岩溶山地不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的分布特征

对重庆中梁山岩溶山地不同土地利用方式下0-40cm土壤颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的含量和分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳含量平均值表现为:林地>菜地>草地>橘园地>弃耕地.除橘园地外,其它各土地利用类型土壤细颗粒有机碳(FPOC)含量大于粗颗粒有机碳(CPOC).不同利用方式土壤颗粒有机碳含量在剖面层次中表现不同.0-20cm表层土壤CPOC含量表现为:橘园地>草地>菜地>林地>弃耕地,差异较大.土壤FPOC含量表现为:林地>草地>菜地>橘园地>弃耕地;20-40cm土壤CPOC和FPOC最高值出现在菜地,最低值出现在弃耕地.不同土地利用方式土壤矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)含量和土壤有机碳含量分布特征一致.除橘园地外土壤各组分有机碳分配比例大致表现为:MOC/SOC>CPOC/SOC>FPOC/SOC.相关分析表明,不同土地利用方式土壤SOC和POC呈正相关,相关性不一致.林地和草地呈极显著相关(P<0.01),弃耕地呈显著相关(P<0.05),菜地和橘园地相关性不显著.表明人为干扰和耕作措施会影响POC对SOC的贡献.     

短期犁林(竹)-草复合植被还林初期土壤碳氮动态变化

对退耕地短期型光皮桦-扁穗牛鞭草和苦竹-扁穗牛鞭草复合植被还林初期(1~7年)不同年份土壤表层(0~20 cm)和下层(20~40 cm)土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)和全氮(Soil total nitrogen,TSN)含量进行了定位研究,探讨了退耕还林初期SOC和氮变化规律。研究表明:SOC和STN随恢复时间的延长呈先下降后增加趋势,光皮桦-扁穗牛鞭草和苦竹-扁穗牛鞭草表层SOC和STN分别在第6年和第4年时开始恢复,下层土均在第5年时开始回升;还林后各年之间C/N变化不大,只是在第2,3年有所升高,表现为土壤氮素有一定缺乏;还林7年后,苦竹-扁穗牛鞭草的SOC和C/N均高于光皮桦-扁穗牛鞭草,但其土壤氮素改善状况不甚明显。还林7年后土壤碳氮含量虽尚未恢复到农耕地水平,但随着退耕年限的延长,土壤碳氮素水平正在逐渐恢复,初步显示了实行退耕还林工程后土壤SOC和氮的固存效应。     

造林恢复植被后土壤的化学计量学特征对其碳组分的影响

Afforestation is recognized as an important driving force for soil organic C(SOC) dynamics and soil element cycling.To evaluate the relationships between soil C:N:P stoichiometry and SOC fractions,soil C:N:P stoichiometry distributions at 0–200 cm soil depths were analyzed and the contents of SOC fractions were evaluated in 9 typical land-use systems on the Loess Plateau of China.The contents of light fraction organic C,particulate organic C(53,53–2 000,and2 000 μm),labile organic C,microbial biomass C,and dissolved organic C decreased with increasing soil depth and were higher in afforested soil than in slope cropland soil.Compared with the slope cropland,different vegetation types influenced soil C:N,C:P,and N:P ratios,especially when C:P and N:P ratios were significantly higher(P0.05).Moreover,SOC fractions at the 0–10 and 10–40 cm depths were particularly affected by soil C:P ratio,whereas those at the 40–100 and 100–200 cm soil depths were significantly affected(P0.05) by soil N:P ratio.These results indicate that changes in SOC fractions are largely driven by soil C:P and N:P ratios at different soil depths after afforestation.     

地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作春玉米田土壤碳氮组分的影响

基于2年田间试验,研究了地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米田土壤有机碳、全氮及其组分的影响,试验包括地膜覆盖玉米田、无覆盖玉米田和裸地休闲3个处理,分层测定了0—40cm土层有机碳、全氮、颗粒有机碳氮、潜在矿化碳氮和微生物量碳氮含量。结果表明:在0—40cm土层,各处理间土壤有机碳和全氮含量均无显著差异。与不覆盖相比,地膜覆盖处理0—40cm土层颗粒有机碳氮及其所占比例分别降低了29.0%,33.3%,29.9%,35.7%;0—10cm土层潜在可矿化碳及其所占比例分别降低了17.8%和16.1%,潜在可矿化氮和微生物量碳及其所占比例无显著差异,但在0—10cm土层地膜覆盖微生物量氮含量及其所占比例分别较不覆盖处理提高了10.6%和10.5%(p0.05)。与裸地休闲相比,无覆盖处理0—40cm土层潜在可矿化碳氮分别提高了12.8%和14.7%,地膜覆盖处理则分别提高了7.8%和6.5%(p0.05),但种植玉米降低了微生物量碳氮含量及其所占比例。在0—40cm土层覆盖与否对潜在可矿化碳氮和微生物量碳氮影响不显著。总体来看,地膜覆盖能够在一定程度上提高表土微生物量氮组分及其所占比例,但显著降低了中活性碳氮组分含量及其比例,不利于长期的土壤碳氮固定。     

黄土高原植被恢复提高大于0.25mm粒级水稳性团聚体在土壤增碳中的作用

本研究选择陕北黄土高原绥德、吴旗、宜川3个地区,调查分析了不同植被恢复类型（草、灌、乔）下05cm表层土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布及其有机碳含量的变化。结果表明:不同植被恢复类型均显著提高了 2mm和2～0.25mm 两个粒级的水稳性团聚体及其有机碳（SOC）的含量,但不同植被恢复类型的作用在3个地区有所不同。与农地相比,在绥德,油松和柠条、分别使 2mm和2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体中的SOC含量分别提高了99%～153%和219%～350% ,但苜蓿没有明显作用;在吴旗,苜蓿、沙棘、刺槐分别使 2mm和2～0.25mm水稳性团聚体中SOC含量分别提高了28%～30%和85%～130%,而刺槐对 2mm水稳性团聚体没有作用,而使2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体SOC含量提高了210% ; 在宜川,白草、羊胡草、狼牙刺和油松使 2mm和2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体中的SOC含量分别提高了405%～932%和724%～1130%。植被恢复土壤增碳主要是提高了2～0.25mm和2mm 两个粒级的水稳性团聚体中SOC的含量,提高值分别为514%和470%,占土壤有机碳库增量的49%和43%,而对其它粒级水稳性团聚体中SOC含量的贡献小于16%。以上研究结果说明,植被恢复稳定土层结构、促进土壤水稳性大团聚体中SOC的形成,可能在黄土丘陵侵蚀景观土壤固碳过程中起重要作用。     

Response of soil properties and C dynamics to land-use change in the west of Loess Plateau

Land-use change (LUC) is widely considered a major factor that affects soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The impacts of four LUC types on soil properties, SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC) and labile organic carbon (LOC) at the 0–100 cm depth were examined in the west of Loess Plateau, northwest China. Bulk density at the 20–40 cm depth increased significantly after native grassland conversion to cropland, while artificial grassland establishment and abandonment on former cropland caused reverse change. Soil water content in the profile increased 60–230% after cultivation and decreased 32–49% after abandonment (p < 0.01). The particle size distribution also showed a response to LUC. Only artificial grassland establishment caused an SOC sink of 32% at the 0–10 cm depth as well as two labile fractions. SOC tended to increase after cultivation and after abandonment, with 6% and 20% at soil surface, respectively. There were increasing trends in POC and LOC. After afforestation on former native grassland, SOC tended to decrease (23%) at the 0–10 cm depth while POC and LOC tended to increase (33% and 6%, respectively). Principal component analysis was successful in separating LUC through soil property parameters. Carbon sequestration is largely ascribed to increased below-ground production and tillage elimination after perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plantation. Irrigation and fertilization activities contribute to SOC accumulation after cultivation to some extent. The self-restoration dynamic depending on time since abandonment is important to SOC change. A lower proportion of stabilized carbon results in a slow rate of SOC accumulation after afforestation. It is necessary to investigate the long-term dynamic after LUC.     

137Cs示踪分析东北黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳组分的影响

研究土壤侵蚀对有机碳不同组分流失的影响,可为科学评估土壤侵蚀在碳循环中的作用和探明农田有机碳变化机制提供理论依据。该研究以典型黑土区一凸型耕地坡面为研究对象,基于~(137)Cs示踪技术,分析了坡面土壤侵蚀特征及强度分布,定量分析了坡面有机碳组分的变化幅度及侵蚀强度与有机碳组分间的关系。结果表明:研究坡面年均侵蚀速率为3801.71t/(km~2×a),属中度侵蚀,33.33%的采样点为强烈侵蚀,极强烈及剧烈的侵蚀点占比11.11%,主要位于凸型坡中部坡度较陡处,26.67%为沉积点,主要分布在坡脚西侧。自开垦以来坡耕地土壤平均有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)含量下降了13.58%,其中矿质有机碳(Mineral-bound Organic Carbon,MOC)和颗粒有机碳(Particulate Organic Carbon,POC)分别下降了7.52%和40.49%;POC中粗颗粒有机碳(Coarse Particulate Organic Carbon,CPOC)下降幅度最大(73.24%),细颗粒有机碳(Fine Particulate Organic Carbon,FPOC)无显著差异。坡面SOC、MOC和FPOC在沉积点均显著大于侵蚀点(P0.01),沉积点和轻度侵蚀点的SOC及MOC含量显著大于轻度以上侵蚀点(P0.01),SOC及组分MOC和FPOC均在中度侵蚀下降幅度最大,之后变化轻微。有机碳组分中MOC和FPOC含量随着土壤侵蚀强度的增大呈下降趋势,CPOC与侵蚀强度无显著相关性且沉积点及不同侵蚀强度之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。结果说明坡耕地中CPOC和MOC减少的驱动机制可能存在差异。     

Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon sequestration at multiple scales in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration by vegetation restoration is the theme of much current research. Since 1999, the program of “Grain for Green”has been implemented in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Its scope represents the largest vegetation restoration activity in China. However, it is still unclear for the SOC sequestration effects of vegetation cover change or natural succession promoted by the revegetation efforts at different scales under the semi-arid conditions. In this study, the changes in SOC stocks due to the vegetation restoration in the middle of Loess Plateau were estimated at patch, hill slope transect and small watershed scale from 1998 to 2006. Soil samples were taken from field for the determination of cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) and SOC contents. Vegetation cover change from 1998 to 2006 at the small watershed scale was assessed using Geographic Information System. The results showed that cropland transforming to grassland or shrubland significantly increased SOC at patch scale. Immature woodland, however, has no significant effect. When vegetation cover has no transformation for mature woodland (25 years old), SOC has no significant increase implying that SOC has come to a stable level. At hill slope scale, three typical vegetation cover patterns showed different SOC sequestration effects of 8.6%, 24.6%, and 21.4% from 1998 to 2006, and these SOC increases mainly resulted from revegetation. At the small watershed scale, SOC stocks increased by 19% in the surface soil layer at 0–20 cm soil depth from 1998 to 2006, which was equivalent to an average SOC sequestration rate of 19.92 t C y^− 1 km^− 2. Meanwhile, SOC contents showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) with the ¹³⁷Cs inventory at every soil depth interval. This implied significant negative impacts of soil erosion on SOC sequestration. The results have demonstrated general positive effects of vegetation restoration on SOC sequestration at multiple scales. However, soil erosion under rugged topography modified the spatial distribution of the SOC sequestration effects. Therefore, vegetation restoration was proved to be a significant carbon sink, whereas, erosion could be a carbon source in high erosion sensitive regions. This research can contribute to the performance assessment of ecological rehabilitation projects such as “Grain to Green” and the scientific understanding of the impacts of vegetation restoration and soil erosion on soil carbon dynamics in semi-arid environments.     

不同植被恢复措施下剖面根系与SOC的分布特征

根系是影响水土流失和土壤有机碳（SOC）变化的重要因素。在水土流失区,研究不同植被恢复措施下,根系生物量和土壤有机碳的分布特征对了解区域土壤碳循环具有重要意义。在水土流失严重的黄土丘陵沟壑区的燕沟小流域,选择地形条件类似的梁峁坡,采集了10种不同植被治理恢复措施下的剖面（0—100 cm）根系和土壤样品,研究了根系生物量和SOC在剖面的分布特征。结果显示:不同治理措施下的SOC呈现出灌木 > 乔木 > 灌草 > 草本的趋势,而根系生物量呈现出乔木 > 灌木 > 灌草 > 草本的趋势;SOC和细根生物量都随土层深度的增加呈对数递减趋势,但同一土层SOC和细根生物量的分布不一致,且根系比SOC的分布浅。     

耕作措施对旱作农田土壤颗粒态有机碳的影响

为了探明耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤有机碳的影响,以连续进行17年的不同耕作措施长期定位试验为研究对象,利用碘化钠重液分组法,探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳、颗粒态有机碳和矿质结合态有机碳的影响。结果表明:土壤总有机碳含量随土层加深而降低,游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳、颗粒态有机碳的含量和占土壤总有机碳的比例均随土层加深而降低,而矿质结合态有机碳含量和占土壤总有机碳比例则随土层加深而增加。在0~40 cm各土层,各处理土壤颗粒态有机碳占总有机碳的比例(54.02%~76.78%)均高于矿质结合态有机碳占总有机碳的比例(31.78%~46.11%)。较之T处理,TS和NTS处理均不同程度提升土壤游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳、颗粒态有机碳的含量和占土壤总有机碳的比例,其中NTS处理的提升效果最显著,TS处理次之。虽然NT、TS、NTS处理可提升土壤矿质结合态有机碳含量,但T处理下的矿质结合态有机碳占总有机碳的比例高于NT、TS和NTS处理。耕作模式和秸秆添加模式均对土壤总有机碳、游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳、颗粒态有机碳和矿质结合态有机碳的提升具有显著效应,但秸秆添加模式的效应高于耕作模式。同时,免耕模式仅对0~10 cm各土层土壤总有机碳的提升效应达到显著水平,对0~20 cm各土层土壤碳组分的提升效应均达显著水平,而添加秸秆对0~40 cm各土层土壤总有机碳和各组分均发挥着显著提升效应。综合来看,免耕配合秸秆还田可以提升土壤活力,促进土壤固碳,有利于该区构建环境友好型和可持续发展型农业生产模式。     

黄土台塬不同林分结构土壤有机碳质量分数特征

为探讨林分结构对土壤有机碳固定的影响,本文以黄土台塬的油松、 沙棘、 刺槐和侧柏纯林及其混交林为对象,对土壤有机碳、 易氧化态、 轻组、 颗粒态以及可溶性有机碳进行了分析。结果表明, 1）混交林可有效增加土壤不同组分有机碳含量,侧柏混交林与纯林相比增加最为明显,其土壤有机碳增加了123%和160%,易氧化态有机碳增加了161%和304%,轻组有机碳增加了1399%和482%,颗粒态有机碳增加了454%和436%,可溶性碳增加了138%和170%（05 cm土层）; 刺槐-沙棘、 油松-沙棘-刺槐混交林相对改良效果较差。2）各活性有机碳间相比较,混交林对土壤易氧化态碳含量增加效果最显著,而对土壤颗粒有机碳的改善效果不甚明显。3）在0100 cm土层,轻组有机碳敏感性指标分别是总有机碳、 可溶性和易氧化态有机碳的1.00~10.58、 3.83~10.19和1.78~5.10倍。4）有机碳与活性有机碳组分均呈线性极显著正相关关系; 轻组有机碳与颗粒有机碳二者之间的相关性大于其与其他,易氧化态碳与可溶性有机碳二者之间的相关性大于其与其他。     

森林转换对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

为了研究林型转换对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,在安徽皖南地区蔡家桥林场选取了马尾松次生林、湿地松人工林以及杉木人工林3种森林类型,分别采集了0—10,10—30,30—50 cm的土壤,测定了土壤有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)以及土壤理化指标,分析了林型转换后土壤活性有机碳组分变化特征及其与土壤理化因子间的相关关系。结果表明：(1)马尾松次生林转换成湿地松人工林和杉木人工林后主要对0—10 cm土壤活性有机碳组分产生影响,其中土壤SOC,POC,EOC含量均在林型转换后出现下降,DOC含量上升,而MBC在林型转换前后无显著差异。(2)林型转换后各土层POC/SOC均出现下降,DOC和EOC占SOC比例总体呈升高趋势,MBC/SOC则未表现出明显规律。(3)土壤有机碳与活性碳组分以及TN,EC,NH⁺₄-N,NO^-₃-N均呈极显著正相关,各活性碳组分之间也存在极显著正相关关系(p<0.01)。综上,马尾松次生林转换成...     

Effect of long-term cropping systems on soil organic carbon pools and soil quality in western plain of hot arid India

Maintaining soil organic carbon (SOC) in arid ecosystem is important for soil productivity and restoration of deserted sandy soil in western plain of India. There is a need to understand how the cropping systems changes may alter SOC pools including total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic C (POC), water soluble carbon (WSC), very labile C (VLC), labile C (LC), less labile C (LLC) and non-labile C (NLC) in arid climate. We selected seven major agricultural systems for this study viz., barren, fallow, barley–fallow, mustard–moth bean, chickpea–groundnut, wheat–green gram and wheat–pearl millet. Result revealed that conversion of sandy barren lands to agricultural systems significantly increased available nutrients and SOC pools. Among all studied cropping systems, the highest values of TOC (6.12 g kg^?1), POC (1.53 g kg^?1) and WSC (0.19 g kg^?1) were maintained in pearl millet–wheat system, while the lowest values of carbon pools observed in fallow and barren land. Strong relationships (P < 0.05) were exhibited between VLC and LC with available nutrients. The highest carbon management index (299) indicates that wheat–pearl millet system has greater soil quality for enhancing crop productivity, nutrient availability and carbon sequestration of arid soil.     

植被恢复对昆阳磷矿土壤有机碳储量的影响

植被恢复是既能保持磷矿开采同时又能有效扼制矿区生态环境的退化,并逐步恢复已退化的矿区生态系统最有效的生物措施。为揭示植被恢复对昆阳磷矿土壤有机碳和碳素积累的影响,研究探讨了昆阳磷矿不同恢复林地的土壤有机碳储量变化。结果表明:（1）不同恢复林地的土壤有机碳含量存在显著差异（p < 0.05）,7种不同植被恢复人工林土壤平均有机碳含量分别是废弃地的14.29倍、11.83倍、11.40倍、5.89倍、15.48倍、15.59倍、18.53倍。（2）土壤有机碳在剖面的含量表现出明显的“表聚作用”,均以表土层（0—20 cm）最大,且随土层厚度的增加,呈下降趋势。（3）不同恢复林地的土壤有机碳密度差别较大,变化趋势和土壤有机碳含量的变化趋势一致,且在同一林分土壤中,单位深度土壤各土层平均有机碳密度均以表层最大,随土层的增加而降低。（4）土壤有机碳主要存储于0—20 cm土层中,平均含量为53.60%,随着土层的加深,土壤有机碳所占比重急剧下降,经过植被恢复,7种人工林土壤有机碳储量较废弃地0—20 cm土壤有机碳储量提高了26.53%,20.39%,34.48%,10.81%,28.62%,39.52%,36.71%,说明目前矿区通过植被恢复后的土壤状况显著优于未进行恢复措施的废弃地。     

Erosion and covered zones altered by surface coverage effects on soil nitrogen and carbon loss from an agricultural slope under laboratory-simulated rainfall events

Soil erosion, one of the most serious environmental concerns, might remove topsoil and essential element from terrestrial land. However, few attentions have been given to investigating how soil erosion regimes affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of surface coverage rates (83%, 67%, 50%, 33%, 17% and 0%) and two positions (up- and downslope) on erosion regimes and its associated soil nitrogen and carbon loss under a sequence of six rainfalls (R1-R6). These results showed that the sediment concentrations with 33% (R4) and 17% (R5) coverage downslope were significantly lower than those with coverage upslope, whereas there was no significant difference between the runoff rates of the two slopes. Thus, surface coverage at different positions induced two soil erosion regimes (deposition- and transport-dominated processes). Dynamics of the DON and DIN concentrations indicated different release processes of soil nitrogen into runoff. The DON contributed to a substantial amount of soil nitrogen loss, which accounted approximately 81% of the organic form. The SBOC is significantly correlated with sediment-enriched clay particles from the deposition-dominated processes and is higher than that from the transport-dominated processes. The DOC is significantly correlated with Rr for transport-dominated processes. These results illustrated the critical role of erosion regimes in soil organic carbon loss in dissolved or sediment-bound form. It is concluded that erosion/covered zones altered by surface coverage could produce transport- and deposition-dominated erosion regimes and consequently affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. In addition, these results demonstrated that surface coverage pattern may efficiently control soil erosion and soil carbon and nitrogen loss.     

杭州湾湿地不同植被类型下土壤有机碳及其组分分布特征

土壤有机碳及其活性组分能够敏感地反映土壤碳库的变化。调查采集杭州湾自然滩涂湿地土壤样品(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm),比较分析芦苇、互花米草、海三棱藨草、裸滩的土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化碳(ROC)和轻组有机质(LFOM)的变化。结果表明:(1)0~30 cm各土层,芦苇、互花米草、海三棱藨草和裸滩的SOC平均含量依次为3.87~5.08 g kg-1,6.46~6.78 g kg-1,4.33~4.48 g kg-1和4.99~5.25 g kg-1,互花米草SOC含量高于相同土层的其他类型;(2)互花米草DOC和LFOM平均含量分别为90.69~98.90 mg kg-1,2.35~2.95 g kg-1,高于相同土层的海三棱藨草、芦苇和裸滩,而裸滩ROC含量(2.06~2.22 g kg-1)却高于相同土层的其他三种类型;(3)芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草DOC占土壤有机碳的分配比例无显著性差异,而相同土层的DOC占土壤有机碳的分配比例大小依次为裸滩海三棱藨草芦苇互花米草;(4)SOC和DOC、ROC、LFOM、全氮(TN)、土壤含水量、p H之间均存在极显著关系(p0.01),各指标与p H之间均表现为负相关性。研究表明互花米草的入侵增强了滩涂湿地的固碳能力,有机碳活性组分能够反映有机碳库的变化。     

黄土台塬不同土地利用方式下土壤碳组分的差异

为探讨土地利用方式对土壤碳固定的影响,以乔木、灌木、草和农田等不同植被类型,纯林和混交两种栽培模式的黄土台塬为对象,进行了土壤碳组分研究。结果表明,不同利用方式下林地和天然草地在0—100 cm土层总碳,轻组、重组、可溶性有机碳以及轻组有机碳分配比例(LFOC/SOC)均不同程度高于耕地,而其有机无机复合度(HFOC/SOC)则低于耕地,灌木林地和天然草地这种趋势尤为突出;各种土地利用方式间,土壤总碳和HFOC/SOC在0—20cm差异显著,总碳在60—100 cm也差异明显,轻组、重组及可溶性有机碳在0—40 cm,而无机碳则在40—100 cm差异明显;LFOC/SOC和DOC/SOC在各土层均存在一定差异。土壤总碳、有机碳以及各组分有机碳之间呈极显著正相关,而无机碳则与其呈负相关。轻组和可溶性有机碳均与粗颗粒、易氧化有机碳以及2—0.25 mm团聚体有机碳的相关性高于与细颗粒、稳态有机碳和2 mm团聚体有机碳;而重组有机碳则与之相反。轻组有机碳较有机碳、总碳、重组以及可溶性有机碳能更敏感地反映利用方式之间的差异,可作为土壤质量变化的评价指标。     

陇东黄土高原农田土壤微生物量碳和颗粒有机碳剖面分布特征

采用野外调查采样与室内分析相结合的方法,对陇东黄土高原农田黑垆土微生物量碳（MBC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）的剖面分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:不同剖面土壤微生物量碳和颗粒有机碳含量随土层变化差异显著或极显著,主要集中在0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层,呈明显的表聚现象;0—60 cm土层MBC含量随着土层深度增加而减小;随着海拔高度增加,0—20 cm土层MBC含量整体呈增加趋势,变化范围为180.92～282.53 mg/kg;POC含量在0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层的变化范围分别为1.02～1.68 g/kg和0.25～0.96 g/kg,40 cm以下土层颗粒有机碳含量较低;剖面中不同土层深度微生物量碳、颗粒有机碳占总有机碳（SOC）的比例在 0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层均显著或极显著高于其它土层,MBC/SOC变化范围分别为2.29%～3.70%和1.00%～2.11%,POC/SOC的变化范围分别为13.46%～19.13%和5.08%～16.16%,剖面MBC/SOC与MBC、POC/SOC与POC随土层的变化规律均一致,MBC/SOC和POC/SOC可以作为反映土壤剖面质量变化的指标。     

Soil carbon sequestration and crop yield in response to application of chemical fertilizer combined with cattle manure to an artificially eroded Phaeozem

Organic manure application is a feasible approach to alleviate the deterioration of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC). However, to what extent manure application can restore carbon contents in SOC fractions in the eroded Phaeozems remains unknown. A 5-year field experiment was conducted in an artificially eroded Phaeozem with up to 30 cm of topsoil being removed. Chemical fertiliser, or chemical fertiliser plus cattle manure was applied. The contents of SOC were 23.6, 21.6 and 15.1 g C kg^?1 soil for non-soil removal control, 10 and 30 cm of topsoil removal, respectively. Compared with the chemical fertiliser-only treatment, the chemical fertiliser plus manure application markedly increased SOC contents by 30–45% and C sequestration rates by 7.1–9.0-fold, especially in the fraction of 53–250 μm particulate organic carbon. However, with manure applied, SOC content in the fraction of mineral associated organic carbon in the 30 cm topsoil-removed soil was 2.9 g kg^?1, 14.7% less than control (3.4 g kg^?1). The combination of chemical fertliser and manure application effectively restored SOC in the eroded Phaeozems mainly through increasing the size of 53–250 μm particulate organic C fraction, but did not improve the SOC stability in severely eroded Phaeozems.     

Soil carbon pool and effects of soil fertility in seeded alfalfa fields on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China

The dynamics of the soil organic carbon pool and soil fertility were studied in soils with different number of growing years of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. The soil water content and soil water potential decreased and the depth of desiccated layers grew with the number of growing years of alfalfa. The soil organic C (SOC) cannot be enhanced on short timescales in these unfertilized and mowed-alfalfa grasslands in the topsoil, but the light fraction of organic C (LFOC), soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and microbial biomass N (MBN) all increased with the number of growing years. When alfalfa had been growing for more than 13 yr, the soil MBC increased slowly, suggesting that the MBC value is likely to reach a constant level. SOC, soil total P (STP), available P (AvaiP) and the ratio of SOC to soil total N (C/N) all decreased monotonically with the growing years of alfalfa up to 13 yr and then increased. SOC was significantly positively correlated with STP, AvaiP, soil total C (STC) and soil total N (STN) (R=0.627**, 0.691**, 0.497*, 0.546*, respectively). MBC and LFOC were significantly positively correlated with the number of growing years of alfalfa (R=0.873*** and 0.521*, respectively), and LFOC was more sensitive to vegetation components, degree of cover and landform than to the number of years of growth. SOC showed a significant negative correlation with LFOC/SOC and MBC/SOC (R=−0.689**, −0.693**, respectively). A significant positive correlation exists between MBC and soil inorganic C (SIC). LFOC, MBC, LFOC/SOC and MBC/SOC were all significantly positively correlated with each other. Therefore, practices that involve water-harvesting technologies and add residues and phosphate fertilizer to soils should be promoted to improve soil nutrients and hydration and to postpone the degradation of alfalfa grasslands under long-term alfalfa production.