隆林黄牛Y-SNPs遗传多样性与起源研究

[目的]为从分子水平探究隆林黄牛的遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]利用PCR测序及生物信息方法,对20头隆林黄牛公牛的2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)进行多态性检测。[结果]结果显示,20头隆林黄牛中有14头为Y3单倍型组(70%),有6头牛为Y2单倍型组(30%),Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.4421±0.0875,表明隆林牛具有丰富的Y染色体遗传多样性。[结论]隆林黄牛具有瘤牛和普通牛2个父系起源,以瘤牛父系起源为主。     

金川牦牛和中国西门塔尔牛肉品质差异研究

[目的]为从分子水平探究隆林黄牛的遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]利用PCR测序及生物信息方法,对20头隆林黄牛公牛的2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)进行多态性检测。[结果]结果显示,20头隆林黄牛中有14头为Y3单倍型组(70%),有6头牛为Y2单倍型组(30%),Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.4421±0.0875,表明隆林牛具有丰富的Y染色体遗传多样性。[结论]隆林黄牛具有瘤牛和普通牛2个父系起源,以瘤牛父系起源为主。     

黄牛Y染色体分子遗传多样性研究进展

Y染色体分子遗传多样性是追溯动物起源、驯化历史和迁徙路线的重要工具,也可以用来反映动物的父系遗传多样性及用于研究群体间父系介导的杂交情况。Y染色体单倍型多样性可以分别通过Y染色体单核苷酸多态性(Y-SNP)和Y染色体微卫星多态性(Y-STR)或这二者结合起来构建精确的Y染色体单倍型。黄牛有3种父系起源(普通牛Y1、Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型组),可以通过Y-SNP来区分,通过-STR标记可以区分Y1、Y2和Y3所具有的丰富的精细单倍型。本文汇集了包括中国在内的国内外黄牛Y染色体遗传多样性与起源进化的研究进展。     

关岭牛Y染色体遗传多样性与父系起源研究

[目的]探究关岭牛Y染色体遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、限制性酶切和生物信息学方法,分析关岭牛Y-SNP(USP9Y基因)和2个Y-STRs标记(INRA189和BM861)的遗传多样性。[结果]发现32头关岭牛USP9Y基因的PCR产物均为552bp,其中4头牛的552bp片段不能被SspI酶切开,属于普通牛Y2单倍型组,占0.125,其余28头牛的PCR产物均可被酶切成两条带(215bp和338bp),属于瘤牛Y3单倍型组,占0.875。2个Y-STRs标记INRA189和BM861在关岭牛品种均表现多态性(88/104bp和156/158bp)。结合Y-SNP与Y-STRs的分型结果,界定关岭牛有2种Y染色体单倍型Y2-104-158和Y3-88-156,其Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.2258±0.0882,表明关岭牛父系遗传多样性很低。[结论]关岭牛具有普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3两种父系起源,其中瘤牛占明显优势。     

皖南牛Y-STRs与Y-SNPs遗传多样性研究

[目的]从分子水平探究皖南牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]利用PCR产物直接测序、荧光微卫星分型方法,选择2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)和2个Y-STRs位点(INRA189和BM861)对35头皖南公牛进行遗传多样性检测。[结果]发现35头皖南公牛包含Y1、Y2和Y3 3种单倍型组,其频率分别为2.86%、8.56%和88.58%。普通牛Y1单倍型组只有1种单倍型(Y1-98-158),普通牛Y2单倍型组有3种单倍型(Y2-102-158、Y2-104-158和Y2-106-158),瘤牛Y3单倍型组只有1种单倍型(Y3-88-156),皖南牛Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.2185±0.0924,表明皖南牛有普通牛与瘤牛2个父系起源,遗传多样性较低。[结论]皖南牛属于南方黄牛类型,以瘤牛的种质特性为主。     

涠洲牛Y-SNPs和Y-STRs遗传多样性及父系起源研究

[目的]为从分子水平上探究涠洲牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]本研究利用PCR测序及生物信息学方法,对28头涠洲公牛的2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)及2个Y-STRs标记(INRA189和BM861)进行多态性检测。[结果]发现28头涠洲牛全部为Y3单倍型组,根据Y-SNPs标记的核苷酸变异及Y-STRs标记的等位基因大小确定单倍型(Y-SNP-INRA189-BM861),结果显示28头涠洲牛有Y3-88-156和Y3-90-156两种单倍型,单倍型频率分别为89.29%和10.71%,说明涠洲牛只有1个瘤牛Y3父系起源。Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.1984±0.0924,表明涠洲牛的父系遗传多样性较低。[结论]涠洲牛属于瘤牛父系起源,遗传基础十分稳定。     

昭通牛Y-SNPs和Y-STRs遗传多样性和父系起源研究

[目的]从分子水平分析昭通牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]利用PCR产物直接测序和荧光微卫星分型方法对24头昭通牛2个Y-SNPs标记（UTY-19和ZFY-10）和2个Y-STRs标记（INRA189和BM861）进行遗传多态性检测。[结果]发现昭通牛有Y2-90-158和Y3-88-156两种单倍型（Y-SNPs-INRA189-BM861）,频率分别为29.17%和70.83%,表明昭通牛有普通牛和瘤牛两种父系起源。Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.4312±0.0812,说明昭通牛的遗传多样性较高。[结论]昭通牛以瘤牛Y3单倍型组为主,具有南方黄牛特征,与其地理分布和气候及形态特征相一致。     

岭南黄牛Y-SNP遗传多样性与父系起源研究

[目的]通过对岭南牛两个Y-SNPs标记进行研究,了解岭南牛的父系起源及遗传多样性。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果]通过对30头岭南牛YSNPs标记进行分析,发现有28个Y3单倍型组,占总个体数的93.33%,2个为Y2单倍型组,占6.67%。表明岭南牛有普通牛和瘤牛2个父系起源。[结论]岭南牛属于南方牛类型,受瘤牛的影响很大,具有瘤牛和普通牛的种质特征。     

渤海黑牛Y染色体遗传多样性及父系起源研究

[目的]为研究渤海黑牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法,利用Y-SNPs和Y-STRs联合标记,对15头纯种渤海黑牛和15头与日本和牛杂交改良的渤海黑牛公牛进行遗传多样性检测。[结果]发现15头纯种渤海黑牛中普通牛Y1单倍型组所占频率为6.67%,普通牛Y2单倍型组所占频率为20.00%,瘤牛Y3单倍型组所占频率为73.33%,单倍型多样度为0.4476±0.1345;15头与日本和牛杂交改良的个体中,Y1单倍型组所占频率为40.00%,Y2单倍型组所占频率为26.67%,Y3单倍型组所占频率为33.33%,单倍型多样度为0.7048±0.0535。结果表明,渤海黑牛群体存在普通牛Y1、Y2和瘤牛Y3三种父系起源,遗传多样性较高。[结论]纯种渤海黑牛的父系以瘤牛为主,同时兼有普通牛Y2的种质特征。     

湘西黄牛mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

[目的]为了探究湘西黄牛的遗传多样性与母系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果]在33头湘西黄牛mtDNA D-loop区共检测到55个变异位点,界定了15个mtDNA单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.8750,核苷酸多样度为0.0144,表明湘西黄牛的遗传多样性较低。构建的系统发育树表明湘西黄牛具有普通牛和瘤牛两大母系起源。[结论]湘西黄牛的遗传多样性较低,属于中国南方黄牛,有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系起源,受瘤牛的影响更大。     

南丹牛Y-SNPs与Y-STRs遗传多样性研究

[目的]分析南丹牛的Y染色体遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法进行分析。[结果]通过对25头南丹牛的Y-SNPs和Y-STRs分析,发现南丹牛仅包含瘤牛Y3单倍型组,细分为Y3-88-156和Y3-90-156两种单倍型,单倍型频率分别为92%和8%,南丹牛的Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.1533±0.0915。[结论]南丹牛是瘤牛父系起源,其遗传基础很稳定。     

南宁市肉牛的Y染色体遗传多样性分析

[目的]为了探究广西南宁市肉牛的父系遗传背景与遗传组成。[方法]利用PCR扩增、限制性酶酶切和生物信息学方法,对南宁屠宰场的73头肉牛Y染色体USP9Y基因的遗传多态性进行分析。[结果]发现73头公牛USP9Y基因的PCR产物具有多态性,2头牛显示471 bp带型,71头牛显示552 bp带型。在71个552 bp带型中,有28个可以被SspI酶切成2条带(338 bp和215 bp),表明这28头牛为Y3单倍型组(38.36%),而其余43个不能被SspI酶切,表明这43头牛为Y2单倍型组(58.90%)。仅有2头牛的PCR产物为471 bp,表明这2头牛为Y1单倍型组(2.74%)。屠宰牛群的单倍型多样度为0.5122±0.0309,表明屠宰牛群的Y染色体遗传多样度较高。[结论]南宁市屠宰牛群的来源比较复杂,有普通牛(Y1与Y2单倍型组)和瘤牛(Y3单倍型组)2个父系起源。     

中国黄牛Y-SNPs遗传多样性与起源研究

为了研究中国黄牛Y染色体SNPs的遗传多样性及父系起源,本研究利用PCR-SSCP与测序方法,选择4个牛Y-SNPs位点DDX3Y-7、UTY-19、ZFY-9和ZFY-10,分析了16个中国地方黄牛品种284头公牛与缅甸黄牛4头公牛Y染色体的遗传多样性.结果表明,在中国16个黄牛品种中,仅发现普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型,表明只有Y2和Y3两种父系起源,尚未发现中国黄牛存在普通牛Y1单倍型的分子证据.4头缅甸黄牛均为Y3单倍型.在中国16个黄牛品种中,Y2和Y3单倍型频率分别为57.0％和43.0％,其中Y2单倍型频率在北方黄牛中占优势(98.3％),Y3单倍型频率在南方黄牛中占优势(76.1％),中原黄牛中普通牛Y2的单倍型频率较高,为63.8％0,瘤牛Y3的单倍型频率为36.2％.本研究证明,中国黄牛存在普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型两种父系起源,Y2单倍型频率自北向南逐渐减少,Y3单倍型频率自北向南逐渐增加,中原地区为普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型的交汇处.     

中国黄牛Y-STRs遗传多样性与起源研究

[目的]研究中国黄牛Y染色体STRs的遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,选择2个牛Y-STRs位点INRA189和BM861,分析16个中国地方黄牛品种284头公牛与4头缅甸黄牛公牛的Y染色体遗传多样性。[结果]在中国16个黄牛品种中,2个Y-STR位点可以区分中国黄牛中的普通牛和瘤牛类型,表明中国黄牛有普通牛和瘤牛两种父系起源。4头缅甸黄牛均为瘤牛类型。在中国16个黄牛品种中,普通牛和瘤牛分布频率分别为57.0%和43.0%,其中普通牛频率在北方黄牛中占优势(98.3%),瘤牛频率在南方黄牛中占优势(76.1%),中原黄牛中普通牛频率较高为63.8%,瘤牛频率为36.2%。[结论]中国黄牛存在普通牛和瘤牛两种父系起源;普通牛频率自北向南逐渐减少,瘤牛频率自北向南逐渐增加,中原地区为普通牛和瘤牛的交汇处。     

Kazakhstani native cattle reveal highly divergent mtDNA from Bos taurus and Bos indicus lineages with an absence of Bos indicus Y chromosome

Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country and contains two important propagation routes for livestock from the Fertile Crescent to Asia. Therefore, genetic information about Kazakhstani cattle can be important for understanding the propagation history and the genetic admixture in Central Asian cattle. In the present study, we analyzed the complete mtDNA D‐loop sequence and SRY gene polymorphism in 122 Kazakhstani native cattle. The D‐loop sequences revealed 79 mitochondrial haplotypes, with the major haplogroups T and I. The Bos taurus subhaplogroups consisted of T (3.3%), T1 (2.5%), T2 (2.5%), and T4 (0.8%) in addition to the predominant subhaplogroup T3 (86.9%), and the Bos indicus subhaplogroup of I1 (4.1%). Subsequently, we investigated the paternal lineages of Bos taurus and Bos indicus, however, all Kazakhstani cattle were shown to have Y chromosome of Bos taurus origin. While highly divergent mtDNA subhaplogroups in Kazakhstani cattle could be due to the geographical proximity of Kazakhstan with the domestication center of the Fertile Crescent, the absence of Bos indicus Y chromosomes could be explained by a decoupling of the introgression dynamics of maternal and paternal lineages. This genetic information would contribute to understanding the genetic diversity and propagation history of cattle in Central Asia.     

温岭高峰牛线粒体DNA全基因组遗传多样性分析

[目的]通过测定温岭高峰牛线粒体DNA全基因组序列以分析温岭高峰牛的母系起源及遗传多样性。[方法]采用DNA提取、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果]通过对19头温岭高峰牛线粒体DNA全基因组序列分析,共发现263个变异位点,定义9种单倍型,单倍型多样度(Hd±SD)为0.778±0.096,核苷酸多样度(Pi±SD)为0.0017±0.0014,表明温岭高峰牛的遗传多样性较低。构建的NJ系统发育树和单倍型进化网络图表明温岭高峰牛有普通牛和瘤牛2种母系起源。[结论]温岭高峰牛线粒体DNA基因组的遗传多样性较低,有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系起源,但主要受瘤牛的影响。     

Differences in genetic structure assessed using Y‐chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers do not shape the contributions to diversity in African sires

Up to 173 African sires belonging to 11 different subpopulations representative of four cattle groups were analysed for six Y‐specific microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial DNA fragment. Differences in Y‐chromosome and mtDNA haplotype structuring were assessed. In addition, the effect of such structuring on contributions to total genetic diversity was assessed. Thirty‐five Y‐chromosome and 71 mtDNA haplotypes were identified. Most Y‐chromosomes analysed (73.4%) were of zebu origin (11 haplotypes). Twenty‐two Y‐haplotypes (44 samples) belonged to the African taurine subfamily Y2a. All mtDNA haplotypes belonged to the “African” taurine T1 haplogroup with 16 samples and nine haplotypes belonging to a recently identified subhaplogroup (T1e). Median‐joining networks showed that Y‐chromosome phylogenies were highly reticulated with clear separation between zebu and taurine clusters. Mitochondrial haplotypes showed a clear star‐like shape with small number of mutations separating haplotypes. Mitochondrial‐based F_ST‐statistics computed between cattle groups tended to be statistically non‐significant (p > .05). Most F_ST values computed among groups and subpopulations using Y‐chromosome markers were statistically significant. AMOVA confirmed that divergence between cattle groups was only significant for Y‐chromosome markers (Φ_CT = 0.209). At the mitochondrial level, African sires resembled an undifferentiated population with individuals explaining 94.3% of the total variance. Whatever the markers considered, the highest contributions to total Nei's gene diversity and allelic richness were found in West African cattle. Genetic structuring had no effect on patterns of contributions to diversity.     

Genetic diversity and structure in Bos taurus and Bos indicus populations analyzed by SNP markers

The purpose of this study was to assess genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship and population structure among nine Eurasian cattle populations using 58 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The calculated distribution of minor allele frequencies and heterozygosities suggested that the genetic diversity of Bos indicus populations was lower than that of Bos taurus populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the main divergence between the Bos taurus and Bos indicus populations, and subsequently between Asian and European populations. By principal components analysis, the Bos taurus and Bos indicus populations were clearly distinguished with PC1 (61.1%); however, six Bos taurus populations clustered loosely and the partial separation between European and Asian groups was observed by PC2 (12.5%). The structure analysis was performed using the STRUCTURE program. Distinct separation between Bos taurus and Bos indicus was shown at K = 2, and that between European and Asian populations at K = 3. At K = 4, 5 and 6, Mongolian population showed an admixture pattern with different ancestry of Asian and European cattle. At K = 7, all Bos taurus populations showed each cluster with little proportion of admixture. In conclusion, 58 SNP markers in this study could sufficiently estimate the genetic diversity, relationship and structure for nine Eurasian cattle populations, especially by analyses of principal components and STRUCTURE.     

Genetic diversity and origin of Gayal and cattle in Yunnan revealed by mtDNA control region and SRY gene sequence variation

There are hump, humpless cattle and gayal distributed in Yunnan province, south‐west China, but their genetic background remains unclear. To determine the origin and genetic diversity of Yunnan gayal and cattle (Diqing, Nujiang and Wenshan cattle), we analysed mtDNA control region sequences of 71 samples and SRY gene sequences of 39 samples, together with the available sequences in GenBank. The neighbour‐joining phylogeny and the reduced median network analysis showed that Yunnan gayal originated from the hybridization between male Bos frontalis and female Bos taurus or Bos indicus, and that Yunnan cattle mostly originated from B. indicus, also containing some hybrids of male B. indicus and female B. taurus. The phylogenetic pattern of Yunnan cattle was consistent with the recently described cattle matrilineal pool from China and indicated more contribution to the Yunnan cattle from B. indicus than from B. taurus.