野生多花黄精种群表型变异研究

为了解不同种群野生多花黄精的表型变异规律,运用方差分析、变异系数分析、多重比较分析、相关分析、聚类分析等多种数理统计分析方法,对其全分布区选取的9个种群和12个表型指标进行了研究。结果表明:野生多花黄精的12个表型性状除果实横纵比外,在种群间和种群内均存在显著或极显著的差异;种群内的变异(36.24%)大于种群间的变异(15.37%),表型性状的平均分化系数为28.84%,种群内变异是野生多花黄精变异的主要来源;各表型性状的平均变异系数为12.16%,变异幅度范围为4.76%~23.63%,叶片数、全株叶面积、地径、株高、种子千粒重的变异系数分别为18.00%、23.63%、16.88%、16.14%、14.75%,表明种子的稳定性高于叶和茎。经度多数表型性状间呈显著或极显著负相关关系,随着经度的增加,叶片数、地径、株高、果实纵径和种子千粒重均呈现减小趋势;采用欧氏距离对9个野生种群进行聚类分析,可以将种群划分为3类,但表型性状的聚类并不随地理距离上的相聚而聚为一类。     

山西省中国沙棘天然种群优树表型变异研究

[目的 ]为揭示山西省中国沙棘天然种群优树表型变异规律及其与生态因子的关系,为沙棘遗传资源收集、保存和品种创制提供技术支撑。[方法 ]以山西省中国沙棘天然种群分布区为研究对象,调查了11个中国沙棘天然种群110个优良单株的10个表型性状指标,采用方差分析和变异系数研究种群优树间的表型变异;应用相关分析揭示表型性状间及其与生态因子间的相关性;运用主成分分析和聚类分析进行了种群优树分类。[结果 ]中国沙棘10个表型性状在不同种群优树间呈显著(p 0.05)或极显著(p 0.01)差异,中国沙棘天然种群优树表型性状的平均变异系数为5.23%～37.42%。中国沙棘果实横径与果实纵径、百果质量、种子千粒质量、当年枝长均呈极显著(p 0.01)正相关,与果形指数、结实密度呈极显著(p 0.01)负相关;种子千粒质量与果实横径、果实纵径、百果质量呈极显著(p 0.01)正相关;果形指数、果柄长、当年枝长与纬度因子呈极显著(p 0.01)负相关;果实横径、果实纵径、百果质量、种子千粒质量、当年枝长与海拔因子呈极显著(p 0.01)正相关。主成分分析结果表明:隰县种群优树的综合得分最高,五寨种群优树的综合得分最低。利用种群间欧式距离进行聚类分析,将11个中国沙棘天然种群优树分为4类,揭示了山西省中国沙棘优树表型性状未形成连续变异规律,具有随机变异的特点。[结论 ]山西省中国沙棘天然种群优树间存在丰富的表型变异。隰县种群优树的综合性状表现最好,可参考作为中国沙棘优良种质资源收集的重点区域。     

川西地区毛叶木姜子的表型多样性研究

[目的]通过对川西地区毛叶木姜子的表型性状调查,研究其表型变异程度和变异规律,探讨毛叶木姜子的表型特征,为川西地区毛叶木姜子种质资源的保存和利用、良种选育提供科学依据。[方法]在川西地区随机选取具有代表性的56株毛叶木姜子实生单株,对果实、叶片、种子等13个表型性状进行系统比较分析,采用变异系数、方差分析、相关分析、主成分分析等方法,探讨川西地区毛叶木姜子表型多样性。[结果](1)从变异系数和方差分析结果来看,试验区内毛叶木姜子表型性状间存在丰富的变异,且变异幅度大。其中,果实百粒质量的变异系数最大,为15.93%;果形指数的变异系数最小,为2.31%。(2)在相关分析中,各性状间不同程度地存在着极显著或显著的差异。(3)主成分分析显示,果实纵径、果实横径、果实百粒质量、种子纵径、种子横径、种子百粒质量是影响毛叶木姜子表型多样性的主导因子。[结论]毛叶木姜子表型性状变异丰富、变异程度各不相同;表型性状间具有协调发育的特点;果实纵径等6个性状是影响其表型多样性的主导因子。     

5个种源文冠果果实和种子表型性状变异分析

为了准确了解引种文冠果种源的性状变异情况,从而为文冠果良种的选育提供理论依据,对引种的5个种源文冠果果实和种子的表型性状进行了调查与统计,并对其变异情况进行了分析。结果表明:5个种源文冠果果实和种子的11个表型性状在种源间、种源内都存在着极显著差异;文冠果果实和种子11个表型性状的遗传变异系数为0.49%~25.70%,说明其表型性状的变异比较丰富;其中的单果鲜质量、果实纵径、果实横径、种子横径、种子纵径、单果籽粒数是文冠果果实和种子的6个重要经济性状指标,这6个性状指标与其他性状指标间有着不同程度的相关关系。     

海南岛油楠天然群体种子表型变异及其对种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响

以海南岛油楠主要分布区6个天然群体为研究对象,对种子性状、种子萌发及幼苗生长指标进行系统的比较分析,采用巢式方差分析、变异系数及聚类分析等多种分析方法,对油楠种子表型变异进行了讨论,运用相关分析对种子性状间及其与地理因子、种子萌发、幼苗发育的相关性进行探讨。结果表明:油楠种子性状在种群间及种群内的差异均达到极显著水平;种子各性状平均表型分化系数为24.45%,即群体内变异远大于群体间变异;种子性状与地理因子间相关性较差;系统聚类可将油楠划分为3类,且与各地理分布区有高度吻合性;种子萌发及幼苗发育特征的种群间差异极显著,种子萌发率与种子性状不存在显著相关性,但种子千粒重与幼苗地径、苗高分别存在极显著、显著的相关性,说明种子千粒重越大,幼苗初期地径、苗高越大。本研究对油楠种质资源评价利用及苗木更新具有重要意义。     

花叶海棠表型性状变异的研究

在四川省炉霍县和道孚县鲜水河流域调查了花叶海棠6个居群共60个单株,分析比较了树叶和果实的主要营养成分,运用变异系数、方差分析、表型分化系数研究了10个表型性状的变异。结果表明:花叶海棠地径、树高、冠高、冠幅、结实量的居群内方差分量>80％．居群间差异的影响<20％。果实的纵径、横径、重量、果色、果形的变异也主要是由居群内差异引起的,居群间表型分化系数反映果色是以居群间变异占相对优势,纵径在居群间的变异略高于居群内的变异,而横径、果重和果形都是以居群内变异为主。果实维C含量的居群间差异很大,变异系数高达69．04。探讨了花叶海棠的遗传改良策略和资源利用途径。     

白花树天然群体表型多样性研究

调查了9个群体的14个表型性状,采用巢式方差分析、变异系数、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,分析了群体间和群体内表型多样性.结果表明:白花树表型性状在群体间和群体内都存在丰富的变异,群体间表型分化系数为59.08％,大于群体内变异;侧枝、叶片、果实和种子4类表型性状的平均变异系数分别为31.02％、16.85％、8.2％和6...     

山茱萸种质资源表型性状多样性及相关性分析

为了给山茱萸种质筛选和新品种选育提供参考依据,对选自河南山茱萸主产区8个居群的43份具有代表性的山茱萸种质资源的果实纵横径、种子纵横径、果实百粒质量、种子百粒质量、果肉干质量、出肉率、出药率等表型指标进行了测定,并分析了其变异系数和各个性状指标间的相关性。测定结果显示:果实纵径、果实横径、果柄长、种子纵径、果实百粒质量、种子百粒质量、果肉干质量和出药率的变异系数均高于10%,说明这些性状在不同个体间的差异较大,多样性丰富;而种子横径和出肉率的变异系数均低于10%,说明这些性状的变异比较小,遗传稳定性较高。相关性分析结果表明:果实百粒质量和果肉干质量与果实纵横径的相关性较高,其中果实百粒质量与果实纵、横径的相关系数分别为0.788和0.881(P0.01),果肉干质量与果实纵、横径的相关性系数分别为0.646和0.649(P0.01),说明果实纵横径是影响果实百粒质量和果肉干质量的重要因素;而出肉率和出药率与果肉干质量呈极显著性正相关(其相关系数分别0.605和0.536,P0.01),这表明果肉干质量是影响山茱萸出肉率和出药率的关键因素。     

阿穆尔种源山丁子果实及幼苗生长差异性分析

以黑河种源山丁子为对照,对阿穆尔种源山丁子7个单株果实及幼苗生长情况进行对比分析的结果表明:8个单株果实均为扁球形,桔色或红色,果粒整齐或较整齐,果味酸、涩。8个单株果实种子变异较为丰富,阿穆尔种源7个单株均与对照存在显著差异,最大单果重、最大种子千粒重分别超过对照283.33%、151.11%;阿穆尔种源7个单株间平均单果重、种子千粒重差异显著,最大平均单果重超过最小平均单果重95.65%,最大种子千粒重超过最小种子千粒重75.12%。8个单株的1年生苗苗高、地径存在较大的变异,阿穆尔种源苗高变异系数为34.95%～57.07%,地径变异系数为17.39%～33.18%,对照苗高变异系数44.73%、地径变异系数33.49%;8个单株的1年生苗苗高、地径差异极显著,苗高生长最快的超过生长最慢的235.8%,地径生长最快的超过生长最慢的111.11%。     

内蒙古天然花楸表型多样性与利用研究

根据花楸天然分布状况,以其叶片、果实和种子为材料,对内蒙古地区6个花楸天然群落进行表型多样性分析,研究了花楸叶片、果实和种子表型变异情况。结果表明:花楸叶片、果实和种子具有极丰富的表型变异,种源内的分化高于种源间;果长、果径、百果重及千粒重是关键表型性状;浆果质量、千粒重、果柄长3个性状是造成花楸表型变异的主要因素;种源间树型、叶型、果型及秋季叶颜色变异较大,有利于花楸树种质资源多途径开发利用。     

6个栓皮栎种源种子形态及其幼苗生长的比较

[Objective]To compare the differences of seed morphological characters among provinces of Quercus variabilis Bl.,and explore the adaptive growth status of seedlings growing in the central distribution area. [Method]The seeds of 6 Q. variabilis provenances from six provinceswerecollected, and the seedlings were cultivated and transplanted to experimental field in the centre of natural distribution range (Wuhan Jiufeng National Forest Park), then the seed morphology and one-year seedling growth traitswere surveyed. [Result](1)There were significantor extremely significantdifferences among provenances in seed length, seed width, seed length/width ratio and 100-seed mass, the order of seed length among provenances was Beijing Provenance (22.28 mm),Hubei Provenance (22.10 mm), He'nan Provenance (20.80 mm), Shaanxi Provenance (19.57 mm), Yunnan Provenance (18.93 mm)and Liaoning Provenance (18.81 mm), the seed width of Beijing Provenance (19.71 mm) and Hubei Provenance (19.16 mm) was higher than that of the others, the seed length/width ratio of He'nan Provenance (1.38) was extremely significantly higher than that of the others; (2)There were significant or extremely significant differences among provenances in seedling height, ground diameter, leaf number, branching number and seedling height/ground diameter, the Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance were better in seedling height and leaf number, which were respectively 19.54 cm and 20.26 cm, 8.32 leaves and 9.50 leaves; (3)A decreasing trend with time for seedling growth traits among provenances was found; (4)There was a positive relationship between seed morphological characters and seedling growth traits except seed length/width ratio; the leaf number was significantly related to ground diameter and branching number and the seedling height and leaf number were closely related to the seed morphological characters; (5)It showed a decreasing trend with the growth time in the relationship between seedling growth traits and 100-seed mass. [Conclusion]The seedlings of Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance grew better in the experimental field which might be related to their larger seed mass, and the Yunnan Provenance in the south margin and the Liaoning Provenance in the north margin of distribution area of Q. variabilis grew weaker than the provenances in the centre of distribution area.With the effect of climate change, provenances in the margin of distribution area may lose in the community competition in the seedling stage if it cannot take advantage of its dispersal and settlement and affected by the disadvantage of growth and competition, so that the distribution and population renewal would surely be affected.     

乌桕群体/家系苗期性状遗传变异

于2009年11月采集四川、重庆地区10个乌桕群体共300个家系种子,在四川达州市林业中心苗圃播种育苗,并进行苗期观测,结果表明:乌桕群体/家系的苗高、地径、主根长、侧根数、分枝数均存在极显著差异,苗期表型平均分化系数为17.63%,群体内的变异大于群体间的变异;5个性状的家系遗传力受中等强度的遗传控制,单株遗传力受中等到高等强度的遗传控制;以欧式平均距离5为阈值聚类,10个群体可聚为北部群体、中部群体和南部群体3大类。     

Variation in seed and seedling traits among natural populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigonobalanus doichangensis</Emphasis> (A. Camus) Forman (Fagaceae), a rare and endangered plant in southwest China

The extent of genetic variation in seed and seedling traits of Trigonobalanus doichangensis, a rare and endangered tree in southwest China, was evaluated at the population level. Seeds were collected from four natural populations in the south and southwest Yunnan province, China. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between populations were observed in seed length, seed weight and seedling morphological characters. The analyses revealed that none of the seed and seedling traits had significant correlations with the geo-climatic variables of the populations. Among seed and seedling traits, significant correlations (P < 0.05) were discovered among seed length, seed weight and height of 30-day-old seedlings. Significant correlation (r = 1.00, P < 0.01) occurred also between the height and root collar diameter of 4-year-old seedlings. With the exception of seed width and seed germination percentage, 51–96% of total variation in other seed and seedling related traits was attributed to population effect, as determined by the broad sense heritability. In conclusion, these observations on variation in seed and seedling traits should be a reference point, when considering seed collection of this species for ex situ conservation and species restoration.     

乐东拟单性木兰地理种源变异与选择研究

对乐东拟单性木兰14个种源种子、苗期以及幼林期生长性状进行了调查分析.结果表明:种子千粒质量、苗高、地径、叶长和叶宽等5个性状在种源间差异极显著;造林保存率种源间差异显著,来自北部的种源,如浙江龙泉种源保存率较高,而来自南部的海南尖峰岭种源保存率较低;幼林期4年生树高、5年生树高和胸径、6年生树高和胸径等5个主要生长性状种源间差异均达到极显著水平,其生长性状广义遗传力为0.855～0.930,说明乐东拟单性木兰幼林期主要生长性状的表型差异主要受遗传因素的控制;乐东拟单性木兰苗高和地径与纬度负相关,表明随种源纬度的升高,乐东拟单性木兰种源苗期生长有减小趋势;乐东拟单性木兰幼林期树高和胸径与经度正相关,与纬度极显著正相关.根据乐东拟单性木兰种源幼林期试验结果,选择出浙江龙泉、福建顺昌和湖南新宁3个优良种源.通过聚类分析,把乐东拟单性木兰种源初步划分为3个区:西部种源区、东部种源区和南部种源区.     

Phenotypic variation in Phoebe bournei populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.) Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis(PCA) and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P.bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations(34.92%)was greater than that within populations(26.19%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77%among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance(CV) of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%.The CV of leaf traits among populations(15.64%) was higher than that of seed traits(8.60%), indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors.Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.     

木荷苗木性状的种源变异和地理模式

利用来自7省区36个木荷种源在浙江淳安和福建建瓯两试验点的苗期测定材料,研究其苗木生长、根系特征和叶片形态等12个性状的种源差异及其地理变异模式。方差分析结果显示,除主根长、侧根长和叶片颜色在种源间无显著差异外,其它性状的种源效应都达到显著或极显著水平。种源苗木性状与产地地理气候因子的相关分析发现,苗高、叶片特征(叶片数、叶片宽、叶片厚)及秋末嫩叶颜色等呈典型的纬向变异模式,产地温度则是造成这种纬向变异模式的主要环境作用因子。与北部种源比较,南部种源生长快,叶片数量多,但叶片较薄较窄,其秋末嫩叶颜色变化对寒冷信号反应敏感。影响木荷种子性状表型差异的主导因素是产地的年降水量。以苗高为标准,分别在两地点初选出优良种源10个,它们多来自25°N左右的木荷自然分布区。     

Variation in seed and seedling traits and their relations to geo-climatic factors among populations in Yunnan Pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus yunnanensis</Emphasis>)

Differences in seed germination and seedling growth among populations of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. were quantified to provide information for use in the regeneration, reforestation, and improvement of this species. Seed germination and seedling growth traits at the nursery stage were investigated at the population level. We evaluated relationships between pairs of measured traits as well as the association between measured traits and geo-climatic variables including longitude, latitude, elevation, temperature and precipitation. Seedling growth showed significant differences although a low magnitude of variation was found in the seed germination traits among the populations. Some populations with strong and stable growth (e.g., the Baoshan population) may be selected as superior seed sources for regeneration and reforestation. Germination percentage was negatively correlated with elevation, and positively with precipitation. In addition, germination index, vigor index and seedling height were positively correlated with precipitation. Seed germination index, cotyledon number and length, and seedling diameter were significantly and positively correlated with seed weight. Strong correlations between pairs of traits will be helpful in early evaluations for the selection of certain prominent traits.     

Variation in seed and seedling traits and their relations to geo-climatic factors among populations in Yunnan Pine(Pinus yunnanensis)

Differences in seed germination and seedling growth among populations of Pinus yunnanensis Franch.were quantified to provide information for use in the regeneration,reforestation,and improvement of this species.Seed germination and seedling growth traits at the nursery stage were investigated at the population level.We evaluated relationships between pairs of measured traits as well as the association between measured traits and geoclimatic variables including longitude,latitude,elevation,temperature and precipitation.Seedling growth showed significant differences although a low magnitude of variation was found in the seed germination traits among the populations.Some populations with strong and stable growth(e.g.,the Baoshan population) may be selected as superior seed sources for regeneration and reforestation.Germination percentage was negatively correlated with elevation,and positively with precipitation.In addition,germination index,vigor index and seedling height were positively correlated with precipitation.Seed germination index,cotyledon number and length,and seedling diameter were significantly and positively correlated with seed weight.Strong correlations between pairs of traits will be helpful in early evaluations for the selection of certain prominent traits.     

Phenotypic variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoebe bournei</Emphasis> populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P. bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations (34.92%) was greater than that within populations (26.19%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77% among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance (CV) of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%. The CV of leaf traits among populations (15.64%) was higher than that of seed traits (8.60%), indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors. Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.     

紫丁香表型多样性研究

以紫丁香天然林分布区抽取的4个天然群体和1个栽培群体为拟似群体,进行了其表型多样性分析.结果表明: 紫丁香表型性状存在着丰富的群体间、群体内变异,5个群体的果、种子、叶以及子代幼苗等14个表型性状差异显著,变异系数为14.25%～29.13%,表型性状分化系数为1.85%～86.67%,平均值为43.93%;群体间和群体内的差异均极显著,群体内的方差分量为56.06%,其中有10个种实性状与生态梯度值呈显著或极显著的相关,采用Dist平均分类距离系数的聚类分析得到的群体间的遗传距离关系基本上与群体采种点的生态地理位置关系一致,其中山西五老峰群体独立为一组,北部三个群体聚为一组,栽培群体聚入了北部群体组,并且与辽宁北票群体较近.依据研究结果,紫丁香种质资源收集、保护策略应当是:基于表型分化系数群体间平均值达到较高水平,而群体内保留了种质的大部分变异,所以在分布区内应首先保护天然群体的存在,即尽可能多的群体数量,同时,要很好保护天然群体的完整性.育种亲本的选择策略应当是:在群体内收集、选择特异变异的同时,加强多群体的收集和选择.