A Cytogenetic Investigation of Madura Cattle

Contents: " Madura cattle," the variety found on the Indonesian island of Madura, is most often referred to as a cross between Bos javanicus and Bos indicus, based largely on phenotypic appearance. The karyotypic patterns of Madura cattle resemble those of Bos taurus, with the exception of the Y chromosome, which is of Bos indicus type. Based on what is known of Bos javanicus, it is concluded that Madura cattle could be the result of a cross between a Bos taurus or Bos javanicus cow and a Bos indicus bull .
Inhalt: Eine cytogenetische Untersuchung über das Madura-Rind
Das Madura-Rind, eine Varietät der indonesischen Insel Madura, wird wegen seines Aussehens oft als Kreuzung zwischen Bos javanicus ( Banteng) und Bos indicus ( Zebu) angesehen. Das karyotypische Bild des Madura-Rindes gleicht jenem von Bos taurus mit Ausnahme des Y-Chromosoms, welches dem Bos indicus- Typ entspricht. Nachdem, was über Bos javanicus bekannt ist, muβ man folgern, daβ das Madura-Rind ein Kreu-zungsprodukt zwischen einer Bos taurus- oder Bos javanicus-Kuh und einem Bos indi- cusBullen sein könnte .     

红安格斯牛mtDNA D-loop序列变异

测定8头红安格斯牛mtDNA D-loop全序列911bp,确定的6种单倍型含有49个变异位点,1次颠换,46次转换,明显的转换倾向,2次缺失/插入,其中5种单倍型为普通牛线粒体单倍型,属普通牛支系,而Angus-6属瘤牛支系,表明红安格斯牛兼含有普通牛和瘤牛的遗传背景,但受瘤牛的影响非常小,和大多现代普通牛一样,红安格斯牛受到过瘤牛基因渐渗的影响.     

大额牛HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分片段的序列测定及分析

对大额牛HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分序列进行PCR扩增、测序及氨基酸预测,并同其它牛种的资料进行了比对分析,构建了分子系统进化树。结果表明:大额牛其核苷酸序列与牦牛、普通牛、瘤牛、水牛间的同源性分别为99.6%、99.4%、99.2%、97.0%。相应的氨基酸序列大额牛与水牛的同源性为97.6%;与普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛的同源性均为99.4%,仅在第33位有1个氨基酸变异,即大额牛为异亮氨酸,而其它3个牛种均为缬氨酸,这是由该基因片段的第97位碱基发生转换(A←→G)造成的。从分子系统进化树看,瘤牛和普通牛先聚为一类,再依次与牦牛、大额牛、水牛相聚,这与传统的牛种分类结果一致。     

Polymorphisms in the bovine hemoglobin‐beta gene provide evidence for gene‐flow between wild species of Bos (Bibos) and domestic cattle in Southeast Asia

The electrophoretic variation in bovine hemoglobin‐beta (HBB) is one of the most investigated genetic markers. The presence of a unique HBB variant, HBB^X, in Southeast Asian cattle has been reputed as a sign of gene‐flow from wild bovine species. In this study, we analyzed the DNA sequences of HBB genes in domestic and wild bovine species to verify this belief. Isoelectric focusing of HBB chain revealed that the HBB^X in domestic cattle had dimorphism and was separated into HBB^X1 and HBB^X2. The HBB^X1 had the same DNA sequence of the common HBB variant in gayal (Bos gaurus frontalis), while some of the HBB^X2 were identical with that of Cambodian banteng (Bos javanicus birmanicus). As a result, we confirmed that the bovine HBB variants can be a good indicator of introgression between wild and domestic cattle. The HBB^X1 was always predominant to HBB^X2 in the continental populations, suggesting that the gaur had contributed to the gene pool of domestic cattle in this region much more than the banteng. On the other hand, the mitochondrial DNA analysis could not detect gene‐flow from wild species. Autosomal markers that can trace the phylogeny between alleles are suitable for the assessment of bovine interspecific introgression.     

Kazakhstani native cattle reveal highly divergent mtDNA from Bos taurus and Bos indicus lineages with an absence of Bos indicus Y chromosome

Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country and contains two important propagation routes for livestock from the Fertile Crescent to Asia. Therefore, genetic information about Kazakhstani cattle can be important for understanding the propagation history and the genetic admixture in Central Asian cattle. In the present study, we analyzed the complete mtDNA D‐loop sequence and SRY gene polymorphism in 122 Kazakhstani native cattle. The D‐loop sequences revealed 79 mitochondrial haplotypes, with the major haplogroups T and I. The Bos taurus subhaplogroups consisted of T (3.3%), T1 (2.5%), T2 (2.5%), and T4 (0.8%) in addition to the predominant subhaplogroup T3 (86.9%), and the Bos indicus subhaplogroup of I1 (4.1%). Subsequently, we investigated the paternal lineages of Bos taurus and Bos indicus, however, all Kazakhstani cattle were shown to have Y chromosome of Bos taurus origin. While highly divergent mtDNA subhaplogroups in Kazakhstani cattle could be due to the geographical proximity of Kazakhstan with the domestication center of the Fertile Crescent, the absence of Bos indicus Y chromosomes could be explained by a decoupling of the introgression dynamics of maternal and paternal lineages. This genetic information would contribute to understanding the genetic diversity and propagation history of cattle in Central Asia.     

Genetic diversity of growth hormone receptor gene in cattle

Growth hormone receptor (GHR) belongs to a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily. Polymorphism of presence or absence of an approximately 1.2 kbp LINE-1 element is observed in bovine GHR gene. The present study was carried out for estimating the genetic diversity and the origin of the LINE-1 element in 10 European, Southeastern Asian and East Asian cattle breeds or populations. Genotyping of the LINE-1 revealed predominant LINE-1 presence in European breeds (0.917∼0.991), absence in the Bos taurus indicus populations (0.000∼0.017), and intermediate presence in Northeast Asian cattle (0.417∼0.522). From genetic features of LINE families, LINE-1 of GHR could be attributed to the same origin in both European and Asian cattle, and Asian LINE-1 may not be derived from recent introgression. This result suggested that LINE-1 in bovine GHR gene could have arisen in an ancestral population of Bos taurus taurus .     

湘西黄牛Y-SNPs遗传多样性研究

[目的]通过Y-SNP分子标记方法研究湘西黄牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序与生物信息学方法,对24头湘西黄牛的2个Y-SNPs(UTY-19和ZFY-10)标记进行多态性分析。[结果]结果表明,湘西黄牛有Y1和Y3两种单倍型组,频率分别为12.5%和87.5%,表明湘西黄牛可能有普通牛和瘤牛2个父系起源。湘西黄牛的Y-SNP遗传多样度为0.2283±0.0978,表明湘西黄牛具有较低的父系遗传多样性,品种纯度较高。[结论]湘西黄牛的父系起源为瘤牛Y3单倍型组,其Y1单倍型组为国外肉牛杂交所致。     

Trypanotolerance in East African Orma Boran cattle

Comparative studies on two types of large East African zebu (Bos indicus) Boran cattle, on a beef ranch in Kenya, have indicated that a Boran type bred by the Orma tribe has a superior response to tsetse fly challenge. The Orma Boran when compared with an improved Boran was found to have lower trypanosome infection rates and, when untreated, better control of anaemia and decreased mortality.     

Lack of evidence for bovine Y-chromosomal variation in beef traits. A Bayesian analysis of Simmental data

Y-chromosomal loci are genetically responsible for some male-specific biological processes. The sex determining region Y (SRY), a protein with DNA-binding activity, is known as the trigger for sex differentiation in mammals. In humans the SRY is encoded by a single exon located on the short arm of the Y chromosome, close to the pseudoautosomal boundary (S inclair et al. 1990). Moreover, the Y chromosome harbours the male-specific histocompatibility antigen (reviewed by S impson et al. 1997) and there are at least two regions of the Y chromosome, which have been shown to be essential for normal spermatogenesis in mice (E lliott and C ooke 1997). The sexual dimorphism of aggression in mice has led to a search for its foundation on the Y chromosome. The existence of Y-chromosomal genetic variation for aggressiveness with genetic factors borne both on the pseudoautosomal (YPAR) and on the nonpseudoautosomal (YNPAR) region of the Y chromosome (S luyter et al. 1996) has been shown. Another example for Y-induced genetic variation in mice is the testis autosomal trait (occurrence of ovaries or ovotestes in XY animals), which is observed when specific Y chromosomes interact with the autosomal background of certain laboratory mouse lines (E isner et al. 1996). A comparison of the resemblance of different types of relatives indicated a nonzero Y-chromosomal variance for body weight in mice (B& uuml ; nger et al. 1995). In cattle the Y chromosomes of the Bos taurus and Bos indicus subspecies can be morphologically distinguished: its shape is submetacentric in B. taurus and acrocentric in B.indicus. This difference is caused by a pericentric inversion (G oldammer et al. 1997) and has frequently been used to investigate the introgression of zebu genes into B. taurus breeds. The polymorphism of the bovine Y chromosome itself and the results of mouse research both direct the scientific curiosity on the possible contribution of the bovine Y chromosome to quantitative genetic variation in cattle, a question which, to the authors’ knowledge, has not been investigated before. In this paper we first discuss the contribution of autosomal, imprinted, and sex-linked genes to the resemblance of full and half sibs and then present a Bayesian estimation of a Y-chromosomal variance component for each of four beef traits in young Simmental bulls using mixed linear and threshold models.     

中国黄牛Y-SNPs遗传多样性与起源研究

为了研究中国黄牛Y染色体SNPs的遗传多样性及父系起源,本研究利用PCR-SSCP与测序方法,选择4个牛Y-SNPs位点DDX3Y-7、UTY-19、ZFY-9和ZFY-10,分析了16个中国地方黄牛品种284头公牛与缅甸黄牛4头公牛Y染色体的遗传多样性.结果表明,在中国16个黄牛品种中,仅发现普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型,表明只有Y2和Y3两种父系起源,尚未发现中国黄牛存在普通牛Y1单倍型的分子证据.4头缅甸黄牛均为Y3单倍型.在中国16个黄牛品种中,Y2和Y3单倍型频率分别为57.0％和43.0％,其中Y2单倍型频率在北方黄牛中占优势(98.3％),Y3单倍型频率在南方黄牛中占优势(76.1％),中原黄牛中普通牛Y2的单倍型频率较高,为63.8％0,瘤牛Y3的单倍型频率为36.2％.本研究证明,中国黄牛存在普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型两种父系起源,Y2单倍型频率自北向南逐渐减少,Y3单倍型频率自北向南逐渐增加,中原地区为普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型的交汇处.     

Comparative Histology of the Kidney of Bos taurus and Bos indicus Cattle

Twenty-six kidneys of 2–4 years old Bos indicus (zebu cattle) and twenty kidneys of 4-year old Bos taurus were examined under the light microscope. The renal tubular epithelial heights and diameters were smaller in zebu than in Bos taurus. The Bos indicus kidney had fewer vascular bundles in the outer medullary zone and a smaller number of capillaries per vascular bundle, hence a lower renal blood flow than in Bos taurus. The Bos indicus proximal tubules had broader brush borders than those of Bos taurus. The smaller renal corpuscles with smaller glomerular filtration surface and low renal blood flow are responsible for low glomerular filtration rate and urinary flow, enabling their kidneys to retain more water than those of Bos taurus.     

温岭高峰牛线粒体DNA全基因组遗传多样性分析

[目的]通过测定温岭高峰牛线粒体DNA全基因组序列以分析温岭高峰牛的母系起源及遗传多样性。[方法]采用DNA提取、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果]通过对19头温岭高峰牛线粒体DNA全基因组序列分析,共发现263个变异位点,定义9种单倍型,单倍型多样度(Hd±SD)为0.778±0.096,核苷酸多样度(Pi±SD)为0.0017±0.0014,表明温岭高峰牛的遗传多样性较低。构建的NJ系统发育树和单倍型进化网络图表明温岭高峰牛有普通牛和瘤牛2种母系起源。[结论]温岭高峰牛线粒体DNA基因组的遗传多样性较低,有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系起源,但主要受瘤牛的影响。     

中国牛亚科6个物种MSTN基因外显子2多态性及分化研究

采用PCR扩增了6个中国牛种共101个样本的MSTN基因外显子2的编码区,序列分析显示,MSTN基因外显子2编码区含372个碱基对,在所检测样本中,存在10个核苷酸多态位点,定义了7种单倍型,雷琼牛、蒙古牛、独龙牛与巴音郭楞牦牛享有共同的单倍型;MSNT基因外显子2在6个牛种中多态性较丰富。结果表明:两水牛与牛属群体间分化明显;牛属群体中牦牛独自聚成一类;大额牛存在一个独立分支;雷琼牛与一部分独龙牛、大部分蒙古牛和瘤牛聚成一支,说明蒙古牛、雷琼牛、独龙牛种间存在着基因交流。牦牛与普通牛、瘤牛的分化较明显,亲缘关系较远;研究证实了水牛的属分类地位,一定程度上支持牦牛及大额牛划为牛亚科中单独的一个属。     

Mineral deficiency status of ranging zebu (Bos indicus) cattle around the Gilgel Gibe catchment, Ethiopia

Mineral deficiencies in cattle, widespread in East Africa, impair optimal health and production and consequently place a great burden on the farmers' income. Therefore, detection of shortages and imbalances of specific minerals is essential. Our objective was to evaluate the mineral status of grazing cattle around the Gilgel Gibe catchment in Ethiopia and associated factors. In study I, individual animal plasma and herd faecal Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations were determined in adult zebu cattle (Bos indicus; n?=?90) grazing at three altitudes around the catchment, whilst recording body condition score and sex. In study II, liver samples of adult male zebu cattle (n?=?53) were analysed for Cu, Zn, Fe, Se and Mo concentrations and inspected for parasitic infections. Plasma and liver analyses revealed a Cu deficiency problem in the area, since 68 and 47 % of cattle, respectively, were Cu deprived according to diagnostic criteria for Bos taurus cattle. High hepatic Mo concentrations in 17 % of cases might reflect excessive dietary Mo intake. Liver Se and plasma Na concentrations were too low in 92 and 80 % of cattle. Plasma Mn concentrations were largely below the detection limit. Plasma Cu as well as Ca concentrations were lower in the lowest altitude compared to the highest altitude group (P?<?0.05), whereas lean to medium cattle had lower plasma Cu concentrations (P?<?0.05). No differences in hepatic mineral concentrations were detected between cattle with different types of parasitic infection. In conclusion, bovine mineral deficiencies were present in the Gilgel Gibe area and were associated with grazing altitude and body condition score.     

南丹牛Y-SNPs与Y-STRs遗传多样性研究

[目的]分析南丹牛的Y染色体遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法进行分析。[结果]通过对25头南丹牛的Y-SNPs和Y-STRs分析,发现南丹牛仅包含瘤牛Y3单倍型组,细分为Y3-88-156和Y3-90-156两种单倍型,单倍型频率分别为92%和8%,南丹牛的Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.1533±0.0915。[结论]南丹牛是瘤牛父系起源,其遗传基础很稳定。     

Milk protein polymorphisms in cattle (Bos indicus), mithun (Bos frontalis) and yak (Bos grunniens) breeds and their hybrids indigenous to Bhutan

In the current study, milk protein variation was examined in cattle (Bos indicus), mithun (Bos frontalis), yak (Bos grunniens) and their hybrid populations in Bhutan to estimate genetic variability, conduct genetic characterization and assess the possibility of gene flow between mithun and cattle. Isoelectric focusing of 372 milk samples from 11 populations detected four molecular types of β‐lactoglobulin (A, B, E and M), five molecular types of α_S1‐casein (A, B, C, E and X) and three molecular types of k‐casein (A, B and X). Mithun and yak shared alleles but were found to exhibit different allele frequencies for the proteins studied. The degree of genetic variability within populations was measured by average heterozygosity and ranged from 24–40% in cattle, 26% for yak and 33% for mithun. We also resolved the traditional mithun and cattle hybridization system via principal component analysis. Our results suggested secondary introgression of mithun genes to the village Thrabum population, and a close genetic relationship between Bhutanese indigenous cattle and Indian cattle.     

Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in zebu Gobra (Bos indicus)

Plasma disposition kinetics of ivermectin was evaluated in a West African cattle breed. Five clinically healthy zebu Gobra cattle (Bos indicus) weighing 220-270 kg were treated (0.2 mg kg-1) with a commercially available ivermectin formulation for cattle. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture at different times between 0.5 h and 40 days post-treatment. After plasma extraction and derivatization, samples were analysed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Ivermectin was detected in plasma between 30 min and 20 days post-treatment. The observed peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 46.3+/-13.8 ng ml-1 and the time to reach Cmax (t(max)) was 0.9+/-0.2 day. The values for the absorption half-life (t1/2ab) and the elimination half-life (t1/2el) were 0.3+/-0.2 and 2.8+/-0.7 days, respectively. The calculated area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was 185.2+/-12.1 ng day ml-1 and the mean residence time (MRT) was 4.2+/-1.3 days. The availability of ivermectin is low in zebu Gobra in comparison to other breeds cattle but equivalent to that reported in the yak and is likely to be due to physiological characteristics of this breed.     

雷琼牛肌肉生长抑制素基因序列研究

通过PCR方法对18头雷琼牛的MSTN基因进行扩增、测序。编码区序列分析结果表明：雷琼牛MSTN基因比外域瘤牛存在较丰富的多态性,共发现4个突变位点（2个转换,2个颠换）,定义了6种单倍型,群体单倍型多样性较高（0．810±0．057）;分析结果表明：MSTN基因的相关突变的发生可能早于Bos属瘤牛、普通牛、牦牛的分化;在瘤牛种内,我国南方的瘤牛可能是更原始的种群。     

Cytokine responses of Holstein and Sahiwal zebu derived monocytes after mycobacterial infection

Recently, we found that Holstein cattle (Bos taurus taurus) displayed higher skin test prevalence and disease severity compared to zebu (Bos taurus indicus) herd-mates kept under identical husbandry conditions in Ethiopia. To determine whether these susceptibility differences were patent at the level of the innate immune system, we infected monocytes from naïve Holstein or Sahiwal zebu cattle with either live virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. The cytokine profile following infection was compared between the two breeds by measuring IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α as well as nitric oxide in culture supernatants. Our results suggested subtle differences in the cytokine profile because only infection-induced IL-6 production was significantly increased in monocytes from the more susceptible Holstein cattle.     

Genetic structure and differentiation of 12 African Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle breeds, inferred from protein and microsatellite polymorphisms

Level of genetic differentiation, gene flow and genetic structuring of nine Bos indicus and three Bos taurus cattle breeds in Cameroon and Nigeria were estimated using the genetic information from 16 microsatellite, five blood protein and seven milk protein markers. The global heterozygote deficit across all populations (F_it) amounted to 11.7% (p < 0.001). The overall significant (p < 0.001) deficit of heterozygotes because of inbreeding within breeds (F_is) amounted to 6.1%. The breeds were moderately differentiated (F_st = 6%, p < 0.001) with all loci except CSN1S2 contributing significantly to the F_st value. The 12 populations belong to two genetic clusters, a zebu and a taurine cluster. While inferred sub‐clusters within the taurine group corresponded extremely well to predefined breed categorizations, no real sub‐clusters, corresponding to predefined breeds, existed within the zebu cluster. With the application of prior population information, cluster analysis achieved posterior probabilities from 0.962 to 0.994 of correctly assigning individuals to their rightful populations. High gene flow was evident between the zebu populations. Positive and negative implications of the observed genetic structure of the breeds on their development, improvement and conservation are discussed. The study shows that the breeds are threatened by uncontrolled breeding and therefore are at risk to become genetically uniform in the future. This situation can be avoided by putting in place effective breeding and management measures aimed at limiting uncontrolled mating between the breeds and to preserve special characteristics, genetic as well as breed biodiversity. The first step towards realizing these goals might be to geographically demarcate the breeds.