微波消解原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中铅镉铬铜

采用微波消解进行样品前处理,原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中铅、镉、铬、铜,对样品前处理、基体改进剂等一些影响因素进行了探讨。利用该方法对土壤样品进行了测定,回收率为91%～114%,相对标准偏差为2.8%～7.4%,并利用国家标准物质验证了方法的准确度。该方法快速、准确,能够满足土壤中铅、镉、铬、铜的分析要求。     

上海地区畜禽粪便重金属污染特征研究

按照《有机肥料》(NY 525—2012)和台湾省有机肥标准,规模化养殖场畜禽粪便重金属超标率大小依次是锌、铜、砷、汞和镍,超标率达63.1%;不同粪便类型重金属污染情况不一样,猪粪重金属污染程度高低依次为铜、锌、砷、汞铬、镉、铅和镍,禽粪重金属污染程度高低依次为砷、锌、铜、镍、铬和汞铅镉,牛粪重金属污染程度高低依次为铜、锌、砷、镍、铬、镉和汞铅,羊粪重金属污染程度高低依次为汞、锌、铜、镍、铬、镉和砷铅。通过尼梅罗污染指数法计算,猪粪重金属污染程度最严重,其次为禽、羊和牛,猪粪重金属属重污染等级,禽粪便重金属属轻度污染等级,羊、牛粪重金属属警戒级。本文提出科学合理使用饲料添加剂、加强有机肥料科学使用指导工作和逐步建立畜禽粪便重金属、抗生素、致病微生物等有毒有害物质监控体系3项对策措施。     

粤西黄铁矿区铊-铅污染土壤的环境质量研究

以云浮硫铁矿开采场和尾渣堆放区为研究对象,采用HNO3-H2O2-HClO4-HF混酸-微波消解处理土壤样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定土壤样品中重金属的含量,研究了开采场附近土壤表层、尾渣堆放区土壤剖面的铊、铅、镍、铜、锌、镉等毒害重金属的含量。结果表明,云浮硫铁矿开采活动给矿区土壤环境带来了严重的危害。与中国土壤环境背景值相比,土壤中重金属含量最高可为背景值的35倍。运用Muller地积指数对土壤重金属污染现状进行了系统的环境风险评估,证实目前云浮矿区土壤中存在不同程度的铊、铅、铜、锌、镉等毒害重金属污染,其中,铊、铅的污染最为严重,镉、锌等达到中度污染至强污染,且污染已经渗透至土壤深层,特别是毒害性极强的重金属铊,生态环境受到严重危害。     

玉米根际土壤中不同重金属的形态变化

采用根垫法研究了不同生长时期的玉米根际土壤中铜、镉、铅、锌和铬的形态变化。结果表明 ,玉米生长 1 0 0d内不同重金属的形态变化有显著差别。交换态铜 ,碳酸盐态铜和锌 ,铁锰态铜、铅和铬 ,有机态铜、铅和铬都有明显变化。在 1 0 0d生长期间 ,不同重金属在根际土壤中的相对变化有较大幅度的波动。植物吸收主要影响根际土壤交换态铜和碳酸盐态铜和锌的变化 ,对镉和铅形态变化影响不大。     

《土壤环境质量标准》中六种重金属测定精密度控制指标研究

土壤重金属监测是评价土壤环境质量和污染状况的重要内容。针对当前我国土壤重金属监测方法多样化、方法标准化不完善和监测质量控制指标缺乏的实际情况,通过多家实验室合作对多种标准样品的测定,探讨了铜、铅、锌、镉、铬和镍的RSD、RD、RSD'和RD'四种精密度控制指标。研究结果表明,尽管监测方法不同,各实验室内均能较好地控制测定精密度,而实验室间精密度控制水平差异略大,这与监测方法不统一及监测技术差异有关,但总体精密度水平较好。建议控制镉的RSD≤40%,其余金属RSD≤10%~20%;镉的RD≤60%,其余金属RD≤15%~20%。铜、锌、铬和镍RSD'≤15%~25%,RD'≤20%~30%;铅和镉的RSD'≤40%~50%,RD'≤40%~60%。     

湖南湘潭市土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对湘潭市土壤、不同土地利用类型及不同土壤类型土壤重金属Cu,Pb,zn,Cd,Cr,Hg,As污染现状进行了调查和分析.结果表明,湘潭市54个样本中镉、汞2种重金属属于重污染;铜、锌属于中污染;铬属于轻度污染;铅、砷属于尚清洁区.不同土地利用类型土壤中镉、汞污染严重,介于重污染与中污染之间,铅属清洁区或尚清洁区,其余介于轻度污染与尚清洁区之间.不同类型土壤中镉、汞污染严重,属重污染,锌属中污染,铅属清洁区或尚清洁区,其余介于轻度污染与尚清洁区之间.总之,湘潭市镉、汞污染严重,污染可能由工业三废、汽车尾气、化肥和污水灌溉造成的.     

珠江三角洲典型区域土壤重金属污染探查研究

以珠江三角洲典型区域研究高强度经济开发下土壤环境中重金属污染的状况。测定了84份样品中铜、锌、镉、铬、铅的含量水平。土壤中镉、铬、铅、镍、铜、锌的含量分别在0.166～0.433mgkg-1、2.28～94.28mgkg-1、20.36～143.3mgkg-1、2.29～63.55mgkg-1、4.8～65.1mgkg-1、10.06～131mgkg-1之间。从分析结果可以看出,镍、铅等元素在有些地方普遍偏高,且有的极为明显,已高出背景值108.3mgkg-1。其他元素也存在不同水平的富集,普遍高出背景值。     

苍南沿浦湾滩涂重金属污染现状评价

以温州苍南县沿浦湾滩涂土壤中的重金属含量为指标,采用环境污染指数、地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数综合评价重金属的含量水平及对生态环境的潜在影响。结果表明:沿浦湾滩涂土壤中重金属含量较低,均符合土壤环境质量二级标准。除了元素砷和汞,铜、铅、铬、锌、镉5种重金属的含量均为高潮带和中潮带高于低潮带。潜在生态危害系数和地累积指数的顺序均为砷(As)铜(Cu)铅(Pb)铬(Cr)锌(Zn)汞(Hg)镉(Cd);不同重金属的地累积指数的污染等级顺序为砷(As)铜(Cu)铅(Pb)=铬(Cr)=锌(Zn)=汞(Hg)=镉(Cd),砷(As)是主要生态风险因子;总的潜在生态风险指数为中潮带低潮带高潮带。综合三种评价方法,除砷在地累积指数评价中等级为无污染到中级污染,其余重金属现状评价结果均为轻微或低污染。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定有机肥中镉、砷、汞、铅、铬含量

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定,比较湿法消解30 min,湿法消解至近干和微波消解等不同前处理方法对有机肥料中镉、砷、汞、铅、铬元素的提取效果,建立了一种基于ICP-MS测定有机肥料多种重金属元素含量的方法。结果表明：湿法消解至近干和微波消解法对有机肥多元素成分分析标准物质（RMH-F001）中5项重金属含量的测试结果均满足标准要求,方法定量值、标准值偏差分别低于6.3%、5.7%;硝酸/过氧化氢体系-微波消解处理下,样品结果稳定性最佳,相对标准偏差为0.8%～6.8%,相对偏差为1.1%～9.0%,相对相差为2.2%～18.0%,加标回收率为99.4%～102.9%。硝酸/过氧化氢体系-微波消解-ICP-MS法可作为有机肥中5项重金属统一化测定的常规方法。     

连云港市水稻主产区土壤和灌溉水重金属含量分析及在稻米中的累积效应

对连云港市水稻主产区的土壤、灌溉水和稻米中重金属含量进行了测定。研究结果表明:(1)该地区水稻灌溉水所含重金属污染较轻,没有对稻米品质造成影响,完全符合无公害稻米生产要求。(2)土壤中砷、铅、镉的平均含量超过国家和江苏省背景值,砷、镉、铬、铅和汞的单项污染指数P<1,污染分担率排序为砷(42.56%)>镉(37.00%)>铬(7.78%)>铅(7.22%)>汞(5.54%),土壤主要以砷、镉污染为主;综合污染指数P综=0.59<0.7,属1级,为安全清洁水平,符合无公害农产品生产基地重金属环境质量要求。(3)稻米中4种重金属污染排序为铅>汞>镉>砷,以铅和汞污染为主;除铅外,稻米中重金属富集效应不明显,徐稻3号累积铅的能力较强,稻米中镉的含量与土壤中pH值存在着负相关关系。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

姬松茸多糖提取工艺的优化

对姬松茸子实体多糖提取的工艺条件中的多糖提取温度、提取时间、浸提液pH值3因子的最优化组合问题进行了定量研究,建立了具有良好预测性能的姬松茸多糖提取条件的模型,并利用回归模型对工艺条件的最优化组合,对各单因子要素的多糖得率及其交互作用进行了探讨。试验表明,当浸提温度为100℃、浸提时间为3h、浸提液pH值为6.3时多糖得率处于较高水平     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

济南山丘区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局分析

土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局的形成及其变化是自然的和人为的多种因素相互作用的结果 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,通过分析景观斑块的类型、数量、面积大小和空间组合状况 ,揭示出济南市山丘区的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分布特征及空间变异规律     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.