微波消解-原子荧光法测定肥料中砷汞含量

建立了微波消解-原子荧光法同时测定肥料中砷和汞,进行消解条件、精密度、回收率等试验。方法显示,砷的检出限为0.014μg/L,汞的检出限为0.001 6μg/L,6次平行相对标准偏差<3%,3个水平的砷加标回收率90%~110%,汞加标回收率77%~83%。     

草莓中4种重金属元素的快速定量测定方法研究

应用原子荧光法和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法建立草莓中汞、砷、镉、铬的快速定量测定方法。将待测样品经石墨消解仪消解赶酸制备成待测液,上机分别测定汞、砷、镉、铬的含量。结果表明,这4种重金属元素的标准曲线的相关系数在0.996~1.000的范围内,检出限分别为汞0.028μg/kg、砷0.062μg/kg、镉0.14μg/kg、铬4.76μg/kg;3水平实验的回收率的范围为80.2%~108.3%,变异系数范围为1.58%~26.34%;标准样品的检测结果都在标准值范围内。本实验建立的方法仅需1次前处理即可测定草莓中汞、砷、镉、铬4种重金属元素,线性相关性好,检出限低,准确性好,安全性高,操作简便,可批处理,节约试剂耗材和检测时间。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米及粗粮中14种金属元素

为了建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和在线内标法测定大米及粗粮中铅(Pb)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg) 6种重金属元素及钠(Na)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn) 8种微量元素的方法 ,本研究对样品微波消解的功率和进样酸度进行优化,大米及粗粮样品经微波消解后,进行ICP-MS测定,并对方法的线性关系、准确度、精密度和定量限进行考察。结果显示,选择微波消解仪的功率为1 600 W,进样酸度选择3%的硝酸体系。14种元素标准品的标准曲线的相关系数r≥0.993 6,重金属元素的方法检出限均低于1.0μg/L,微量元素的方法检出限均低于20μg/L。14种元素的加标回收率为78.6%～91.6%,相对标准偏差小于5%,符合GB/T 27404-2008中的要求。本方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,可用于大米及粗粮中重金属元素及微量元素的测定。     

肥料中重金属元素镍含量测定方法的研究

肥料中镍的测定缺少相应的标准方法,选择水溶肥料、复混肥料、有机肥料、土壤调理剂4类肥料样品,研究王水消解,其中消解液中镍采用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)3种方法测定,探讨肥料中的镍含量测定方法。结果表明:3种方法检出限:FAAS>ICP-OES>ICP-MS,分别为0.11 mg/L、0.02 mg/L和3.94 μg/L。3种方法测定结果相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)在1.59%～13.59%之间,加标回收率为80%～118%。相关性分析结果发现,FAAS和ICP-OES的测定结果之间的相关系数R2=0.9678,ICP-OES和ICP-MS测定数据间相关系数R2=0.9801,FAAS和ICP-MS之间相关系数R2=0.9649,均呈良好的线性相关关系,且3种方法测定结果差异不明显。通过研究得出建立肥料中镍的测定方法,采用王水-电热板消解肥料样品,待测液中的镍元素含量可用FAAS、ICP-OES、ICP-MS测定,实验室根据实际情况可选择使用不同的检测方法。     

微波消解- 电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定有机肥中 镉、砷、汞、铅、铬含量

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定,比较湿法消解30 min,湿法消解至近干和微波消解等不同前处理方法对有机肥料中镉、砷、汞、铅、铬元素的提取效果,建立了一种基于ICP-MS测定有机肥料多种重金属元素含量的方法。结果表明：湿法消解至近干和微波消解法对有机肥多元素成分分析标准物质（RMH-F001）中5项重金属含量的测试结果均满足标准要求,方法定量值、标准值偏差分别低于6.3%、5.7%;硝酸/过氧化氢体系-微波消解处理下,样品结果稳定性最佳,相对标准偏差为0.8%～6.8%,相对偏差为1.1%～9.0%,相对相差为2.2%～18.0%,加标回收率为99.4%～102.9%。硝酸/过氧化氢体系-微波消解-ICP-MS法可作为有机肥中5项重金属统一化测定的常规方法。     

ICP-MS测定苏州太湖洞庭山红茶及茶汤中16种元素

为了建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和在线内标法测定苏州太湖洞庭山红茶及茶汤中铅(Pb)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、锑(Sb)、铬(Cr)等5种重金属元素及钠(Na)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锡(Sn)等11种微量元素的方法,本研究对红茶样品微波消解体系进行优化,红茶样品经微波消解后,进行ICP-MS测定,并对方法的线性关系、检出限、回收率进行考察。对不同浸泡时间、不同冲泡次数、不同浸泡温度下微量元素浸出率进行研究,用茶叶标准物质对测定方法准确度进行验证。结果显示,采用硝酸-双氧水的消解体系消解样品, 16种元素标准品的标准曲线的相关系数r≥0.999 3,重金属元素的方法检出限均低于1.0μg/L,微量元素的方法检出限均低于50μg/L。相对标准偏差5%,符合GB/T 27404-2008中的要求。不同红茶及茶汤中微量元素含量及溶出率各有差异。结果表明,本方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,可用于红茶及茶汤中重金属元素及微量元素的测定。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定污染土壤中5种重金属

采用微波消解法预处理待测土壤,火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定污染土壤消解液中的锌、铜、铅、镉、铬5种重金属.方法简便、灵敏、准确,土壤中锌的相对标准偏差为1.2%;铜的相对标准偏差为1.9%;铅的相对标准偏差为1.2%;镉的相对标准偏差为5.2%;铬的相对标准偏差为1.8%.方法的加标回收率锌为76.8%～104%;铜为86.9%～95.3%;铅为83.0%～94.4%;镉为83.2%～91.9%;铬为90.9%～96.1%,适用于污染土壤中重金属含量的测定.     

碱熔-原子荧光光谱法测定泥炭中砷的含量

建立了碱熔消解样品,原子荧光光谱法测定泥炭中砷含量的方法。确定了该方法的最佳仪器条件,方法的检出限为0.2137μg/L,相对标准偏差为4.26%(20μg/L)。测定了标准土壤样品(GBW08303)中砷的含量,与证书推荐值一致。同传统酸溶法相比,碱熔法测定值可靠。实际样品测定的加标回收率为98.2%。     

氢化物发生--原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的研究

通过对消化体系的选择及双道原子荧光光度计测试条件的优化,建立了氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的方法。方法线性范围宽(As 0~100μg/L;Hg 0~10μg/L),检出限低(As 0.05μg/L和Hg 0.007μg/L)。无机肥料中As回收率为98.8%~100.4%,Hg回收率为98.9%~102.2%;有机肥料中As回收率为94.4%~105.6%,Hg回收率为97.6%~103.8%。     

微波消解—ICP-OES法同时测定有机肥、复混肥和尿素中多种元素含量的研究

采用微波消解法处理样品,建立了电感耦合等离子体光谱法同时测定有机肥、复混肥和尿素中铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)和锑(Sb)11种元素的分析方法。优化了微波消解条件、仪器条件,进行了方法的检出限、精密度、准确性试验。方法检出限为0.003~0.015 mg/L,相对标准偏差均8.1%,回收率为82.4%~103%,通过水系沉积物标准参考样(GBW-07311)及国家标准方法的验证表明,该方法具有简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高等特点,适合有机肥、复混肥和尿素中11种元素的同时测定。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.