免耕对黑土春夏季节温度和水分的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究免耕与常规耕作对东北黑土区玉米和大豆生长早期土壤温度和水分的影响。研究结果表明:播种前,由于免耕与常规耕作(秋翻)覆盖率和含水量不同,免耕处理的玉米和大豆小区土壤的白天5cm地温均低于常规耕作处理,夜间差异不大;相同深度的玉米和大豆秋翻处理土壤日平均温度分别比免耕高0. 7℃和0. 5℃;随土壤深度的增加,土壤温度的差异逐渐减小。播种后,除了下午免耕5cm地温略低于秋翻外,下午至夜间免耕的10cm和15cm地温,均略高于秋翻的土壤温度。这是由于免耕下土壤水分增高引起的土壤热容量加大,从而缓解夜间降温和寒流影响,减缓土壤温度下降的结果。播种前,免耕处理的玉米和大豆地土壤水分分别比秋翻处理高2. 4%和1. 8%。播种后的一个月期间,免耕大豆土壤含水量比秋翻高2. 3%。初步的研究结果表明,免耕可以在一定程度上缓解春季黑土墒情不好的问题,这对保证出苗和幼苗的健康生长非常重要。     

耕作与轮作方式对黑土有机碳和全氮储量的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮(TN)对土壤肥力、作物产量、农业可持续发展以及全球碳、氮循环等都具有重要影响。为探索不同耕作和轮作方式对耕层黑土SOC和TN储量的影响,本文以吉林省德惠市进行了8 a的田间定位试验中层黑土为研究对象,对免耕、垄作和秋翻三种耕作方式及玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作两种轮作方式下SOC和TN在各土层的含量变化进行了分析,并采用等质量土壤有机质储量计算方法,对比分析了不同处理对0～30 cm SOC和TN储量的影响。结果表明,与试验开始前相比,玉米-大豆轮作系统中,秋翻下SOC和TN储量均有所降低;免耕显著增加了0～5 cm SOC及TN含量,但SOC在亚表层亏损,导致其储量并未增加;而垄作处理下SOC及TN含量在0～5、5～10 cm的均显著增加,0～30 cm储量亦分别增加了4.9%和10.7%。玉米连作系统的两种耕作处理(免耕和秋翻)下SOC和TN储量均有所增加,且TN储量增幅均高于玉米-大豆轮作系统,其中免耕下TN储量增幅是玉米-大豆轮作的3.2倍。所有处理下C/N均呈降低趋势,其中垄作0～5 cm C/N由12.05降至11.04,降低幅度分别是免耕和秋翻的3.2和2.8倍。综上可知,对质地黏重排水不良的中层黑土,玉米-大豆轮作系统下免耕并不是促进SOC固定的有效形式,而垄作则促进了黑土SOC和TN的积累,这不仅有利于土壤肥力的改善,而且是使农田黑土由CO2"源"变为"汇"的有效形式之一。与玉米-大豆轮作相比,玉米连作下三种耕作方式都有利于SOC和TN积累。     

长期不同耕作方式下的土壤硬度变化特征

为探明不同耕作方式下土壤硬度变化特征,以始于1983年长期定位不同耕作方式土壤为研究对象,采用土壤硬度仪观测免耕(no-tillage,NT)、翻耕(plow tillage,PT)、间隔深松(spacing tillage,ST)和传统耕作(conventional tillage,CT)不同年份、季节、土壤剖面及冻融前后土壤硬度,研究不同耕作方式对土壤硬度的影响。结果表明:免耕增加了耕层0~25 cm土壤硬度,而土层25~45 cm免耕硬度显著降低(P0.05),但传统耕作硬度有增加趋势,间隔深松和翻耕硬度明显低于免耕和传统耕作(P0.05);不同耕作方式土壤硬度随季节的推移呈波动性变化,0~25和25~45cm变化趋势基本一致;土壤硬度随土壤深度的增加而增加,上层明显低于下层(P0.05),不同时期变化不同,前期随深度增加到20cm处呈垂直变化,而后期随深度增加呈反"S"型曲线变化;冻融交替作用可以有效降低土壤硬度,缓解冻融后土壤硬度,间隔深松降幅最大为148.97%,其次为免耕和翻耕,降幅分别为41.96%和58.44%,传统耕作降幅最小仅为3.38%。综合分析认为,间隔深松耕作是改善土壤硬度,提高土壤宜耕性的有效耕作方法。该研究可为东北雨养农业区构建合理耕层和确定适宜的耕作技术提供科学依据。     

整地时期对东北雨养区土壤含水量及玉米产量的影响

以东北雨养区春玉米农田为研究对象,分析春季和秋季2个整地时期对农田土壤含水量、土壤物理性状、土壤养分含量以及玉米产量等的影响。结果表明:秋整地可显著提高玉米产量,与春整地相比增产8.7%(P<0.05)。秋整地处理下土壤水分状况得到显著改善,播种前和苗期耕层土壤(0-20cm)含水量分别比春整地高18.9%和5.6%。整地时期对种子层土壤(0-10cm)的物理特性影响不明显(P>0.05),但秋整地可显著改善10-40cm的根层土壤物理性状,其中土壤孔隙度比春整地平均提高10.0%,而土壤容重则比春整地平均下降11.6%。整地时期对0-40cm层次的土壤硬度和土壤养分含量影响不显著。可见,秋整地主要通过改善土壤物理蓄水性能和减少水分散失提高土壤水分含量,保证较高的成株率和成穗率,进而利于玉米高产稳产。     

短期免耕对黑土有机碳、全氮和速效养分的影响

对中层黑土上连续监测了6年的玉米免耕和秋翻两种耕作处理下的耕层土壤有机碳、全氮和速效氮、磷、钾进行了分析。结果表明:耕作处理对土壤养分的影响主要表现在不同的土壤深度上,免耕造成了土壤有机碳和全氮的分层化,即表层0~5 cm有机碳和全氮含量明显高于亚表层,而秋翻土壤有机碳和全氮分布则比较均匀。免耕处理的速效养分均表现为表层与亚表层存在明显差异。免耕处理下有机碳、全氮和速效氮、磷、钾在土壤表层发生明显富集。     

中层黑土不同耕作方式下玉米和大豆产量及经济效益分析

为探索免耕与常规耕作下玉米和大豆的产量和经济效益,2001年秋开始在吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行免耕、秋翻和垄作耕作方式下的不同轮作试验。试验结果表明：免耕玉米和大豆的田间作业次数比垄作、秋翻的作业次数分别减少3～6次。不同耕作方式对玉米产量的影响直到2006年才逐渐显现出来,垄作玉米年均产量最高,为10136kg&#183;hm^-2,比产量最低的免耕玉米连作高12．3％,但几种耕作方式间玉米和大豆年均产量均无显著差异。按农业生产成本排序,玉米为秋翻〉免耕〉垄作,大豆为秋翻〉垄作〉免耕。按经济效益排序,玉米为垄作轮作〉免耕轮作〉秋翻轮作〉免耕连作〉秋翻连作,大豆为免耕轮作〉垄作轮作〉秋翻轮作。除玉米连作外,免耕不会降低作物产量,其中免耕玉米-大豆轮作可获得与常规耕作相当的玉米产量和较高的大豆产量。从生产成本和经济效益来看,免耕处理在人工和农机上的生产费用比其他处理少,且免耕轮作的经济效益明显大于秋翻,但长期效果如何还有待于进一步的试验和观测。     

晋西北不同土地恢复管理措施下土壤物理性状分析

【目的】晋西北丘陵风沙区由于受风蚀影响,土壤沙化十分严重,生态恢复是缓解此问题的主要措施之一。研究不同土地恢复管理措施旨在为提高晋西北黄土高原丘陵风沙区农田土壤质量及植被恢复提供理论依据。【方法】本研究以晋西北五寨县作为研究区,设置4种土地恢复措施:传统翻耕播种玉米(CTC)、免耕播种玉米(NTC)、免耕播种苜蓿(NTA)、撂荒地(WL)。通过野外和室内分析的方法,分析了0—50 cm土层土壤粒度组成、粒度参数和土壤质量含水量、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量。【结果】1)晋西北地区土壤主要以砂粒和粉粒为主。撂荒地砂粒含量最大,且随着深度的增加变化不明显;其它3种措施下的土壤表层砂粒含量均小于深层。不同土地恢复措施间粒度参数差异较大,翻耕分选较差,免耕玉米和免耕苜蓿属于分选中等到分选较好范围,表明翻耕地块土壤受到人为扰动较大,导致土壤偏细,其粉粒含量在0—50 cm土层变化范围为6.5%～15.3%,而免耕苜蓿和免耕玉米土壤环境相对较好。2) 4种土地恢复措施下表层0—40 cm的土壤容重均低于深层土壤,翻耕、免耕播种玉米和免耕播种苜蓿的土壤容重范围在1.10～1.50 g/cm^3之间,表现为WL>NTA>NTC>CTC,撂荒地土壤容重与其它三种处理措施的土壤容重差异显著(P <0.05),其他三种措施间差异不显著,40—50 cm土层四种土地恢复措施之间无显著差异;表层0—30 cm的土壤孔隙度以翻耕总孔隙度最大。翻耕地块土壤孔隙度显著高于其它三种恢复措施,其它三种恢复措施间无显著性差异,40—50 cm土层四种土地恢复措施之间无显著差异。3)不同土地恢复措施之间土壤质量含水量、饱和持水量和毛管持水量存在较大差异,翻耕地块表层0—20 cm土壤毛管持水量显著高于其它三种恢复措施;免耕苜蓿和免耕玉米地块毛管持水量无显著差异,两者均显著高于撂荒地,20—30 cm土层免耕苜蓿地块显著低于翻耕和撂荒地,30—40 cm土层撂荒地与免耕玉米显著低于翻耕和免耕苜蓿,40—50 cm土层四种土地恢复措施之间无显著差异。4)土壤毛管持水量和饱和持水量与毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙无显著相关关系,与总孔隙度呈显著正相关关系。土壤质量含水量和毛管持水量与粘粒含量无显著相关;与砂粒含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为–0.619和–0.474;与粉粒含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.639和0.584。【结论】晋西北丘陵风沙区翻耕、免耕玉米和免耕苜蓿三种土地恢复措施都不同程度地降低了表层土壤砂粒含量,提高了土壤孔隙度,降低了土壤容重,改善了土壤的保水和供水能力,7年常规耕种和免耕种植作物都显著改善了土壤的物理性状,有助于生态的恢复和提高土壤的生产力。因此,在晋西北地区不提倡土地撂荒。     

轮耕对宁南旱区土壤理化性状和旱地小麦产量的影响

为了探索免耕/深松隔年轮耕对土壤理化性状及冬小麦产量的影响,2007年至2010年在宁南旱区采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松与连年翻耕3种耕作模式,对土壤容重、团聚体、养分及小麦产量等进行了研究。结果表明:与传统耕作相比,免耕/深松/免耕和深松/免耕/深松模式显著(p<0.05)降低土壤容重,改善了土壤的孔隙状况;两种轮耕模式可显著(p<0.05)增加0～40 cm各土层2～0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量。3种耕作方式比较,深松/免耕/深松模式最能有效增加0～40 cm土壤有机质和0～20 cm土层全氮含量;免耕/深松/免耕和深松/免耕/深松处理较传统耕作显著增加0～40 cm土层碱解氮和有效磷含量、20～40 cm土壤速效钾含量,改善了土壤的养分状况。试验期间,免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松模式3年平均小麦籽粒产量较传统耕作显著增加,分别增产9.59%和10.69%(p<0.05),以深松/免耕/深松处理增产效果最佳。     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对砂姜黑土碳库及玉米小麦产量的影响

长期秸秆还田免耕覆盖措施导致沿淮区域砂姜黑土耕层变浅、下表层(10～30 cm)容重增加、土壤养分不均衡等问题凸显,限制了小麦-玉米周年生产力的提高。耕作和秸秆还田措施合理的搭配组合是解决这一问题的有效方法。通过8年的小麦-玉米一年两熟田间试验,设置4个处理:1)玉米季免耕-小麦季免耕秸秆不还田(N);2)玉米季深耕-小麦季深耕秸秆不还田(D);3)玉米季秸秆免耕覆盖还田+小麦秸秆免耕覆盖还田(NS);4)玉米季秸秆免耕覆盖还田+小麦季秸秆深耕还田(DS)。通过分析作物收获后不同土壤深度(0～60 cm)总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态碳(POC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化态碳(KMnO4-C)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI),并结合小麦-玉米的周年产量变化,以期获得培肥砂姜黑土的最佳模式。研究结果表明:1)相对于长期免耕措施(N),DS处理能够提高0～30 cm土层TOC、POC、MBC、KMnO4-C等组分含量和CPMI;而NS措施仅提高土壤表层(0～10 cm)TOC、活性有机碳组分含量和CPMI;2)DS处理显著提升了小麦-玉米的周年生产力,其麦玉的周年产量均值分别比N、D和NS处理高出14.7%、12.9%和8.5%;3)MBC和KMnO4-C对于耕作和秸秆还田措施都是较为敏感指示因子。总的来说,玉米季小麦秸秆覆盖还田+小麦季玉米秸秆深耕还田(DS)是改善沿淮地区砂姜黑土土壤碳库、提高小麦-玉米周年产量的一种有效农田管理模式。     

玉米秸秆覆盖冬小麦免耕播种对土壤微生物量碳的影响

土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)是土壤有机碳的一部分,在养分循环中起着重要作用.本研究目的在于揭示我国华北平原玉米秸秆覆盖冬小麦免耕对土壤微生物量碳的影响.4～5年的试验结果表明,不同耕作方式对农田SMBC含量的时空变异具有显著的影响.玉米秸秆覆盖免耕播种处理上层(0～10cm)的含量比下层(10～20cm)增加47.4%,而清茬翻耕和还田翻耕处理的含量在土壤中的分层不显著.不同的耕作方式的SMBC含量均随气温降低而减少.全年平均来看,在0～10咖土层,不同耕作方式的SMBC含量大小表现为覆免>还翻>清翻,在10～20cm土层则表现为还翻>覆免=清翻.整个耕层(0～20cm)表现为还翻>覆免>清翻.在气温较低时,覆盖免耕的SMBC含量比清茬翻耕和还田翻耕低.在土壤表层,不同耕作方式SMBC含量的稳定性大小表现为还翻>覆免>清翻;在下层,不同耕作方式之间差异不显著.     

Spatial distributions of soil chemical and physical properties prior to planting soybean in soil under ridge‐, no‐ and conventional‐tillage in a maize–soybean rotation

Detailed information on the profile distributions of agronomically important soil properties in the planting season can be used as criteria to select the best soil tillage practices. Soil cores (0–60 cm) were collected in May, 2012 (before soybean planting), from soil transects on a 30‐yr tillage experiment, including no‐tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT) and mouldboard plough (MP) on a Brookston clay loam soil (mesic Typic Argiaquoll). Soil cores were taken every 19 cm across three corn rows and these were used to investigate the lateral and vertical profile characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil volumetric water content (SWC), bulk density (BD), and penetration resistance (PR). Compared to NT and MP, the RT system resulted in greater spatial heterogeneity of soil properties across the transect. Average SOC concentrations in the top 10 cm layer were significantly greater in RT than in NT and MP (P = 0.05). NT soil contained between 0.8 and 2.5% (vol/vol) more water in the top 0–30 cm than RT and MP, respectively. MP soil had lower PR and BD in the plough layer compared to NT and RT soils, with both soil properties increasing sharply with depth in MP. The RT had lower PR relative to NT in the upper 35 cm of soil on the crop rows. Overall, RT was a superior conservation tillage option than NT in this clay loam soil; however, MP had the most favourable soil conditions in upper soil layers for early crop development across all treatments.     

不同耕作方式下黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落特征

[目的]研究中小型土壤动物群落组成、多样性、动态特征及垂直分布情况,反映土壤环境状况,为探索黑土区农田适宜的耕作方式提供参考依据。[方法]采用改良干漏斗(modified tullgren)法分离中小型土壤动物,分析比较了不同耕作方式下中小型土壤动物的群落结构及分布特征。[结果]从研究样地共捕获中小型土壤动物3 749只,隶属47个类群。其中四奥甲螨科(Quadroppiidae)和等节■科(Isotomidae)为试验区的优势类群。3种耕作方式下,0—10 cm土层中小型土壤动物个体数占总个体数的71%,在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性。深松处理下中小型土壤动物个体数最多(1 671),CK处理下类群数最多(41)。CK处理下中小型土壤动物多样性指数和丰富度指数最高,分别为(2.81)和(3.81);深松处理下中小型土壤动物优势度指数最高(0.15)。不同耕作方式下土壤渗透总量表现为深松CK免耕;土壤含水量和土壤温度表现为深松免耕CK;土壤容重表现为免耕CK深松。中小型土壤动物个体数与土壤容重呈显著正相关(p0.05);中小型土壤动物丰富度指数与土壤有机质呈显著正相关(p0.05);中小型土壤动物均匀度指数与土壤渗透总量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。[结论]耕作方式对中小型土壤动物的群落结构有明显的影响,深松耕作后显著提高中小型土壤动物个体数,能够有效改善土壤环境,比免耕和传统耕作更有利于中小型土壤动物的生存与繁殖。     

不同耕作方式下旱作玉米田土壤呼吸及其影响因素

为揭示不同耕作方式对旱作玉米田土壤呼吸的影响,对比研究深松耕、免耕、旋耕和翻耕4种耕作方式下土壤呼吸速率的动态变化及其与土壤水分、温度、有机质、全氮、pH值等的关系。结果表明,夏玉米生长季,4种耕作方式下土壤呼吸速率随生育时期均呈先增加后降低的趋势,平均土壤呼吸速率为深松耕>翻耕>旋耕>免耕;播种前至拔节期土壤温度为翻耕>深松耕>旋耕>免耕,抽雄期至成熟收获期为免耕>旋耕>深松耕>翻耕;各耕作方式下0～20cm层土壤有机质、全氮均逐渐增加,与免耕比较,翻耕有机质和全氮均降低;生育前期土壤pH值波动明显,抽雄期后趋于平缓,土壤pH值平均值为翻耕>旋耕>免耕>深松耕。各影响因素与土壤呼吸速率相关分析表明,深松耕和翻耕土壤水分、温度与土壤呼吸速率呈显著或极显著正相关;有机质与土壤呼吸速率呈负相关,且与深松耕措施下土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关;除免耕外,其他耕作方式下土壤全氮、pH值与土壤呼吸呈负相关。该研究可为补充完善土壤呼吸排放机理、评估区域碳收支平衡及制定科学有效的土壤碳调控管理措施提供依据。     

Tillage effects on selected physical properties of Grantsburg silt loam

Abstract

The objective of the project was to determine the effects of tillage on soil physical properties. A tillage project, involving three treatments with eight replications [no‐tillage (NT), chisel plowing (CP), and moldboard plowing (MP)], was initiated in the spring of 1989 in southern Illinois. The soil on which the work was conducted was a Grantsburg silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudalf), with a root‐restricting fragipan found at an average depth of 64 + 14 cm from the soil surface. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were grown on the plot area on a yearly rotation. The soil physical properties evaluated were: penetration resistance; bulk density; aggregate stability; and pore size distribution by water‐release. Tillage effects on soil penetration resistance were mainly confined to the plow‐layer (i.e. top 23 cm of soil). Generally, the cone index (CI) values for the top 23 cm of soil for all treatments were below 2MPa, except at midseason in 1991, a dry year. Penetration resistance differences due to tillage treatments were not caused by differences in soil water content. Soil bulk density was generally highest for NT at planting, however, the bulk density for CP and MP increased later in the season attaining values comparable to those of NT treatment. Chiseling and moldboard plowing reduced soil aggregate stability. Soil temperature at planting was lower for no‐tillage compared to the moldboard plowed system. Effects of tillage on pore size distribution, for the first two years of the experiment, were significant only at planting. Total porosity was higher for MP than CP and NT in both years. At midseason, 1991, total porosity was lower with MP than with NT and CP. The improved NT crop performance relative to the CP and MP treatments could also be related to better seed bed and root bed conditions following soybean (third year) than sod (first year) and better weed control. Initial crop yield advantages of MP over the conservation tillage systems (NT and CP) deteriorated over time, resulting in decreased soil aggregation, total porosity and soil productivity.     

Tillage Effects on Dryland Soil Physical Properties in Northeastern Montana

We evaluated the effect of no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) on soil penetration resistance (PR), bulk density (BD), gravimetric moisture content (MC), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) during the fallow phase of a spring wheat–fallow rotation. The study was conducted on two soils mapped as Williams loam at the Froid and Sidney sites. Soil measurements were made on 19 May, 23 June, and 4 August 2005 at the Froid site and on 6 June and 8 July 2005 at the Sidney site. Tillage had no effect on either soil properties except on the PR at Sidney. However, soil PR, MC, and BD varied significantly with depth regardless of tillage and location. Further, soil PR and MC varied with the date of sampling at both locations, and PR generally increased with decreased MC at all soil depths. Soil Ks was slightly influenced by tillage at both locations.     

Soil sustainability indicators following conservation tillage practices under subtropical maize and bean crops

Conservation management systems such as no tillage may enhance sequestration of soil C. The soil properties that contribute to soil C storage under such systems are still largely unknown, especially in subtropical agroecosystems. We investigated the influence of tillage [mouldboard plough (MP) and no tillage (NT)] on soil organic C, microbial biomass and activity, structural stability and mycorrhizal status of a field cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.) or bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on a Vertisol in Northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Crop type, tillage system and soil depth had a significant effect on soil organic C, aggregate stability and bulk density. Soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were greater with NT than with MP, particularly under bean cultivation. In the 0–5 cm layer, microbial biomass C and N were, on average, about 87 and 51% greater in the soils cultivated with bean and maize, respectively, under NT than under MP. Higher levels of mycorrhizal propagules, glomalin related soil protein (GRSP) and stable aggregates were produced under NT than under MP in both crops. The no-tillage system can be considered an effective management practice for carrying out sustainable agriculture under subtropical conditions, due to its improvement of soil physical and biochemical quality and soil C sequestration.     

不同耕作制度下荒漠绿洲棉田土壤水分的时空变化

通过田问试验研究了不同耕作制度荒漠绿洲棉田土壤水分的时空变化.结果表明,0-120 cm土层免耕覆盖土壤容积含水量最高,免耕留茬次之,传统耕作和耕作覆膜最低.0-20 cm土层,免耕覆盖和免耕留茬土壤含水量高于传统耕作和耕作覆膜,0-5 cm差异最大,但随着深度增加差异减小,20-120 cm差异不大.传统耕作、耕作覆膜、免耕留茬棉田表层与底层土壤水分梯度明显,免耕覆盖不明显.头水前不同耕作方式棉田0-120 cm土壤含水量都随时间延长逐渐降低,前期免耕覆盖和免耕留茬与传统耕作和耕作覆膜差异较大,后期差异变小;头水后,免耕覆盖、免耕留茬高于耕作棉田.免耕覆盖和耕作覆膜棉田表层土壤水分状况比较稳定,免耕留茬和传统耕作变化幅度较大.     

Soil microbial population and nitrogen-transforming bacteria from 11-year sorghum tillage plots

Soil tillage alters crop residue placement, soil moisture and soil physical properties, which in turn may affect soil chemical and microbial properties. The impact of tillage on microbial populations was investigated by studying soil microbiological, physical and chemical properties after 11 years of a tillage management experiment with continuous sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) on an Orelia sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ochraqualf). Soil from 0–7.5 and 7.5–15 cm depths was sampled from four replications of moldboard plow (MB), conventional till (CT), minimum till (MT) and no-till (NT) treatments in March (before planting) and May (during the growing season), 1989. Heterotrophic bacteria (HB) and actinomycete populations differed among tillage treatments before planting. Soil microbial populations differed with soil depth among all tillage treatments before the growing season (when no plants were present), but were similar among tillage treatments when counts by soil depth were composited, indicating that, although microbial distribution differed, total populations were similar. During the growing season, actinomycetes were lower in NT treatments, while HB counts were not significantly different between treatments. The similarity between treatments was attributed to drier soil conditions and the effect of plant roots in all treatments, which may have stimulated microbes similarly in all treatments. Ammonium oxidizers were lowest and dentrifiers highest in the NT soil a the 0–7.5 cm depth before planting. The sample obtained during the growing season indicated that soil nitrifier populations were usually greater in MT and NT treatments. The MB and CT treatments had significantly larger amounts of soil moisture, clay and nitrate than the NT and MT treatments, indicating that soil physical properties and nitrate levels were altered by tillage treatment. Soil nitrate was significantly correlated with nitrogen-transforming bacteria in several instances, although there was no predictable effect from soil depth or sampling date. In some instances, nitrifier counts fell and denitrifier counts increased as soil nitrate increased. HB and actinomycete population levels were not significantly correlated with the soil physical or chemical properties measured in this study. Although there were tillage treatment differences in soil physical (moisture, bulk density and clay content), chemical (nitrate-nitrogen, NO₃---N) and microbiological properties (HB, actinomycetes, and denitrifier, nitrifier and ammonium oxidizer activity), generalizations about tillage system effects on soil microbiological properties were difficult to confirm because of the temporal nature of these differences.     

不同耕作深度对红壤坡耕地耕层土壤特性的影响

红壤坡耕地不同耕作深度对耕层质量和作物产量具有重要影响。以江西红壤坡耕地示范区耕层为研究对象,从土壤属性角度,对红壤坡耕地不同耕作深度处理下垂直深度土壤水分、容重、孔隙度、土壤紧实度、土壤抗剪强度、土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾等进行分析。结果表明:(1)不同耕作深度对土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量的影响为免耕翻耕20 cm翻耕10 cm常规耕作翻耕30 cm,对容重的影响为翻耕30 cm常规耕作翻耕10 cm免耕翻耕20 cm;与常规耕作比较,翻耕30 cm使土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤孔隙度分别提高了18.17%,12.67%,5.94%,土壤容重降低6.90%。(2)不同耕作深度下土壤紧实度表现为翻耕30 cm翻耕10 cm翻耕20 cm免耕常规耕作,土壤抗剪强度表现为翻耕30 cm常规耕作翻耕10 cm免耕翻耕20 cm;与常规耕作对照,翻耕30 cm使土壤紧实度和抗剪强度分别降低27.07%和24.82%。(3)土壤有机质含量以翻耕20 cm处理下最高(13.48 g/kg),免耕处理含量最低(9.39 g/kg),土壤速效养分主要集中分布在0-20 cm土层,但20-40 cm土层中翻耕处理较免耕处理有不同程度的增加,以翻耕20 cm和常规耕作表现显著。(4)主成分分析结果表明,翻耕30 cm处理对红壤坡耕地土壤的综合改善效果最好。研究结果可为红壤坡耕地耕层土壤改善和合理耕层构建提供技术参考。