鸡血浆中脱水穿心莲内酯的浓度测定

为了建立鸡血浆脱水穿心莲内酯的测定方法,给动物应用穿心莲后有效成分的吸收评价研究提供基础资料,试验以脱水穿心莲内酯为指标性成分,应用反相HPLC法测定岭南黄鸡内服穿心莲超微粉后血浆中脱水穿心莲内酯含量的变化.结果表明:内服给药后,在测定的时间段(0～10 h)内脱水穿心莲内酯在血浆中均有分布,给药后约40 min达到峰值,峰浓度约为1.542 μg/mL,给药后10 h的浓度为0.067 μg/mL;该方法的平均绝对回收率为90.44%～98.99%;最低定量限、最低检测限分别为0.04 μg/mL和0.02 μg/mL.     

高效液相色谱法测定穿心莲注射液的含量

建立了穿心莲注射液中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。采用watersXBridgeC18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,甲醇：水（65：35）为流动相,流速为1．0mL／min．穿心莲内酯波长为225nm,脱水穿心莲内酯波长为254nm,柱温30℃。穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯均在0．01～0．2mg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好。系统精密度分别为0．35％和0．30％．平均回收率分别为96．57％和97．98％。结果表明,该方法简单可行、重复性好,可用于穿心莲注射液中有效成分的含量测定。     

兽用中成药四味穿心莲散质量标准提高研究

目的：开展四味穿心莲散的质量标准提高研究.方法：采用薄层色谱法对处方中大青叶进行定性鉴别.用高效液相色谱法对四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯进行含量测定,色谱条件：Diamonsil C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-水,梯度洗脱,穿心莲内酯检测波长为225 nm,脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长为254 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min.结果：该薄层鉴别方法分离度良好,专属性强.穿心莲内酯的含量测定范围为0.052 6-0.526 1μg（r=0.999 3）,脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定范围为0.051 7-0.517 3μg（r=0.999 7）.穿心莲内酯的加样回收率为99.2％,RSD为2.4％;脱水穿心莲内酯加样回收率为101.2％,RSD为1.6％.结论：该方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于四味穿心莲散的质量控制.     

HPLC双波长法测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

目的：建立HPLC双波长法同时测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。方法：采用XBridge C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-水(52:48)为流动相,流速1.0ml.min_-1^;柱温25℃;进样量10μL,检测波长分别为225nm(穿心莲内酯)和254nm(脱水穿心莲内酯)。结果：穿心莲内酯浓度在12.7375μg.mL_-1^～509.5μg.mL_-1^范围内,线性良好(r₂^=0.9996);脱水穿心莲内酯浓度在3.4μg.mL_-1^～136μg.mL_-1^范围内,线性关系良好(r₂^=0.9997)。穿心莲内酯加样回收率平均为98.8%,RSD 为1.0%;脱水穿心莲内酯回收率平均为99.9%,RSD 为0.8%。结论：该方法快捷、灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯2个有效成分的同步测定,为四味穿心莲散的质量控制和评价提供科学依据。     

HPLC测定穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

采用液相色谱法测定穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量.以甲醇-水（52∶48）为流动相;lnertsil@ODS-SP（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）为固定相;检测波长240 nm.穿心莲内酯在0.06-1.2 μg,脱水穿心莲内酯在0.04-0.80 μg范围内具有良好的线性关系;穿心莲内酯的平均加样回收率为98.6％,RSD为0.47％,脱水穿心莲内酯的平均加样回收率为99.3％,RSD为0.77％.该法简便、快速、准确可靠,可用于穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定.     

穿心莲超微粉2种成分在鸡体内的药动学研究

作者研究了穿心莲超微粉中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯2种有效成分在鸡体内的药物代谢动力学特征.根据体质量以5 g·kg-1单剂量给鸡灌服给药,然后采用HPLC法问时测定其体内药物浓度,用3P97药动学程序分析其药动学特征.结果表明穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯在鸡的血浆浓度一时间数据符合一级吸收二室模型,主要的药动学参数分别如下:t1/2α(47.4±3.5)和(41.9±3.9)min,t1/2β(104.8±12.8)和(143.0±12.8)min,t1/2Ka(23.2±2.6)和(9.77±1.22)min,AUC(329.3±28.8)和(329.1±25.5)(μg·mL-1)·min,tmax(51.5±3.5)和(37.2±2.8)min,Cmax(1.60±0.32)和(1.44±0.09)μg·mL-1,MRT(175.2±15.9)和(219±18)min.这2种有效成分的体内过程表征了该超微粉在鸡体内的药动学规律,且吸收和消除差异有显著或极显著的差异;本研究为穿心莲粉体制剂的临床应用和中药多成分药动学研究提供参考.     

穿心莲内酯对小鼠肺部炎症的影响

给肺炎模型小鼠腹腔分别注射高剂量（200mg／kg·d）和低剂量（100mg／kg·d）的穿心莲内酯，7d后，测定小鼠肺脏指数、肺组织病理变化和血液中相关免疫细胞数量的变化，探讨穿心莲内酯对呼吸道感染的影响。结果表明，与模型组相比，穿心莲内酯高、低剂量组小鼠肺脏病变评分显著降低（P〈0．01）；穿心莲内酯高剂量组小鼠肺指数显著降低（P〈0．05）；穿心莲内酯高、低剂量组小鼠血液中淋巴细胞数量显著降低（P〈0．05），穿心莲内酯低剂量组小鼠血液中中性粒细胞数量显著升高（P〈0．05）。说明穿心莲内酯能显著降低肺炎小鼠淋巴细胞数量和小鼠肺指数，减缓或消退肺部炎症，对小鼠呼吸道感染有明显保护作用。     

RP-HPLC双波长法测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

建立了反向高效液相色谱法检测四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃;穿心莲内酯检测波长226 nm,脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长252 nm;穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定范围分别为2.32~37.14μg/m L(r=1.0000),2.00~31.94μg/m L(r=1.0000);加样平均回收率分别为99.12%、98.84%;RSD分别为0.60%、0.62%;该方法方便、准确、可靠,适用于测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。     

穿心莲超微粉有效成分在家兔体内的药动学研究

将穿心莲细粉和超微粉根据体质量以2 g·kg-1的剂量分别灌服家兔,HPLC法测定家兔体内穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的血药浓度,数据经PKS(Pharmaceutical Kinetics Software)药代动力学分析软件处理,比较穿心莲细粉和超微粉中2种成分的药代动力学参数.结果如下:穿心莲细粉和超微粉中的穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯在体内的代谢过程均符合一级吸收二室模型.与细粉相比,家兔灌服超微粉后,穿心莲内酯的药时曲线下面积(AUC)提高59.86%,达峰时间(Tpeak)提前7.14 min,达峰浓度(Cmax)增大0.60%;脱水穿心莲内酯的AUC提高124.64%,Tpeak提前1.433 min,Cmax增大88.34%.上述结果表明,穿心莲经超微粉碎后,可显著提高其有效成分穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的生物利用度.     

地克珠利在雏鸡体内的药动学研究

目的应用高效液相色谱测定单次给药后雏鸡体内地克珠利的血药浓度,研究其药动学规律。方法44羽雏鸡按10mg／kg．BW经口单次灌服地克珠利预混剂,采用高效液相色谱系统的流动相为乙腈：0．1％三氟乙酸：水,流速1．0mL／min,分流比57：20：23,固定相为TC-C18柱,检测波长280nm,测定地克珠利血浆浓度,计算其药动学参数。结果在0．3125～20μg／mL范围内,地克珠利血药浓度呈线性关系,最低检测浓度为0．16μg／mL,回收率在79．75％以上,日内RSD小于5．68％。单剂量给药后地克珠利的主要药动学参数为：血药浓度峰值（Cmax）32．97μg／mL,达峰时间（Tpeak）1．64h,消除半衰期（T1／2β）24．29h,药时曲线下面积（AUC）349．47（mg／L）·h,血浆清除率（CL）0．03mg／kg·h。结论地克珠利在雏鸡体内代谢符合一级吸收的二室模型,药物吸收比较快和消除缓慢。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.