growth showed significant differences although a low magnitude of variation was found in the seed germination traits among the populations.Some populations with strong and stable growth(e.g.,the Baoshan population) may be selected as superior seed sources for regeneration and reforestation.Germination percentage was negatively correlated with elevation,and positively with precipitation.In addition,germination index,vigor index and seedling height were positively correlated with precipitation.Seed germination index,cotyledon number and length,and seedling diameter were significantly and positively correlated with seed weight.Strong correlations between pairs of traits will be helpful in early evaluations for the selection of certain prominent traits.     

Variation in seed and seedling traits and their relations to geo-climatic factors among populations in Yunnan Pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus yunnanensis</Emphasis>)

Differences in seed germination and seedling growth among populations of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. were quantified to provide information for use in the regeneration, reforestation, and improvement of this species. Seed germination and seedling growth traits at the nursery stage were investigated at the population level. We evaluated relationships between pairs of measured traits as well as the association between measured traits and geo-climatic variables including longitude, latitude, elevation, temperature and precipitation. Seedling growth showed significant differences although a low magnitude of variation was found in the seed germination traits among the populations. Some populations with strong and stable growth (e.g., the Baoshan population) may be selected as superior seed sources for regeneration and reforestation. Germination percentage was negatively correlated with elevation, and positively with precipitation. In addition, germination index, vigor index and seedling height were positively correlated with precipitation. Seed germination index, cotyledon number and length, and seedling diameter were significantly and positively correlated with seed weight. Strong correlations between pairs of traits will be helpful in early evaluations for the selection of certain prominent traits.     

文冠果种子及苗期生长性状地理种源变异

[目的]研究不同种源文冠果(Xanthocerassorbifolium Bunge)的种子形态特征及在山东省安丘地区苗期性状差异,了解文冠果不同种源变异特征,为文冠果在山东安丘地区引种和遗传改良提供参考。[方法]以来自山东、河南、内蒙古、辽宁、黑龙江、河北、新疆、陕西等地的27个种源的文冠果种子为研究对象,对其种子形态指标进行测定,并在山东省安丘市开展种源试验。[结果]研究发现:不同种源间文冠果表型性状均存在极显著差异(P0.01),且这些差异可以稳定遗传(遗传力均大于0.9);苗期苗高与种源地降水、年均气温及地径与降水之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),苗高与种源地纬度、年均日照及地径与年均日照呈极显著负相关(P0.01),种子长、种子宽、种皮厚均与海拔呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。[结论]文冠果表型性状存在丰富的变异,且受较强遗传控制;文冠果苗期性状变异主要受降水、年均气温、年均日照3个环境主导因子的影响,种子性状变异主要受海拔的影响。综合种源苗期生长状况,初步筛选出山东东营、山东安丘、内蒙古库伦、辽宁关山和辽宁海城5个适合安丘地区育苗的速生种源。     

同一区域不同分布高度葛萝槭表型性状变异分析

为了解同一区域不同分布高度葛萝槭种群表型变异程度及变异规律,对来自河北省灵寿县五岳寨地区3个分布高度葛萝槭种群进行单果质量、单果皮质量、果长、果宽、果厚、果实长宽比、单种质量、种长、种宽、种厚、种子长宽比及种子千粒质量等12个表型性状进行观测,采用平均值、变异系数、方差分析及相关性分析等方法进行分析.结果 表明:同一区...     

广西西南桦天然居群的表型变异

以广西壮族自治区的西南桦天然分布区为研究对象 ,调查了 11个居群 190个单株的 12个表型性状指标 ,运用变异系数和巢式方差分析研究了居群间和居群内的表型变异 ;应用相关分析揭示了表型性状间及其与地理、气候因子间的相关性以及表型变异的地理格局 ;并且运用聚类分析进行了居群分类。结果表明 ,西南桦天然居群内的变异远大于居群间的变异 ,居群分化较小 ;侧脉数、叶片基部至最宽处距离与经度、纬度显著相关 ,叶片长与经度相关显著 ,种翅宽与海拔显著相关 ,存在较明显的地理变异趋势。而表型性状的Mahalanobis距离与地理距离间相关不显著。研究结果为西南桦的遗传改良工作奠定了基础 ,为制定西南桦育种策略和天然林持续利用对策提供了科学依据     

林芝云杉天然群体针叶与种实的变异及其地理趋势

在西藏地区11个有代表性的林芝云杉天然群体内分别随机抽取15～30个个体为试材,测量了针叶与种实共9个表型性状,采用统计分析方法研究了在群体内和群体间的变异和分化趋势.结果显示:林芝云杉9个表型性状在群体内和群体间的差异显著.群体间表型分化系数均值为29.55％,与云杉属其他树种相比处于中等水平;群体内的方差分量占70...     

栀子野生居群叶片和果实性状的表型多样性

栀子(Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis)为茜草科止血、消肿等作用,在中医临床常用于治疗黄疸型肝(Rubiaceae)栀子属(Gardenia)常绿灌木,广泛分布炎、扭挫伤、高血压、糖尿病等症[2];作为优质的天然于长江以南各省区[1],它是重要的森林食品及药材色素,其提取物常添加在面条、糖果等食品中[3-4];资源。其干燥成熟果实具有护肝、利胆、降压、镇静、因其果肉含有抗癌作用的藏红花素、藏红花酸、苦红     

丽江云杉天然种群针叶功能性状及其随海拔的变异

This research investigated and selected 4 natural populations of Picea likiangensis in Yunnan province, based on its natural distribution. The length, width, dry weight and C, N, P contents in needles of the 4 populations were measured to survey the phenotypic variation of natural populations and the relationship between the phenotypic variation and their altitude of distribution areas. The methods of ANOVA analysis, multi-comparison and correlation analysis were used for analyzing the data measured. The results showed that, there were remarkable (P<0.01) variations in needle length, width and dry weight among populations, with component of variance 15.05%-28.03%, but no variation of them within populations. The dry weight was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated to the needle length and width, and their correlation coefficients were 0.466 39 and 0.665 67, respectively. Regarding to element content in needles, there were significant (P<0.05) variations of N and P contents, and C/N ratio among populations, excepting C content. Moreover, the component of variance among populations was higher (29.98%-37.56%) when compared with that within populations, and there was distinctly (P<0.01) variance of N/P ratio among populations, and its component of variance was 60.44%. For correlations between needle length and N/P ratio, altitude was negatively and significantly (P<0.01) correlated; for needle width, altitude was significant (P<0.01) positive correlated, for C content and C/N ratio, altitude was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated.     

短萼仪花荚果与种子性状测定初报

对短萼仪花群落中5个优良单株的荚果长、荚果宽、荚果长宽比、种子长、种子宽、种子长宽比及种子单粒质量等性状进行测定分析,发现单株间种子表型性状差异均达到极显著水平;变异最大的为种子单粒质量,其变异系数为20.41%;种子表型性状间具有一定的相关性。     

不同种源盐肤木种子形态性状遗传变异研究

以21个种源的种子为材料,研究了盐肤木种子形态性状在种源水平上的遗传变异规律。研究结果表明:盐肤木种子形态性状在不同种源间存在极显著差异,但主要由环境因素引起,不能比较稳定的遗传;盐肤木种子大小表现出明显的经纬度地理变异模式,且降雨量越小,气温越高,其种子饱满度越高。盐肤木种子长、种子厚和种子千粒重之间显著正相关。     

福建柏优树选择及种实表型变异研究

在调查研究福建柏资源基础上,制定了福建柏优树选择方法,于1998年6～11月和1999年7～11月在福建省福建柏自然分布区和栽培区以及湖南省道县福建柏天然林中选择出优树175株,其中从天然林中选出57株,从人工林中选出118株。这些优树总体表现较好,生长量大,平均树高、胸径、材积分别为15 49m、28 6cm和0 51263m3,树干通直圆满,树体健康,无病虫害,平均树龄为35 3a。1999年10～11月,采集到129株优树的球果,测定了各优树的种子千粒重、球果出籽率、球果重、球果长、球果宽、球果长×球果宽、球果长/球果宽和苞鳞数等8个指标,结果表明各优树在种实性状上差异比较大,差异最大的是球果重,平均单果重2 757g,变幅为1 342～4 748g,变异系数为27 86%;平均千粒重为6 378g,变幅为3 647～11 349g;平均出籽率为2 56%,变幅为1 62%～4 79%;球果大小相差较大,球果近球形但略长些。相关分析表明,优树各种实性状间的相关性大都达到极显著水平,千粒重与球果重量、大小呈密切的正相关,与出籽率、苞鳞数及球果形状关系不大;出籽率与其他种实性状间相关性很小,可能是个独立的性状;单果重与苞鳞数及球果大小呈高度的正相关关系,与球果形状没有关系。收集选出的175株优树中的162株,在福建省安溪白濑国有林场建成了全国第一个福建柏种?     

君迁子天然群体表型变异研究

以君迁子（Diospyros lotus）的13个天然群体为研究对象,对其果实纵径、果实横径、叶片纵径、叶片横径、种子长、种子宽、种子千粒重、2年生苗高、地径等9个表型性状的变异进行研究。结果表明：君迁子性状在不同群体间的果实、叶片和种子等表型均存在变异。果实分为长椭圆形和扁椭圆形2种。叶片的表型性状在种群间和种群内都存在变异,变异系数都超过了10%。群体间种子大小差异明显,群体间种子千粒重变化很大,桑植群体的千粒重为济源群体的4.25倍;群体内比较一致,个体间种子千粒重变异系数有9个群体小于3%,12个群体小于4%。2年生苗高、地径在群体间存在显著差异,其中卢氏群体的生长表现最好,苗高为94.70 cm,地径为16.7 mm;分宜群体生长表现最差,苗高为13.05 cm,地径为2.9 mm。多数表型性状与地理因子纬度、经度成正相关,与海拔成负相关。聚类分析显示,11个君迁子群体可分为4类,群体间的分类并没有依据地理距离的远近而聚类,说明君迁子群体间表型性状变异的不连续性。     

长柄扁桃坚果表型多样性及其相关关系研究

正长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata Pall.)属蔷薇科,桃属,扁桃亚属,有柄组落叶灌木,又名野樱桃、毛樱桃等,在我国主要分布于内蒙古中部和陕西北部的山坡或沙地[1-2],具有抗寒[3]、抗旱[4]、耐盐和耐贫瘠[5]等特性。长柄扁桃种仁富含油脂和蛋白,种仁含油率达55%[6]以上,蛋白质达15%30%[7]。油以油酸和亚油酸为主,脂溶性维生素含