复合酶制剂对黄颡鱼生长性能、血清生化和免疫指标的影响

选取360尾初始体质量约为2.48 g的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼,随机分为4组,分别投喂添加0(对照)、100 mg·kg-1、200 mg·kg-1和400 mg·kg-1复合酶制剂的试验饲料,养殖8周。结果表明,黄颡鱼的增重率、特定生长率和摄食量随复合酶制剂添加量的增加而升高,其中400 mg·kg-1组的增重率、特定生长率和摄食量分别比对照组高出15.4%、7.5%和20.3%(P<0.05)。各组黄颡鱼的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、水分和灰分质量分数差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着复合酶制剂水平的增加,血清尿素浓度逐渐降低,血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力和总蛋白质量浓度升高,血清溶菌酶活力则先升高后降低,在100~200 mg·kg-1时有最高值(P<0.05);血清超氧化物歧化酶活力和丙二醛质量摩尔浓度均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加400 mg·kg-1复合酶制剂能显著提高黄颡鱼的生长性能和血清谷丙转氨酶活力,降低血清尿素水平;200 mg·kg-1能显著提高血清总蛋白质量浓度、谷草转氨酶和溶菌酶活力。     

月桂酸单甘油酯对花鲈脂质代谢的影响

为评价月桂酸单甘油酯(Glycerol monolaurate,GML)对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)脂质代谢的影响,文章通过基础饲料拌喂0 mg·kg^-1(对照组)、1000 mg·kg^-1(低剂量组)、2000 mg·kg^-1(中剂量组)和4000 mg·kg^-1(高剂量组)的GML,养殖均质量为(230±20)g的花鲈8周。结果显示:1)添加GML组的腹脂率均显著降低,肝体比第4周明显降低(P<0.05);2)低剂量和中剂量组的血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度和天冬氨酸转氨酶活性均低于高剂量组(P<0.05);3)中剂量组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度均高于其他组(P<0.05);4)添加GML组肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和还原型谷胱甘肽浓度均有升高,而丙二醛浓度显著降低(P<0.05);5)添加GML组的肝脏中脂肪酸合成酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶活性降低,且脂质沉积明显减少(P<0.05);脂蛋白脂酶活性均显著下降,中剂量组显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。综上,饲料中添加GML能够显著改善花鲈脂质代谢,该实验条件下,GML最适拌料量为2000 mg·kg^-1。     

不同密度点篮子鱼与文蛤混养对鱼、贝生长和肌肉营养的影响

为防治贝类养殖池中浒苔暴发,研究了不同密度点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)与文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)混养对鱼、贝生长和肌肉营养的影响。实验设置5个点篮子鱼密度：0尾·m^-3(T0,对照组)、10尾·m^-3(T1)、30尾·m^-3(T2)、50尾·m^-3(T3)、70尾·m^-3(T4),分别与文蛤混养,实验周期56 d。结果显示,生长方面：1)点篮子鱼：T1组终末体质量、增重率均显著高于T4组(P<0.05);4个试验组中,T1组特定生长率、摄食率和增重率均最高,且饲料系数显著低于其他3组(P<0.05);T1组脏体比显著高于T3、T4组(P<0.05),但与T2组差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)文蛤：各组文蛤存活率、终末体质量及增重率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。肌肉营养方面：1)点篮子鱼：T3、T4组点篮子鱼肌肉总氨基酸(TAA)含量显著高于T1、T2组(P<0.05);T3组必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)最高。2...     

6种长江经济鱼类幼鱼对不同生境的偏好性

护堤、桥梁、大坝等涉水工程的兴建会对鱼类栖息地产生影响,了解鱼类幼鱼生境偏好可为鱼类栖息地的保护和修复提供理论依据。本文选取6种长江经济鱼类幼鱼,鳙(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)、翘嘴鲌(Chanodichthys erythropterus)、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)、鲫(Carassius auratus auratus)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)进行了生境偏好选择模拟试验。结果表明:这6种鱼在各个组合生境中对沙生境均没有显著偏好(P>0.05);黄颡鱼在各个组合生境中均对岩石生境有明显偏好(P<0.05);鳙、翘嘴鲌、青鱼、团头鲂在各个组合生境中对沉水植物生境均有显著偏好(P<0.05)。生境修复的方案要根据环境条件和目标物种来确定,使用多种组合生境,可以为更多鱼类提供适宜的栖息生境。     

大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响

为研究大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长性能、体成分、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响,以30%鱼粉组为对照组(A0),大豆小肽蛋白分别替代17%、33%和50%的鱼粉作为实验组(A17、A33和A50),配制4种等氮配合饲料。每组设置4个重复,每个重复饲喂30尾平均体重为(3.7±0.6) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼,进行为期80 d的饲养实验。结果显示,A17组生长性能与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),A33组除增重率(WGR)显著高于对照组外(P<0.05),其余指标均与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。A50组饵料系数(FCR)显著高于对照组和其他实验组(P<0.05),增重率、特定生长率(SGR)及蛋白质效率(PER)显著低于对照组和其他实验组(P<0.05)。各实验组肥满度(CF)和脏体比(VSI)与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼全鱼水分、灰分和粗蛋白含量无显著影响(P<0.05);然而,当大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉水平从33%升高至50%时,鱼体粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05)。各实验组肠脂肪酶和肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),A33和A50组胃淀粉酶显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)活性无影响。综上所述,黄颡鱼配合饲料中鱼粉替代量小于33%时,黄颡鱼生长性能最佳,且对鱼体肝脏抗氧化功能无不利影响。本研究首次探究大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长等的影响,以期为黄颡鱼饲料配制和大豆小肽蛋白的使用等提供参考。     

3种改性方法对琼胶理化性质的影响

文章采用羧甲基化、过氧化氢氧化和羟丙基化3种方法对琼胶进行改性,通过比较表征改性前后琼胶的溶解性能、色泽、凝胶透明度、凝胶质构特性、IR分子结构和热稳定性,探究不同改性方法对琼胶理化性质的影响。结果显示,羧甲基化和羟丙基化后琼胶的溶解温度、凝胶温度、凝胶再溶温度和凝胶强度显著降低(P<0.05),琼胶凝胶软弹性和持水性增强;氧化改性显著提高了琼胶凝胶强度(P<0.05),由984 g·cm^-2提高至1463 g·cm^-2;氧化改性和羟丙基化改性显著提高了琼胶的白度(P<0.05),而羧甲基化改性显著降低了琼胶白度(P<0.05);3种改性方法均显著提高了琼胶凝胶的透明度(P<0.05);羧甲基化改性降低了琼胶的热稳定性,氧化和羟丙基化改性提高了琼胶的热稳定性。由此证明3种改性方法可不同程度地改变琼胶的理化性质。     

杂交黄颡鱼、雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼和黄颡鱼的形体指数及肌肉营养组成比较分析

为评估商品规格杂交黄颡鱼的食用营养价值,对杂交黄颡鱼[Pelteobagrus fuividraco(♀)×P.vachelli(♂)]、雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼和黄颡鱼商品鱼的形体指数、出肉率和肌肉的营养组成、氨基酸含量及脂肪酸组成进行了比较分析。结果表明,杂交黄颡鱼的肥满度与雄性黄颡鱼无显著差异;杂交黄颡鱼的胴体率、含肉率和脏体比均与雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼及雄性黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05)。杂交黄颡鱼肌肉水分含量最高,脂肪含量最低,而蛋白质和灰分含量与雌、雄黄颡鱼均无显著差异;雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉中水分、蛋白质和灰分的含量较低,脂肪含量最高;杂交黄颡鱼肌肉的氨基酸总量和7种人体必需氨基酸与黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05),但均显著高于雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼(P0.05);杂交黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪中C22:6n3的比例和n3系列不饱和脂肪酸总量的比例与雌性黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05),但均高于雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼,均低于雄性黄颡鱼。试验表明,杂交黄颡鱼的体形和出肉率与雄性黄颡鱼一致,其肌肉为低脂蛋白食品,营养价值与黄颡鱼接近。     

乳清蛋白与凝胶化条件对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了浓缩乳清蛋白(WPC)和凝胶化条件对白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,检测指标包括破断力、凹陷度、凝胶强度、白度和折曲性能.结果表明:白姑鱼鱼糜最适宜的凝胶化条件为40℃ 60 min.在40℃和50℃凝胶化60 min的条件下,添加的WPC在总蛋白中的蛋白比例为5%和10%时能够使白姑鱼鱼麋凝胶特性增强,并能保持和改善凝胶的弹性,抑制50℃下的凝胶劣化现象.但在30℃凝胶化60 min的条件下,WPC的添加反而会降低鱼糜的凝胶特性与弹性.添加10%的WPC能够显著(P<0.05)提高白姑鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度.     

牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肠道微生物菌群结构和免疫功能的影响,试验以鱼粉、发酵豆粕和玉米蛋白粉为基础蛋白源配制了牛磺酸质量分数分别为1.3 g·kg^-1(T0)、4.4 g·kg^-1(T1)、7.4 g·kg^-1(T2)、10.5 g·kg^-1(T3)、12.7 g·kg^-1(T4)的等氮等脂饲料。将750尾卵形鲳鲹(81.0±0.5)g随机分为5组(每组150尾,分为3个平行),试验为期56 d。高通量测序结果显示在卵形鲳鲹肠道内共获得87707条序列,能够注释到数据库的OTUs数目为5130(95.32%),在门水平上,变形菌门、软壁菌门、螺旋体门为优势菌群。Alpha和Beta多样性分析表明,T2组中的肠道微生物丰富度和多样性最低,T1和T4组间物种组成差异较大(P<0.05)。随外源性牛磺酸的添加,血清溶菌酶活性显著提高,补体C4和免疫球蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05);各试验组ToTLR-1、ToTLR-2、ToTNF-α和ToIL-1β基因表达量显著降低(P<0.05);T1、T2和T4组的ToNFkB P65基因表达量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);T3和T4组ToIL-10基因表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。该试验结果显示,外源牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物菌群和免疫功能具有显著影响。     

2-乙基己酯-4-甲氧基肉桂酸(EHMC)对斑马鱼早期生命阶段的毒性效应

在水温(28.0±1.0)℃下,将斑马鱼(Danio rerio)受精卵暴露于2-乙基己酯-4-甲氧基肉桂酸(2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamic acid,EHMC)中,浓度为0μg·L^-1(对照组,仅0.1%DMSO助溶剂)、2μg·L^-1、20μg·L^-1和200μg·L^-1,每个浓度三个平行。每24 h更换四分之一相应浓度的EHMC,48 h、72 h、96 h后观察死亡和畸形,测量鱼心率、体长等,120 h后测定幼鱼的生长激素(growth hormone,GH)和胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF-Ⅰ)含量及GH/IGF-I轴相关基因的m RNA表达和转录水平。结果表明：EHMC暴露未显著影响斑马鱼的孵化率(P>0.05),但使心率显著下降(P<0.05);高浓度EHMC(200μg·L^-1)下斑马鱼畸形率升高,幼鱼体长下降(P<0.05)。EHMC诱导的生长抑制效应可能与鱼体内I...     

Algal biomass accrual in relation to nutrient availability and limitation along a longitudinal gradient of a karst riverine system

Textural property of surimi products is a prime factor in determining the acceptability of consumer as well as market value. Gelatin is one of the most popular biopolymers widely used in food industry as gelling agent with the unique textural properties. Therefore, the addition of gelatin along with the use of protein cross-linkers could be a means to modify the texture of surimi gel, which can fit the demand of consumers. Surimi from the threadfin bream (Nemipterus bleekeri) was added with bovine gelatin (BG) and bovine/fish gelatin mix (BFGM; 1:1, 2:1, 1:2, 4:1, and 1:4) at 10% protein substitution in combination with and without microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) at 1.2 units/g surimi. Textural properties, whiteness, expressible moisture content, protein pattern, and microstructure and sensory properties of gels were determined. When MTGase at 1.2 units/g surimi was incorporated, the increases in breaking force and deformation were noticeable in both surimi gels, with and without 10% BG added ( p < 0.05). On the other hand, surimi gels added with BFGM at all bovine/fish gelatin ratios had the higher breaking force and deformation, compared with that added with BG, when MTGase was incorporated. Addition of BG or BFGM lowered the expressible moisture content and whiteness of surimi gel ( p < 0.05). Based on SDS-PAGE, band intensity of myosin heavy chain and actin of surimi gel decreased when surimi gel was added with all gelatins, regardless of MTGase addition. The microstructure study revealed that surimi gel network became finer and denser with the addition of MTGase (1.2 units/g surimi), but the coarser and irregular structure was obtained when gelatin was incorporated. Gelatin, especially bovine/fish gelatin mix, at an appropriate level could be used as the protein additive in surumi gel in conjunction with MTGase in order to improve the textural and nutritive properties of the products.     

Effect of pH on the gelation of walleye pollack surimi and carp actomyosin pastes

ABSTRACT: The effect of pH on thermal gelation and transglutaminase (TGase; EC2.3.2.13)-induced suwari (setting) of surimi and actomyosin pastes was investigated. A strong and elastic gel was produced from walleye pollack surimi paste at pH 7.0 in the presence of Ca²⁺ using a two-step heating method. In contrast, walleye pollack actomyosin paste formed a weak gel under the same conditions as a result of the low concentration of endogenous TGase. In the presence of EGTA [ethyleneglycol bis(2-aminoethylether) tetraacetic acid], weak gels were formed at pH values of 7.0 and 6.0. Non-proteolytic modori (gel weakening) occurred extensively in the course of actomyosin gelation, but not in surimi gelation. Maximum TGase-induced myosin heavy chain cross-linking was observed at a slightly higher pH of 7.5 than at the optimal pH of endogenous TGase activity; the difference being derived from different substrates. Gelation of carp actomyosin paste at pH values of 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 was monitored by measuring storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G"). A weak gel was formed at all pH values, but a slightly rigid and less elastic gel was obtained at lower pH values. The addition of microbial TGase (MTGase) formed strong elastic gels at pH 7.0 and 6.5. MTGase cross-linked myosin heavy chains even at pH 5.5, but contributed neither to suwari response nor strong gel formation. Overall, results suggest that the optimal pH for the gelation of surimi paste from easy-setting fish species is a compromise between the pH-optima of TGase activity and of preferable actomyosin conformation for myosin cross-linking.     

鲢、狭鳕鱼糜微波加热凝胶形成的动力学分析

以鲢（Hypophthalmichthys mollitrix）和狭鳕（Theragra chalcogramma）鱼糜为对象,在微波、水浴两种加热条件下,对鱼糜及鱼糜大豆蛋白复合素材试样的凝胶特性——破断力值加以测定,进而考察不同加热方式下两种鱼糜的凝胶形成速度以及微波加热所需的活化能,并对试样能量吸收值进行了比较。结果表明：（1）鲢、狭鳕鱼糜微波加热凝胶形成速度比传统水浴加热高两个数量级,不同鱼种的鱼麋微波加热凝胶形成速度有一定的差异性（P〉0．05）。（2）微波加热下,欲达到相同的破断力值,鲢需要高于狭鳕1倍的活化能,两者对应的复合素材的活化能均小于相应的单一鱼糜试样。（3）与水浴加热相比,在能量吸收值相同的情况下,微波加热试样能达到更高凝胶破断力值。     

Comparison of horse mackerel and tilapia surimi gel based on rheological and <Superscript>1</Superscript>H NMR relaxation properties

ABSTRACT:   Horse mackerel and tilapia surimi were subjected to six different heat and pressure treatments in order to compare gelation characteristics of easy- and difficult-setting gels, that is, temperature dependence, by observing rheological properties and microscopic molecular mobility. The stress–relaxation and proton spin–spin relaxation time (¹H T ₂) of water were measured for all treated gels. Horse mackerel gel demonstrated higher elasticity, large distribution of the stress–relaxation process, and smaller water ¹H T ₂ than tilapia in both heat and pressure treatments. The water ¹H T ₂ was steeply increased in the pressure treatment at around 294 MPa for both fishes. In contrast, the ¹H T ₂ rarely changed in the heat treatment in spite of the considerable change in rheological properties. From the experimental results, it is considered that the gelation of horse mackerel (easy setting) surimi is induced by highly unfolding and re-aggregation of protein, which contributes to the formation of a strong network structure compared with tilapia in both heat and pressure treatments, and that pressure treatments hardly improve the gel strength of tilapia (difficult setting) surimi. The water ¹H T ₂ measurement was used effectively in order to study gelation characteristics of easy- and difficult-setting fish through observing its molecular dynamics.     

High-energy diets for white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Richardson

Four diets formulated for salmon were fed to 0.11 kg white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, for 8 weeks. Dietary compositions ranged from 258 to 402 g lipid kg⁻¹, 535–378 g protein kg⁻¹ and 22.7–14.4 g protein MJ⁻¹ gross energy.
Fish in all treatments grew rapidly, utilized the diets efficiently and had body compositions similar to what has been found in previous studies, but there were some dietary effects. Sturgeon fed the diet with the highest lipid content and lowest protein/energy ratio had lower ( P < 0.05) specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and liver moisture and protein contents, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity, but higher liver lipid contents than fish fed the other three diets. Condition factor, organ to body weight ratios, whole-body and plasma concentrations of protein, glucose and triglyceride, and liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities did not differ significantly among dietary treatments. This suggests that white sturgeon subyearlings can utilize diets with high lipid contents (258–357 g kg⁻¹) to display good growth without major adverse effects on body composition and liver lipogenic enzyme activities.     

Effect of Dietary Phospholipids on Digestion of Neutral Lipid by the Prawn Penaeus monodon

Abstract— Different amounts of dietary phospholipid were tested for their effect on the digestibility of total neutral lipids in the diet of the prawn Penaeus monodon . A purified source of the phospholipid, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, was included at 0. 5, 10, 20 or 40 g/kg in a purified diet containing 80 g/kg olive oil as the predominant neutral lipid source. The apparent digestibility of the neutral lipid (ADNL) in these diets was determined by comparing concentrations of the digestibility marker, cholestane in the feed and faeces of the prawns. ADNL (%) increased curvilinearly with increasing dietary phospholipid content (X, %) as described by the equation: ADNL = 80.4 + 9.08X -1.705X² (P < 0.05; R² = 0.71); the asymptote of 92.5% was achieved with a phosphatidylcholine value of 27 g/kg. These results demonstrate that phosphatidylcholine significantly increases the digestibility of neutral lipids by penaeid prawns. However, olive oil was used as the predominant neutral lipid source to examine the effects with a relatively poorly digestible lipid source. The effects of phosphatidylcholine on more readily digested lipid sources such as fish oils, may not be as great, but still be sufficient to improve the utilisation of these nutrients.     

Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding increasing lipid concentrations (310, 380 and 470 g kg^–1 lipid on dry weight) in diets based mainly on herring byproducts to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar . The diets were isonitrogenous, varying in dietary lipid content at the expense dietary starch. Average fish weight increased from 1.2 kg in April to 2.2–2.7 kg at the end of the feeding trial in September. Significantly greater growth was found in fish fed either the 380 g kg⁻¹ or the 470 g kg⁻¹ lipid diets compared with the 310 g kg⁻¹ lipid diet. Muscle lipid content increased in all dietary groups on a wet weight basis from 7.7 ± 1.4% to 12 ± 3% in salmon fed the 310 g kg⁻¹ lipid diet, and to 16 ± 2% in salmon fed the 380 g kg⁻¹ and 470 g kg⁻¹ lipid diets. In fish of similar weight there was a positive correlation between dietary lipid and muscle lipid concentrations. Low concentrations of muscle glycogen were detected in fish fed each of the diets, while muscle vitamin E concentrations slowly decreased as muscle lipid increased. Muscle fatty acid composition reflected dietary fatty acid profiles, containing similar percentages of total saturated, monoenic and n-3 fatty acids (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) in fish from all dietary treatment groups. However, a higher ratio of n-3/n-6 was found in muscle from fish fed the 470 g kg⁻¹ lipid diet compared with the other two groups. Blood chemistry values varied somewhat, but all values were within normal ranges for Atlantic salmon of these sizes.     

Gel Forming Ability of Tropical Tilapia Surimi as Compared with Alaska Pollock and Pacific Whiting Surimi

Abstract

Setting and thermal treatment effects on texture and color of tropical tilapia surimi gels were compared to Alaska pollock and Pacific whiting gels. Heat treatments that most favored intrinsic gelling factors of a fish species exhibited strong gel formation. Whiteness values increased as total thermal inputs increased, which reflect the increasing opacity of the gels. Pollock gels were generally the strongest and whitest. Tilapia gel quality was generally second to pollock gels, however, in heat treatments using setting temperatures ≥ 40 °C, tilapia gels were comparable (60 °C setting) or superior (40 °C setting) to pollock gels. The optimum heat treatment for tilapia surimi appeared to be a 40° C setting for 1 hr followed by a 90 °C cook for 15 min. SDS-PAGE patterns of gels prepared with 60°C setting followed by 90 °C cooking elucidated the various degree of protein degradation depending upon the species in a descending order of whiting, tilapia, and pollock.