平原造林工程影响下的河岸带土壤生态化学计量特征

北京主要河流河岸带实施平原造林工程后,对河岸带植被类型及土壤造成不同程度影响。研究河岸带原有及重建植被类型土壤生态化学计量特征,对河岸生态系统土壤碳氮磷平衡及固碳潜力提升提供科学依据。选取北京温榆河昌平段岸边原有植被类型3种样地(乔木林、乔灌林及草地),重建植被类型2种样地(乔木林与灌木林),共15个样方,采集3层(0—10,10—20,20—30 cm)土壤样品,分析并计算碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量及计量比。结果表明:原有与重建植被类型的土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量分别为3.810~10.320,0.223~0.700,0.551~0.692 g/kg,C/N、N/P、C/P分别为11.592~25.373,0.373~1.022,5.662~15.493;SOC与TN均在表层聚集,且同N/P、C/P一样表现出随土层深度增加而减少趋势,C/N反之,TP受土层深度影响较小;原有植被类型(乔木林)土壤SOC和TN均高于其他植被类型,在10—20,20—30 cm土层间C/N、C/P均显著低于其他植被类型(P＜0.05);原有植被类型(草地)在0—10 cm土层间N/P最低;重建植被类型(乔木林)土壤TP含量显著低于其他植被类型;重建植被类型(灌木林) C/N显著高于其他植被类型。研究结果揭示了研究区土壤N素为植物生长的限制元素,乔木、乔灌林下土壤有机质释放更多,P有效性更高,固碳潜力强;重建植被类型有机质矿化较慢,固磷能力更强。因而,建议温榆河河岸带采用乔木纯林和乔灌混交模式来积累土壤有机质,提高河岸带生态系统土壤质量及固碳潜力。     

黄土丘陵区小流域生态恢复对土壤有机碳和全氮的影响

生态恢复工程是防治黄土高原土壤侵蚀和恢复土壤肥力的重要措施,研究退耕还林还草和梯田等生态恢复措施对有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)的影响,对准确评估土壤固碳固氮能力和土壤碳氮循环具有重要意义。选取黄土丘陵区典型小流域5种不同生态恢复0—100cm土层为研究对象,探讨了生态恢复措施条件下,坡耕地转变为林地、草地、灌木地及梯田过程中,不同土层深度土壤SOC与TN的含量及其储量变化规律。结果表明:生态恢复措施、土壤深度对流域土壤SOC与TN有极显著的影响(P0.01)。林地与灌木地SOC与TN在土壤0—20cm土层出现富集,草地SOC与TN则在0—40cm土层出现富集,梯田的0—20cm土层SOC富集比较明显,而TN未出现富集现象。坡耕地SOC与TN未出现富集现象。坡耕地在经过不同的生态恢复措施后,土壤SOC与TN含量及储量均会有所增加。从SOC与TN之间的相关性看,林地、草地表现为极强,灌木表现为强,而坡耕地与梯田为中等。研究为提高黄土丘陵区土壤碳氮含量的评估提供科学依据,促进区域生态恢复合理规划。     

植被重建下露天煤矿排土场边坡土壤碳储量变化

植被重建是治理排土场边坡水土流失最直接也是最有效的生物措施,研究不同植被重建模式下土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量的空间分布规律是筛选适宜排土场边坡生长的植被模式的重要条件。选取内蒙古黑岱沟露天煤矿治理15年的排土场边坡中4种植被重建模式(自然恢复地、草地、灌木林、乔木林),采集270个土壤剖面(0~100 cm)样品,研究不同重建模式下SOC储量的变化。结果表明:(1)植被重建模式显著影响剖面SOC、TN含量及分布(p0.05),0~10 cm和10~20 cm SOC、TN均呈草地灌木乔木自然恢复地,20 cm以下各土层SOC、TN虽然也表现相似的特征,但差异随土层深度增加越来越小。(2)剖面SOC密度和储量表现为原地貌区治理排土场新建排土场。经15年植被重建后,排土场边坡表现出巨大的固碳能力,1 m深度的林地和草地碳储量分别增加了5.38、11.85 t hm-2,但仅原地貌水平的1/2和3/5。(3)林地和草地的固碳速率分别为35.87、79.01 g m-2a-1,草地的固碳速率是林地的2.2倍,从土壤固碳及水土流失防治的角度考虑,建议矿区排土场边坡植被重建优先选择草地,其次灌木。     

石羊河流域干旱荒漠区人工梭梭林对土壤碳库的影响

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究石羊河流域民勤干旱沙区种植人工梭梭林4,13,36年后的土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)、无机碳(Soil inorganic carbon,SIC)、全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)和总碳(soil total carbon,TC)含量及储量变化特征。结果表明:流动沙地种植梭梭后,0-50cm层灌丛下和行间SOC和TN含量总体随造林年限增加而增加,5-50cm层灌丛下SIC含量在13年梭梭林地最高。36,13年林地0-50cm层灌丛下SOC和TN储量均高于行间,而13年灌丛下SIC储量低于行间,4年灌丛下5-50cm层SOC、TN和SIC储量均低于行间。0-50cm层土壤有机碳、无机碳、全氮储量增幅分别为102.44%,24.66%,54.55%,36年林地SOC和TN储量随土层加深先降低后增加,但4,13年和流动沙地SOC、SIC和TN储量均随土层加深而增加。土壤有机碳占总碳比例随造林年限增加而增加。相关分析结果表明,土壤颗粒组成、造林年限、土层深度等与土壤有机碳和全氮储量显著相关(P0.01)。民勤干旱沙区造林提高了土壤碳库截存量,并且随林龄增长而增长。     

植被自然恢复过程中土壤有机碳密度与微生物量碳动态变化

以黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏固原地区为例,研究了退耕地在植被自然恢复过程中土壤有机碳密度及微生物量碳的动态变化。结果表明,植被自然恢复过程中,土壤有机碳(SOC)和微生物量碳(SMBC)表现为0-5cm土层5-10cm土层10-20cm土层,且在不同土层之间的差异性达到极显著水平(P0.01)。SOC和SMBC在植被自然恢复过程中亦表现出一定的表聚性。土壤剖面各土层SOC和SMBC皆随植被恢复年限的增加总呈上升趋势,且与恢复年限之间呈极显著的对数函数关系。植被恢复0～23a期间,表层土壤(0-5cm)SOC和SMBC年增长率分别为4.81%和6.96%,增加幅度较大;植被恢复23～75a期间,表层土壤SOC和SMBC的年增长率均为0.25%,增加趋势减缓。土壤剖面各土层微生物熵(SMQ)变化于2.113～4.375。土壤有机碳周转速率在恢复前期(0～12a)较快,恢复后期(12～75a)趋于稳定,土壤有机碳积累与转化主要发生在土壤表层。SOC和SMBC之间有极显著的线性正相关关系。植被恢复0～23a期间,与对照农地相比,0-20cm土层土壤有机碳密度增加了85.23%,增加速率较快;而在植被恢复23～75a期间,有机碳密度仅增加了6.60%,增幅减缓。表明植被自然恢复有助于黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳储量的增加,促进土壤碳固定。     

植被恢复对岩溶石漠化区土壤有机碳及轻组有机碳的影响

[目的]通过分析石漠化治理区不同植被恢复年限对土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分影响,为该地区石漠化的治理提供一定的基础数据。[方法]以重度石漠化土地作为对照,运用空间代替时间的方法,研究了广西壮族自治区平果县果化岩溶石漠化区植被恢复5,10,15,20a后土壤(0—30cm)SOC和土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)的变化。[结果]石漠化土地在进行植被恢复后,SOC和LFOC含量明显增加;植被恢复使表层0—10cm的SOC和LFOC储量明显增加,且随着恢复时间的增长逐渐变大,同时植被恢复对表层(0—10cm)SOC和LFOC储量的影响要远高于下层(20—30cm);植被恢复后LFOC储量的增幅远高于SOC储量。[结论]在石漠化区进行植被自然恢复可以有效防止土地石漠化,增加碳的流通。     

植被恢复对侵蚀退化红壤碳吸存的影响

侵蚀退化土壤具有较大的碳吸存潜力,恢复我国大面积退化土壤对增加碳汇具有重要意义。在长汀县河田镇研究了侵蚀退化裸地恢复为马尾松、板栗园和百喜草地后土壤有机碳库的变化,试图揭示植被恢复对土壤有机碳垂直分布的影响,以及侵蚀退化红壤在植被恢复过程中碳吸存潜力和速率。裸地的土壤有机碳含量和储量极低,垂直分布变化不明显;而植被恢复显著增加了土壤的有机碳含量和储量,0~5 cm土层受植被恢复影响最大,40 cm以下土层深度受植被恢复的影响很小,0~20 cm土层是储存有机碳的主要层次。以次生林为参照,裸地土壤的碳吸存潜力为56 t/hm2,而植被恢复后土壤仍约有30~44 t/hm2的吸存潜力。马尾松林、板栗园和百喜草地0~100 cm土层土壤碳吸存量分别为25.234 t/hm2,11.418 t/hm2和15.394 t/hm2,年平均碳吸存速率分别为1.06t/(hm2.a),1.90 t/(hm2.a)和3.08 t/(hm2.a),短期碳吸存速率高于长期碳吸存速率。     

黄土丘陵区不同恢复年限对天然草地土壤碳库动态的影响

[目的]揭示不同恢复年限的天然草地土壤碳库动态变化及其剖面分布特征,全面认识和理解天然草地恢复下土壤有机库、无机碳库的动态特征。[方法]采用野外调查与室内试验分析相结合的方法,以农田为对照,对黄土丘陵区不同恢复年限(11,16,22和35a)的天然草地土壤有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)、总碳(STC)的动态变化及其剖面分布特征进行了探讨。[结果](1)天然草地恢复过程中表层(0—10cm)SOC含量随植被恢复年限显著增加,下层(10—100cm)SOC含量随植被恢复年限变化不明显;0—100cm土层SOC储量呈先减少后增加趋势,但仍未达到农田SOC储量的水平。(2)天然草地0—20cm土层SIC含量呈相对脱钙现象,0—100cm土层SIC库储量约为SOC库储量的2.7~4.5倍。土壤无机碳库随植被恢复年限的增加无明显变化,但SIC的剖面分布深度发生改变。(3)土壤总碳库随恢复年限增加无明显变化,0—100cm土层SIC储量在STC库中所占比例约为75.6%~86.0%。[结论]短时间内天然草地的土壤碳汇效应并不明显,碳库增汇效应需要长期的过程。     

坡向与植物群落对水蚀风蚀交错带土壤有机碳氮的影响

以黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟流域内的1个支沟为对象,通过植被调查和采样分析,研究了坡向和植物群落类型对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和有机碳氮密度(SOCD、TND)的影响。结果表明:(1)坡向对0—20cm土壤SOC和TN含量及0—60cm C/N均有显著影响。SOC、TN含量及C/N分别表现为:半阴坡半阳坡沟头半阴坡半阳坡=沟头及半阳坡半阴坡≥沟头的趋势;(2)植物群落对0—10cm SOC和TN含量及0—20cm C/N均有显著影响。半阴坡分布的3种豆科群落达乌里胡枝子、紫花苜蓿及白花草木樨间土壤碳氮差异不显著,但均显著高于禾本科的长芒草群落;半阳坡分布的达乌里胡枝子和紫花苜蓿群落SOC和TN含量相当,均显著高于茵陈蒿群落(菊科)和长芒草群落;沟头的达乌里胡枝子群落SOC、TN显著高于长芒草。豆科草本植物更有利于促进土壤碳氮的积累;(3)坡向主要影响表层0—20cm SOCD和TND,其对60cm剖面SOCD和TND贡献率分别为45%～55%和47%～53%。不同植物群落下土壤表层及整个剖面SOCD和TND均有显著差异。研究支沟内SOCD平均为2.13kg/m2,远低于黄土高原其他地区。上述结果对于水蚀风蚀交错带土壤碳氮储量的精确评估及植被合理建造有一定指导价值。     

毛乌素沙地3种人工植被类型对土壤颗粒组成和固碳的影响

植被恢复会对干旱半干旱区土壤固碳过程产生重要影响,探讨植被恢复对不同土壤颗粒碳含量的影响有利于进一步揭示荒漠土壤演变过程。选择毛乌素沙地东南缘人工植被恢复区的乔木林、灌木林、草地和流沙地为样地,对0—30 cm的土壤进行了分层取样分析。结果表明:乔木、灌木和草地的恢复均会降低土壤粗颗粒(细砂粒、粗砂粒)含量,增加团聚体和粉黏粒含量;植被恢复后土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)含量均显著增加,其中最大值均出现在乔木样地,分别达到流沙地的3.96倍和2.08倍;植被恢复对土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的影响较土壤无机碳密度(SICD)更为明显;乔木有利于粗砂粒和细砂粒有机碳的累积,灌木更有利于粉黏粒和团聚体有机碳的累积;各粒级SOC含量在细砂粒中增幅最为明显;SIC含量在粉黏粒中增幅最为明显;粉黏粒有机碳对总有机碳的贡献率较为显著。总之,不同类型植被的恢复均会提高土壤有机和无机含量,从增加土壤固碳的角度出发,乔木为毛乌素沙地的最佳植被恢复类型。     

典型喀斯特洼地植被恢复过程中土壤碳氮储量动态及其对极端内涝灾害的响应

西南喀斯特地区是我国主要的生态脆弱区之一,石漠化严重,旱涝灾害频发。植被恢复是提升脆弱生态系统土壤碳氮固持的有效方式,但该区不同植被恢复方式土壤碳氮动态监测的研究还很缺乏。本研究以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为对象,选取人工林、牧草地、人工林+牧草地、撂荒地自然恢复4种最主要的植被恢复方式为研究对象,以耕地作为对照,对比分析退耕前(2004年)、退耕10年(2014年)和13年后(2017年)土壤碳氮储量动态变化特征。其中2004—2014年研究区未发生极端内涝灾害, 2014—2017年连续发生2次极端内涝灾害事件。研究结果表明,退耕10年后, 4种恢复方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)储量均显著增加,但退耕13年后,除撂荒地SOC持续增加外,其他3种恢复方式下SOC表现出下降趋势。植被恢复后土壤全氮(TN)储量提升相对缓慢,退耕10年仅牧草地显著增加,退耕13年后人工林+牧草和撂荒地TN增加,且撂荒地在退耕后呈持续增加趋势。相关性分析结果表明,土壤交换性Ca~(2+)与SOC、TN均呈显著正相关关系,且与2014年相比, 2017年不同植物恢复方式下土壤交换性Ca~(2+)均显著下降,这可能与研究区2015年和2016年连续内涝灾害有关。以上结果说明,不同恢复方式均能显著提升喀斯特地区土壤碳氮固持,并以自然恢复最佳,其生态系统能有效抵御极端气候灾害带来的负面影响。     

Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon sequestration at multiple scales in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration by vegetation restoration is the theme of much current research. Since 1999, the program of “Grain for Green”has been implemented in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Its scope represents the largest vegetation restoration activity in China. However, it is still unclear for the SOC sequestration effects of vegetation cover change or natural succession promoted by the revegetation efforts at different scales under the semi-arid conditions. In this study, the changes in SOC stocks due to the vegetation restoration in the middle of Loess Plateau were estimated at patch, hill slope transect and small watershed scale from 1998 to 2006. Soil samples were taken from field for the determination of cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) and SOC contents. Vegetation cover change from 1998 to 2006 at the small watershed scale was assessed using Geographic Information System. The results showed that cropland transforming to grassland or shrubland significantly increased SOC at patch scale. Immature woodland, however, has no significant effect. When vegetation cover has no transformation for mature woodland (25 years old), SOC has no significant increase implying that SOC has come to a stable level. At hill slope scale, three typical vegetation cover patterns showed different SOC sequestration effects of 8.6%, 24.6%, and 21.4% from 1998 to 2006, and these SOC increases mainly resulted from revegetation. At the small watershed scale, SOC stocks increased by 19% in the surface soil layer at 0–20 cm soil depth from 1998 to 2006, which was equivalent to an average SOC sequestration rate of 19.92 t C y^− 1 km^− 2. Meanwhile, SOC contents showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) with the ¹³⁷Cs inventory at every soil depth interval. This implied significant negative impacts of soil erosion on SOC sequestration. The results have demonstrated general positive effects of vegetation restoration on SOC sequestration at multiple scales. However, soil erosion under rugged topography modified the spatial distribution of the SOC sequestration effects. Therefore, vegetation restoration was proved to be a significant carbon sink, whereas, erosion could be a carbon source in high erosion sensitive regions. This research can contribute to the performance assessment of ecological rehabilitation projects such as “Grain to Green” and the scientific understanding of the impacts of vegetation restoration and soil erosion on soil carbon dynamics in semi-arid environments.     

耕作与轮作方式对黑土有机碳和全氮储量的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮(TN)对土壤肥力、作物产量、农业可持续发展以及全球碳、氮循环等都具有重要影响。为探索不同耕作和轮作方式对耕层黑土SOC和TN储量的影响,本文以吉林省德惠市进行了8 a的田间定位试验中层黑土为研究对象,对免耕、垄作和秋翻三种耕作方式及玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作两种轮作方式下SOC和TN在各土层的含量变化进行了分析,并采用等质量土壤有机质储量计算方法,对比分析了不同处理对0～30 cm SOC和TN储量的影响。结果表明,与试验开始前相比,玉米-大豆轮作系统中,秋翻下SOC和TN储量均有所降低;免耕显著增加了0～5 cm SOC及TN含量,但SOC在亚表层亏损,导致其储量并未增加;而垄作处理下SOC及TN含量在0～5、5～10 cm的均显著增加,0～30 cm储量亦分别增加了4.9%和10.7%。玉米连作系统的两种耕作处理(免耕和秋翻)下SOC和TN储量均有所增加,且TN储量增幅均高于玉米-大豆轮作系统,其中免耕下TN储量增幅是玉米-大豆轮作的3.2倍。所有处理下C/N均呈降低趋势,其中垄作0～5 cm C/N由12.05降至11.04,降低幅度分别是免耕和秋翻的3.2和2.8倍。综上可知,对质地黏重排水不良的中层黑土,玉米-大豆轮作系统下免耕并不是促进SOC固定的有效形式,而垄作则促进了黑土SOC和TN的积累,这不仅有利于土壤肥力的改善,而且是使农田黑土由CO2"源"变为"汇"的有效形式之一。与玉米-大豆轮作相比,玉米连作下三种耕作方式都有利于SOC和TN积累。     

科尔沁沙地半固定沙丘不同坡位土壤C,N特征

[目的]研究沙丘不同坡位土壤碳氮的分布特征,旨在探索沙丘不同坡位植被演替机制。[方法]选取高于5m的半固定沙丘,沿主要风向于坡底、坡中、坡顶和背风坡设置样点,对土壤容重、土壤总有机碳含量和土壤总氮含量进行测定,并计算碳氮比、碳氮密度和碳氮储量。[结果](1)不同坡位土壤碳含量均随深度增加显著降低,主要变异层发生在0—40cm层。不同坡位土壤碳含量在30—40cm层和60—100cm层存在差异。(2)氮含量与容重在不同坡位和不同深度均不存在显著差异性,碳氮比在坡底和坡顶存在显著的垂直差异性,背风坡60—100cm层土壤碳氮比显著高于其它坡位。(3)各坡位土壤碳密度随深度增加显著下降。30—40cm层土壤碳密度存在显著的坡位差异,而土壤氮密度的垂直差异和坡位间差异均不显著。(4)半固定沙丘土壤碳氮储量分别为716.89和94.14kg/m2,不同坡位差异性不显著;碳储量的构成在4种坡位差异较大,而各坡位不同深度土壤氮储量对总储量的贡献差异较小。[结论]科尔沁沙地半固定沙丘土壤碳氮含量与密度不同坡位的差异较小,同时各坡位的碳氮均存在显著的垂直差异性,尤其在30—40cm层,变异程度较大,这可能与该层植物根系分布有关。     

Carbon Depletion by Plowing and its Restoration by No‐Till Cropping Systems in Oxisols of Subtropical and Tropical Agro‐Ecoregions in Brazil

The continuous use of plowing for grain production has been the principal cause of soil degradation. This project was formulated on the hypothesis that the intensification of cropping systems by increasing biomass‐C input and its biodiversity under no‐till (NT) drives soil restoration of degraded agro‐ecosystem. The present study conducted at subtropical [Ponta Grossa (PG) site] and tropical regions [Lucas do Rio Verde, MT (LRV) site] in Brazil aimed to (i) assess the impact of the continuous plow‐based conventional tillage (CT) on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock vis‐à‐vis native vegetation (NV) as baseline; (ii) compare SOC balance among CT, NT cropping systems, and NV; and (iii) evaluate the redistribution of SOC stock in soil profile in relation to soil resilience. The continuous CT decreased the SOC stock by 0·58 and 0·67 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in the 0‐ to 20‐cm depth at the PG and LRV sites, respectively, and the rate of SOC sequestration was 0·59 for the PG site and ranged from 0·48 to 1·30 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for the LRV site. The fraction of C input by crop residues converted into SOC stock was ~14·2% at the PG site and ~20·5% at the LRV site. The SOC resilience index ranged from 0·29 to 0·79, and it increased with the increase in the C input among the NT systems and the SOC sequestration rates at the LRV site. These data support the hypothesis that NT cropping systems with high C input have a large potential to reverse the process of soil degradation and SOC decline. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organic Farming Affects C and N in Soils Under Olive Groves in Mediterranean Areas

Under semiarid climatic conditions, intensive tillage increases soil organic matter losses, reduces soil quality, and contributes to climate change due to increased CO₂ emissions. There is a need for an agricultural management increasing soil organic matter. This paper presents the organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) stocks, C:N ratio and stratification ratios (SRs) of these properties for olive groves soils under long‐term organic farming (OF), and conventional tillage (CT) in Los Pedroches valley, southern Spain. The results show that OF increased C and N stocks. The soil organic carbon (SOC) stock was 73·6 Mg ha⁻¹ in OF and 54·4 Mg ha⁻¹ in CT; and the total nitrogen (TN) stock was 7·1 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5·8 Mg ha⁻¹ for OF and CT, respectively. In the surface horizon (A: 0–16·9 cm in OF and Ap: 0–21·8 cm in CT) and Bw horizon (16·9–49·6 cm in OF and 21·8–56 cm in CT), SOC and TN concentrations and C:N ratios were higher in OF than in CT. Soil properties stratification in depth, expressed as a ratio, indicates the soil quality under different soil management systems. The SR of SOC ranged from 2·2 to 3·1 in OF and from 2·1 to 2·2 in CT. However, only SR2 (defined by Ap‐A/C) showed significant differences between CT and OF. The SR of TN showed similar trends to that of the SR of SOC. Organic farming contributes to a better soil quality and to increased carbon sequestration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MDC方法评价林下劣地碳氮提升对短期恢复措施的响应

为了评价林下侵蚀劣地碳氮提升对短期恢复管理措施的响应,选择基于最小可检测变化(minimum detectable change,MDC)设计的土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和碱解氮(AN)随时间变化的随机分层采样方法,用以消除林下土壤碳氮的空间变异性。以南方红壤低山丘陵区马尾松林下侵蚀劣地为对象,共设置7个处理:无恢复措施(CT)、乔草+鱼鳞坑(FG)、乔灌+鱼鳞坑(FS)、乔灌草+鱼鳞坑(FGS)、乔草+小水平沟(FGP)、乔灌+小水平沟(FSP)、乔灌草+小水平沟(FGSP)。结果表明:试验进行1.5年后,各处理的总植被盖度较试验前显著增加,增加幅度为7%～50%,其中草灌植被盖度增加尤为明显。基于MDC结果,除FG、FS处理外,其余处理均可以检测到SOC的变化;除FG外,其余处理均可以检测到TN的变化,而所有处理均可以检测到AN的变化。与试验前相比,各恢复措施下SOC、TN和AN含量的增量分别为0.10～2.08 g/kg、0.02～0.13 g/kg和8.54～25.06 mg/kg。SOC、TN和AN的净增量百分数分别为34%～101%,35%～83%和14%～82%;SOC的净增量大小排序为FGSPFGFGPFGSFSPFS;而TN的净增量表现为FSFGSFGSPFGPFSPFG。小水平沟区组对SOC、TN和AN的增加明显高于鱼鳞坑区组。近地表草灌植被盖度是SOC、TN和AN提升的关键因素。本土先锋草灌植被与小水平沟复合配置措施是林下侵蚀劣地快速增碳固氮的有效措施,研究结果可为红壤林下侵蚀劣地恢复治理提供技术支撑。     

Variations of soil organic carbon fractions in response to conservative vegetation successions on the Loess Plateau of China

Land use changes profoundly affect the equilibrium of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions. With the current global climatic changes, it is vital to understand the influence of ecological restoration and conservation management on the dynamics of SOC under different land uses, especially in erosion-endangered Loess soils. Therefore, we investigated changes in SOC through a suit of labile fractions, namely: light fraction organic C (LFOC), heavy fraction organic C (HFOC), coarse particulate organic C (CPOC), fine particulate organic C (FPOC), and dissolved organic C (DOC), from two forests i.e., Robinia pseudoacacia (RP) and Platycladus orientalis (PO), with different ages, in comparison with farmland (FL). The SOC and STN contents significantly increased over 42 years in the RP forest where the contents of CPOC and FPOC were significantly higher than in the FL. Moreover, total SOC and its labile fractions, in the studied land use types, significantly correlated with soil CaCO₃, pH, and STN contents, indicating their key roles in SOC sequestration. The results reported here from different vegetation with different ages provide a better understanding of SOC and STN alterations at different stages of vegetation restoration. Our findings suggest that long-term natural vegetation restoration could be an effective approach for SOC sequestration and soil conservation on the Loess soil.     

Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation in Abandoned Croplands on the Loess Plateau

The Grain to Green Program in China which began in 1999 led to the conversion of 0.64 million ha of cropland to grassland on steep sloping landscapes. However, the pattern of natural vegetation succession following cropland has not been well represented in previous regional syntheses of land use change effects on soil organic carbon (SOC). A chronosequence study focusing on the vegetation succession and soil carbon stocks was conducted in the center of the Loess Plateau. The chronosequence included fields of 0, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 and 25 years of self‐restoration after cropland abandonment, as well as a natural grassland reference. Plant coverage, species richness and plant biomass increased significantly with time of cropland abandonment. Over time, the species composition more nearly resembled a natural grasslands community. Cropland abandonment replenished SOC stocks by 3.6 kg C m⁻² during the 25‐year self‐restoration, but the SOC accumulation was restricted to the upper soil profiles (0–60 cm). SOC accumulation rate was 88 g C m⁻² y⁻¹ in 0–30 cm and 55 g C m⁻² y⁻¹ in 30–60 cm soil depth, respectively. These carbon stocks were still significantly lower than those found in the natural grassland soil. Our results suggest that the recovery of plant communities and SOC stocks appears to be slow in this semiarid environment without revegetation effort along with appropriate field management, although the post‐agricultural soils have a high potential for carbon sequestration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.