中层黑土不同耕作方式下玉米和大豆产量及经济效益分析

为探索免耕与常规耕作下玉米和大豆的产量和经济效益,2001年秋开始在吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行免耕、秋翻和垄作耕作方式下的不同轮作试验。试验结果表明：免耕玉米和大豆的田间作业次数比垄作、秋翻的作业次数分别减少3～6次。不同耕作方式对玉米产量的影响直到2006年才逐渐显现出来,垄作玉米年均产量最高,为10136kg·hm^-2,比产量最低的免耕玉米连作高12．3％,但几种耕作方式间玉米和大豆年均产量均无显著差异。按农业生产成本排序,玉米为秋翻〉免耕〉垄作,大豆为秋翻〉垄作〉免耕。按经济效益排序,玉米为垄作轮作〉免耕轮作〉秋翻轮作〉免耕连作〉秋翻连作,大豆为免耕轮作〉垄作轮作〉秋翻轮作。除玉米连作外,免耕不会降低作物产量,其中免耕玉米-大豆轮作可获得与常规耕作相当的玉米产量和较高的大豆产量。从生产成本和经济效益来看,免耕处理在人工和农机上的生产费用比其他处理少,且免耕轮作的经济效益明显大于秋翻,但长期效果如何还有待于进一步的试验和观测。     

免耕对黑土春夏季节温度和水分的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究免耕与常规耕作对东北黑土区玉米和大豆生长早期土壤温度和水分的影响。研究结果表明:播种前,由于免耕与常规耕作(秋翻)覆盖率和含水量不同,免耕处理的玉米和大豆小区土壤的白天5cm地温均低于常规耕作处理,夜间差异不大;相同深度的玉米和大豆秋翻处理土壤日平均温度分别比免耕高0. 7℃和0. 5℃;随土壤深度的增加,土壤温度的差异逐渐减小。播种后,除了下午免耕5cm地温略低于秋翻外,下午至夜间免耕的10cm和15cm地温,均略高于秋翻的土壤温度。这是由于免耕下土壤水分增高引起的土壤热容量加大,从而缓解夜间降温和寒流影响,减缓土壤温度下降的结果。播种前,免耕处理的玉米和大豆地土壤水分分别比秋翻处理高2. 4%和1. 8%。播种后的一个月期间,免耕大豆土壤含水量比秋翻高2. 3%。初步的研究结果表明,免耕可以在一定程度上缓解春季黑土墒情不好的问题,这对保证出苗和幼苗的健康生长非常重要。     

保护性耕作下土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳分布特征

依据吉林省德惠市田间定位试验（始于2001年）,对玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作模式下秋翻（MP）、垄作（RT）和免耕（NT）3种耕作方式的机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体粒级分布、水稳性团聚体有机碳含量及团聚体稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,3种耕作方式下,〉0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量均在70%以上,最高可达93.29%,各粒级含量在两个土层中表现规律性不强。水稳性团聚体含量均在20%以上,最高可达35.5%,且表层高于底层。与干筛法测定的团聚体相比,〉0.25 mm团聚体含量明显减少,最大减少幅度为58.76%。两个土层中玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作下的机械稳定性团聚体与水稳性团聚体对耕作处理的响应表现出一定的相似性,即RT〉NT〉MP。水稳性团聚体有机碳含量随粒径的减小而增大,3种耕作方式下有机碳含量表现为NT〉RT〉MP,表层高于底层,且玉米-大豆轮作高于玉米连作。比较3种耕作方式,垄作更有利于团聚体的形成和稳定,且玉米-大豆轮作好于玉米连作。     

不同耕作处理下冻融对农田黑土硬度的影响

为探讨冻融作用对农田黑土硬度的影响,在吉林省德惠市中层黑土小区上进行了9a的田间定位试验,对不同耕作方式下冻融前后的土壤硬度以及土壤硬度与土壤含水量之间的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,土壤硬度与土壤水分呈对数显著性负相关关系(R2=0.838 8)。冻融前免耕较秋翻显著增加了土壤硬度(p<0.05),主要表现在2.5-17.5cm深度之间。冻融后免耕较秋翻降低了2.5-17.5cm的土壤硬度,并且在2.5-10cm达到差异显著性水平(p<0.05)。冻融后土壤硬度明显低于冻融前,冻融前后两种处理下玉米连作的土壤硬度均高于玉米-大豆轮作,但最大土壤硬度均对作物的生长没有限制作用。     

保护性耕作对黑土微生物群落的影响

耕作方式通过影响土壤微生物群落而影响土壤生态系统过程。本研究以传统耕作玉米连作处理为对照,通过测定土壤微生物量碳及磷脂脂肪酸含量,分析了保护性耕作(包括免耕玉米连作和免耕大豆-玉米轮作)对黑土微生物群落的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作可显著增加土壤表层(0～5cm)全碳、全氮、水溶性有机碳、碱解氮和微生物量碳(P0.05),为微生物代谢提供了丰富的资源。同时,保护性耕作显著提高了土壤表层(0～5cm)总脂肪酸量、真菌和细菌生物量(P0.05),提高了土壤的真菌/细菌值,有利于农田土壤生态系统的稳定性。研究结果对于探讨保护性耕作的内在机制具有重要意义。     

采样深度和计算方法影响保护性耕作土壤碳氮储量的评估结果

为探讨不同年限耕作措施下土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）在土壤剖面中的分布和累积特征，了解采样深度和计算方法对SOC和TN储量评估结果的影响，基于山东桓台（5a）和河北栾城（17a）耕作定位试验，设置翻耕（CT）、旋耕（RT）和免耕（NT）三个处理（秸秆均还田），分析土壤剖面中（桓台60cm；栾城50cm）土壤容重（b）、SOC和TN浓度的分布特征，并比较不同土层深度下“固定深度法（FD）”和“等效重量法（ESM）”所计算SOC和TN储量的差异。结果表明，连续多年保护性耕作后，NT处理较CT促进了SOC和TN储量在表层积累，增加了SOC和TN浓度的层化比率（SR）值。在山东桓台试验点，NT处理较CT显著增加了0−5cm土层SOC和TN储量（P＜0.05），增幅分别为29%和30%，而整个土壤剖面（0−60cm）的碳氮储量分别降低8%和10%。河北栾城试验点，0−10cm土层NT和RT处理较CT分别增加SOC储量10%和14%，但在≥20cm剖面中不同耕作处理之间的碳氮储量无显著差异。由于各处理之间b的差异，传统FD法高估了山东桓台免耕处理SOC和TN储量，但低估了河北栾城碳氮储量。因此，为准确评估不同耕作措施下土壤碳氮固持效应，推荐在“深层采样”（≥30cm）策略基础上，利用ESM法计算其储量。保护性耕作对改善土壤质量有积极作用，但其通过土壤碳截留以缓解气候变化的潜力不应该被高估。     

长期垄作免耕对稻田土壤有机碳剖面分布的影响

以稻田免耕长期定位试验为平台,研究长期垄作免耕对稻田土壤有机碳剖面分布的影响。结果表明,垄作免耕(中稻)、垄作免耕(稻油)、常规平作(中稻)和水旱轮作(稻油)4种耕作处理实施20年后,稻田0-60cm土体中各土层有机碳含量最高值和最低值分别出现在垄作免耕(稻油)和水旱轮作(稻油)中,且水旱轮作(稻油)中各土层有机碳含量均显著低于其他耕作处理;垄作免耕(稻油)中0-10cm和40-60cm土层有机碳含量与垄作免耕(中稻)、常规平作(中稻)之间差异不显著,但20-40cm土层有机碳含量则显著高于其他耕作处理(P<0.05),可见同传统耕作相比,长期垄作免耕(稻油)稻田的增碳优势主要体现在20-40cm土层。不同耕作处理连续实施20年后,稻田0-60cm土体有机碳密度的高低顺序为垄作免耕(稻油)>垄作免耕(中稻)>常规平作(中稻)>水旱轮作(稻油),且处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。垄作免耕15～20年期间,稻田0-10cm表层土壤有机碳储量基本稳定,但20-40cm土层有机碳储量仍有增加,其中垄作免耕(稻油)增加最为明显,表明20-40cm土层碳累积是长期垄作免耕下稻田发挥增碳功能的重要机制。     

免耕对华北地区潮土碳库特征的影响

以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦-夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,系统研究免耕条件下土壤总碳(TC)、有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对华北地区潮土碳库的影响提供数据支持。研究设置免耕秸秆覆盖(NTRC)、免耕施用有机肥(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析表层(0-20cm)及深层(20-60cm)土壤TC、SOC及SIC的变化特征和影响因素。主要结果为:NTRC和NTRR能够增加0-20cm土层TC含量及储量,但降低20-60cm土层TC含量及储量,0-60cm总碳储量表现为NTRC>CT>NTRR;与CT相比,NTRC能够显著增加0-20cm而降低20-60cm土层SOC含量及储量,NTRR增加了0-5cm土层SOC含量及储量,在5-60cm则呈降低趋势,0-60cm土层SOC储量表现为CT>NTRC>NTRR;NTRC增加了0-60cm土层SIC储量,而NTRR则影响较小。TC与SOC呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与SIC呈显著负相关(P<0.05),说明总碳的变化趋势与SOC一致,与SIC相反。     

短期免耕对黑土有机碳、全氮和速效养分的影响

对中层黑土上连续监测了6年的玉米免耕和秋翻两种耕作处理下的耕层土壤有机碳、全氮和速效氮、磷、钾进行了分析。结果表明:耕作处理对土壤养分的影响主要表现在不同的土壤深度上,免耕造成了土壤有机碳和全氮的分层化,即表层0~5 cm有机碳和全氮含量明显高于亚表层,而秋翻土壤有机碳和全氮分布则比较均匀。免耕处理的速效养分均表现为表层与亚表层存在明显差异。免耕处理下有机碳、全氮和速效氮、磷、钾在土壤表层发生明显富集。     

秸秆还田对东北黑土碳氮磷钾化学计量特征及玉米产量的影响

【目的】秸秆还田是提升农田土壤肥力,改善土壤养分含量及有效性的重要措施。我们分析了东北黑土区不同秸秆还田方式下土壤碳氮磷钾含量和玉米产量的年际变化,并从土壤化学计量特征角度研究了土壤养分的有效性。【方法】依托2012年在东北黑土区建立的秸秆还田长期定位试验,选取秸秆移除(CK)、秸秆混合还入0—20 cm耕层(RI)和秸秆覆盖还田(RC) 3个处理,测定了处理实施1年(2013)、3年(2015)、5年(2017)和8年(2020)后,不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)含量及玉米产量,计算了土壤化学计量特征(C∶N、C∶P、N∶P),并分析了各指标之间的相关性。【结果】随试验年限的增加,在0—20 cm土层,CK处理SOC含量有所下降,TN含量基本保持不变,而RI和RC处理的SOC和TN含量均有所增加,RC处理下均为最高;RI处理的SOC和TN含量在0—20 cm土层分布相对均匀,RC处理SOC和TN含量在0—5 cm土层中明显增加,尤其在试验5～8年间的增幅明显升高。CK、RI和RC 3个处理的TP和TK含量均随试验年限的增加缓慢升高,处理间无显著...     

不同耕作方式对中国东北黑土有机碳的短期影响

A tillage experiment, consisting of moldboard plow （MP）, ridge tillage （RT）, and no-tillage （NT）, was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates to study the effect of 3-year tillage management on SOC content and its distribution in surface layer （30 cm） of a clay loam soil in northeast China. NT did not lead to significant increase of SOC in topsoil （0-5 cm） compared with MP and RT; however, the SOC content in NT soil was remarkably reduced at a depth of 5-20 cm. Accordingly, short-term （3-year） NT management tended to stratify SOC concentration, but not necessarily increase its storage in the plow layer for the soil.     

耕作方式对双季稻田土壤有机碳储量的影响

Tillage practices can potentially afect soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in agricultural soils. A 4-year experiment was conducted to identify the influence of tillage practices on SOC sequestration in a double-cropped rice (Oryza sativa L.) field in Hunan Province of China. Three tillage treatments, no-till (NT), conventional plow tillage(PT), and rotary tillage(RT), were laid in a randomized complete block design. Concentrations of SOC and bulk density(BD) of the 0-80 cm soil layer were measured, and SOC stocks of the 0-20 and 0-80 cm soil layers were calculated on an equivalent soil mass(ESM) basis and fixed depth (FD) basis.Soil carbon budget(SCB) under diferent tillage systems were assessed on the basis of emissions of methane(CH4) and CO2 and the amount of carbon (C) removed by the rice harvest. After four years of experiment, the NT treatment sequestrated more SOC than the other treatments. The SOC stocks in the 0-80 cm layer under NT (on an ESM basis) was as high as 129.32 Mg C ha 1,significantly higher than those under PT and RT (P < 0.05). The order of SOC stocks in the 0-80 cm soil layer was NT > PT > RT,and the same order was observed for SCB; however, in the 0-20 cm soil layer, the RT treatment had a higher SOC stock than the PT treatment. Therefore, when comparing SOC stocks, only considering the top 20 cm of soil would lead to an incomplete evaluation for the tillage-induced efects on SOC stocks and SOC sequestrated in the subsoil layers should also be taken into consideration. The estimation of SOC stocks using the ESM instead of FD method would better reflect the actual changes in SOC stocks in the paddy filed, as the FD method amplified the tillage efects on SOC stocks. This study also indicated that NT plus straw retention on the soil surface was a viable option to increase SOC stocks in paddy soils.     

Impacts of long-term and recently imposed tillage practices on the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon

Although many studies suggest that no-tillage (NT) increases soil organic carbon (SOC) within the soil profile relative to mouldboard ploughing, other studies indicate that no net change occurs. The latter studies suggest that NT only stratifies the SOC, where a near-surface increase in SOC is offset by a concomitant decrease in the subsurface. We examined the SOC distribution and stocks in a cool, humid Brookston clay (Typic Argiaquoll) soil under four soil management systems with a corn–soybean rotation. The objectives of this study were to compare the profile distribution and total amount of SOC under long-term (21 years) NT and mouldboard plough (MP) tillage with the changes that occur over 8 years when 13-years continuous NT is converted to MP, and when 13-years continuous MP is converted to NT. In the top 5 cm of soil, the long-term NT management accumulated greater SOC compared with the long-term MP treatment. However, this near-surface increase was offset by lower SOC concentrations in the 10–20 cm depth, resulting in similar total amounts of SOC stored in 0–20 cm for both long-term NT and MP. The SOC stratification that existed after 13 years of NT management was eliminated with one mouldboard ploughing operation, however the total SOC content in the plough layer of the new-MP treatment remained relatively constant over the subsequent 8 years. Soil organic carbon stratification was evident in the new no-tillage treatment 3 years after the cessation of tillage. The continuous build-up of SOC in the surface of new-NT soils was associated with no change in the total amount of SOC in the plough layer relative to long-term NT. This implies that the diminution of SOC in the 10–20 cm depth was at the same rate as the accumulation of SOC in the 0–5 cm depth. Although there was no net effect of tillage on total carbon stocks in this fine-textured soil, SOC stratification required several years to build-up after adoption of NT, but only a single year to destroy under MP.     

Tillage effects on near-surface soil hydraulic properties

The processes for the formation of porosity are thought to differ between tilled and non-tilled cropping systems. The pores are created primarily by the tillage tool in the tilled systems and by biological processes in non-tilled systems. Because of the different methods of pore formation, the pore size distribution, pore continuity and hydraulic conductivity functions would be expected to differ among tillage systems. The objective of this study was to determine effects of three tillage systems — mold-board plow (MP), chisel plow (CP), and no-till (NT) — on hydraulic properties of soils from eight long-term tillage and rotation experiments. Tillage effects on saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, pore size distribution, and moisture retention characteristics were more apparent for soils with a continuous corn (CC) rotation than for either a corn-soybean (CS) rotation or a corn-oats-alfalfa (COA) rotation. Pore size distributions were similar among tillage systems for each soil except for three soils with a CC rotation. The MP system increased volume of pores >150 μm radius by 23% to 91% compared with the NT system on two of the soils, but the NT system increased the volume of the same radius pore by 50% on one other soil. The NT system had 30 to 180% greater saturated hydraulic conductivity than either the CP or MP systems. The NT system with a CC rotation showed a greater slope of the log unsaturated hydraulic conductivity; log volumetric water content relationship on two of the soils indicating greater water movement through a few relatively large pores for this system than for either the CP or MP systems.     

Response of organic matter to reduced tillage and animal manure in a temperate loamy soil

The impacts of tillage and organic fertilization on soil organic matter (SOM) are highly variable and still unpredictable, and their interactions need to be investigated under various soil, climate and cropping system conditions. Our work examined the effect of reduced tillage and animal manure on SOM stocks and quality in the 0–40 cm layer of a loamy soil under mixed cropping system and humid temperate climate. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and N stocks, particulate organic matter (POM), and C and N mineralization potential (301 days at 15 °C) were measured in a 8‐yr‐old split‐plot field trial, including three tillage treatments [mouldboard ploughing (MP), shallow tillage (ST), no tillage (NT)] and two fertilization treatments [mineral (M), poultry manure 2.2 t/ha/yr C (O)]. No statistically significant interactive effects of tillage and fertilization were measured except on C mineralization. NT and ST showed greater SOC stocks (41.2 and 39.7 t/ha C) than MP (37.1 t/ha C) in the 0–15 cm increment, while no statistical differences were observed at a greater depth. N stocks exhibited similar distribution patterns with regard to tillage effect. Animal manure, applied at a rate representative of typical field application rates, had a smaller impact on SOC and N stocks than tillage. The mean SOC and N stocks were higher under O than M, but the differences were statistically significant only in the 0–5 cm increment. MP showed lower C‐POM stocks than NT and ST in the 0–5 cm increment, whereas greater C‐POM stocks were measured under MP than under NT or under ST in the 20–25 cm increment. Organic fertilization had no impact on C‐POM or N‐POM stocks. In the 0–25 cm increment, NT showed a lower C and N mineralization potential than MP. Our work shows that the sensitivity of SOM to reduced tillage for the whole soil profile can be relatively small in a loamy soil, under humid‐temperate climate. However, POM was particularly sensitive to the differential effects of tillage practices with depth, and indicative of differentiation in total SOM distribution in the soil profile.     

Spatial distributions of soil chemical and physical properties prior to planting soybean in soil under ridge‐, no‐ and conventional‐tillage in a maize–soybean rotation

Detailed information on the profile distributions of agronomically important soil properties in the planting season can be used as criteria to select the best soil tillage practices. Soil cores (0–60 cm) were collected in May, 2012 (before soybean planting), from soil transects on a 30‐yr tillage experiment, including no‐tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT) and mouldboard plough (MP) on a Brookston clay loam soil (mesic Typic Argiaquoll). Soil cores were taken every 19 cm across three corn rows and these were used to investigate the lateral and vertical profile characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil volumetric water content (SWC), bulk density (BD), and penetration resistance (PR). Compared to NT and MP, the RT system resulted in greater spatial heterogeneity of soil properties across the transect. Average SOC concentrations in the top 10 cm layer were significantly greater in RT than in NT and MP (P = 0.05). NT soil contained between 0.8 and 2.5% (vol/vol) more water in the top 0–30 cm than RT and MP, respectively. MP soil had lower PR and BD in the plough layer compared to NT and RT soils, with both soil properties increasing sharply with depth in MP. The RT had lower PR relative to NT in the upper 35 cm of soil on the crop rows. Overall, RT was a superior conservation tillage option than NT in this clay loam soil; however, MP had the most favourable soil conditions in upper soil layers for early crop development across all treatments.     

Tillage and residue management effects on temporal changes in soil organic carbon and fractions of a silty loam soil in the North China Plain

Soil degradation and associated depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) have been major concerns in intensive farming systems because of the subsequent decline in crop yields. We assessed temporal changes in SOC and its fractions under different tillage systems for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – maize (Zea mays L.) cropping in the North China Plain. Four tillage systems were established in 2001: plow tillage (PT), rotary tillage (RT), no‐till (NT), and plow tillage with residues removed (PT0). Concentrations of SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), non‐POC (NPOC), labile organic carbon (LOC), non‐LOC (NLOC), heavy fraction carbon (HFC) and light fraction carbon (LFC) were determined to assess tillage‐induced changes in the top 50 cm. Concentrations of SOC and C fractions declined with soil depth and were significantly affected by tillage over time. The results showed that SOC and its fractions were enhanced under NT and RT from 0 to 10 cm depth compared with values for PT and PT0. Significant decreases were observed below 10 cm depths (P < 0.05) regardless of the tillage system. The SOC concentration under NT for 0–5 cm depth was 18%, 8%, and 10% higher than that under PT0 after 7, 9, and 12 yr of NT adoption, respectively. Apparent stratification of SOC occurred under NT compared with PT and PT0 for depths >10 cm. All parameters were positively correlated (P < 0.01); linear regressions exhibited similar patterns (P < 0.01). Therefore, to maintain and improve SOC levels, residue inputs should be complemented by the adoption of suitable tillage systems.