Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

开垦年限对稻田土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响

以吉林省磐石市朝阳山镇青山村开垦年限分别为5 a、20 a和50 a的稻田土壤为研究对象,研究了0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量(SOC)、水溶性物质(WSS)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)组成和HA结构特征及土壤养分含量的变化。结果表明:随稻田开垦年限增加(5~50 a),表层(0~15 cm)与亚表层(15~30 cm)土壤变化如下:(1)电导率分别增加74.8%和113.7%,p H均基本稳定。土壤速效氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加0.24%、15.8%、29.7%和1.33%、6.92%、14.7%。(2)有机碳总量分别增加42.1%和47.9%,WSS、HA和Hu含量分别增加28.4%、51.9%、76.2%和87.7%、84.9%、70.1%,而FA含量分别下降了9.2%和1.74%。说明稻田耕作年限越长越有利于土壤有机碳的积累。(3)胡敏酸占腐殖质的比例(PQ)值均增大,土壤腐殖化程度加深。(4)HA的氢碳元素物质的量之比(H/C)、色调系数(?lg K)、半定量分析得红外光谱在2 920和1 720峰处吸收强度之比(E2 920/1 720)与在2 920和1 620峰处吸收强度之比(E2 920/1 620)均减小,HA分子芳化度增强,缩合度上升,结构变得复杂。     

Effect of Application of Surfactants on Hydraulic Properties of Soils

This study explores the effect of surfactants, commonly found in detergents, on the hydraulic properties of soils. The soil properties examined included hydraulic conductivity, infiltration characteristics, and effective suction at the wetting front, capillary rise and soil penetrability. Two agricultural soils—a loam and a sandy loam, and three surfactants—one anionic surfactant (Sulphonic) and two non-ionic surfactants (Rexol and Rexonic), were used in the study. Changes in hydraulic properties with the application of surfactants were compared with properties obtained with deionised water (control). The results showed that Sulphonic, the anionic surfactant, had a significant effect on hydraulic properties of both soils. Applications of Sulphonic caused decreases in the capillary rise and penetrability, and an increase in the solid–liquid contact angle, shape factor and sorptivity. Except for a slight decrease in hydraulic conductivity resulting from the application of Rexol, the non-ionic surfactants did not reveal significant impact on the hydraulic characteristics of test soils.     

Specificity of actinomycetal complexes in urbanozems of the city of Kirov

The number and composition of the actinomycetal population was studied in urbanozems in the city of Kirov. It was shown that the total population of actinomycetes was an order of magnitude lower than that in the background territories, and the generic structure of the actinomycetal complex and the species composition of the streptomycetes were transformed under the influence of the urbanization factors. The obtained data were compared with the concentrations of the mobile forms of Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in different ecotopes (industrial, traffic, and recreation zones). The increase of the relative portion of micromonosporic actinomycetes in comparison with the background (reference) soils was observed in the complexes of the industrial and transport ecotopes mostly contaminated with heavy metals. It was found that the antibiotic potential of the streptomycetes in the contaminated soils was lower than in the soils of the background territories.     

2002年荔枝大丰收的气象成因分析

通过对2001／2002年度玉林市荔枝生育期的农业气象条件进行诊断分析，得出2002年获得大丰收的主要原因是关键发育期气侯条件好：秋梢抽生期雨水正常；冬季在寒冷和干旱的双重作用下花芽发育比较完全；春季气侯温暖雨量适中雨日偏少有利于荔枝的孕蕾和开花授粉；幼果期和膨大期气象条件也很正常。气侯条件比历史上最高产的1999年更优。     

陕西洛川中更新统下部黄土入渗规律研究

通过对陕西洛川凤栖镇剖面黄土与红色古土壤8个层位的入渗实验及孔隙度与CaCO3含量测定,研究了黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件。结果表明,陕西洛川西沟L4、L5、L6和L7黄土的稳定入渗率较大,4个层位的平均值为0.65 mm min-1;S4、S5、S6和S7古土壤稳定入渗率较小,4个层位的平均值为0.37 mm min-1;黄土层达到稳定入渗的时间较短,一般为60~90 min,红色古土壤达到稳定入渗的时间较长,一般为90~120 min。黄土层含水空间发育好、渗透性强和利于成为含水层,这是冷干的气候动力条件决定的。红褐色古土壤层含水空间发育较差、渗透性弱和利于成为隔水层,这是温湿的气候动力条件决定的。将洛川西沟剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,通常采用的三个经验公式均适用于描述40万~70万a间发育的黄土和红色古土壤层的入渗规律。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响

以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。     

泉州走马埭典型土壤重金属的赋存形态分析

采用改进的Tessier连续萃取方法研究了泉州走马埭国家农田示范保护区典型土壤中重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)的化学形态分布,通过土壤重金属的赋存形态分析比较了6种重金属的生物可利用性。研究结果表明,土壤中不同重金属元素化学形态分布具有不同的特点:Cr和Ni主要以残渣态存在,其余形态所占的比例很小;Cu以残渣态含量最高,碳酸盐结合态含量最低;Zn以残渣态为主,可交换态含量最低;Cd以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态为主,水溶态含量最低;Pb以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,水溶态含量最低。土壤中除Cd外,Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni在正常自然条件下相对比较稳定。     

基于耦合模型的重金属污染土壤植物修复效益空间差异分析

在污染土壤生态修复的同时须兼顾其经济、社会效益,以提高其修复综合效益并推动修复工作的顺利开展。以贵溪市为研究区域,使用耦合模型对污染土地植物修复效益进行空间差异评价并筛选适宜的修复植物类型。研究结果显示:研究区域重金属污染土壤植物修复综合效益存在较大空间差异,其中水泉区重金属污染土壤植物修复效益最低为0.173 6,苏门区重金属污染土壤植物修复效益最高为0.835 4;九牛岗区和庞源区效益相近,效益值小于0.4,属于效益较低区块;在种植植物类型上看,混合种植的树木和乔灌木植物,能产生较好的效益,单纯种植一种植物类型,总体效益低;建议将高效益的苏门区植物类型和种植方式进行推广,并采用红叶石楠和栾树间套种植方式。     

石羊河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素趋势预测

 从荒漠化治理的实践出发,用Hurst指数对内陆河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素进行预测分析,对体现民勤绿洲荒漠化主要影响因子的农村人口、耕地面积、农村用电量、机井眼数和沙尘暴时间5个指标进行预测。结果表明:未来10年内,农村人口Hurst指数为0.381,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年耕地面积Hurst指数为0.578 3,与1989—2003年时的上升趋势一致,但持续性不强;农村用电量Hurst指数为0.3324,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年机井眼数Hurst指数为0.2618,与1989—2003年的上升趋势具有较强的长期相关性,但为相反趋势;年沙尘暴时间Hurst指数为0.4043,呈与1953—1998年的下降趋势相反的弱持续相关性。通过预测认为:应该加强对耕地面积的宏观调控,抑制土地利用所引起荒漠化的发展,控制开荒,提高现有耕地的利用效率;同时要继续宏观调控农村人口、农村用电量、机井数量变化向良性方向发展。     

外源植酸酶对土壤有机磷组分含量的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究了不同用量外源植酸酶在不同培养时期对土壤有机磷组分及数量的影响。结果表明,添加外源植酸酶各处理在各培养时期土壤活性和中等活性有机磷的含量和比例均高于对照,各处理间呈极高量>高量>中量>低量>对照,其含量随培养时间的延长呈增加趋势,至培养第40 d达最高值;而中稳性和高稳性有机磷含量均低于对照,各处理间呈极高量<高量<中量<低量<对照,其含量随培养时间的延长呈减少趋势,至培养第40 d达最低值;添加外源植酸酶各处理的有机磷总量均低于对照,并随植酸酶添加量的增加而减小。外源植酸酶可以促进土壤稳定性有机磷向活性有机磷转化,乃至向无机磷转化,从而提高了土壤有机磷素的有效性。     

湖北省柑橘园土壤养分分级研究

对湖北省柑橘主产区143个柑橘园0～30cm的土壤样品进行了测试分析。结果表明,全省有89.5%柑橘园土壤pH值适合柑橘生长;有59.4%的柑橘园土壤有机质含量偏低,土壤速效N、P、K缺乏分别为78.3%、44.1%和77.6%;中量元素养分Ca、Mg缺乏分别为39.1%和37.1%;分别有34.3%、20.3%、16.8%、63.6%、35.5%和77.4%的柑橘园缺乏有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo和B。土壤有效Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Mo含量在部分柑橘园存在过量现象,分别占柑橘园的9.8%、4.9%、7.7%、4.9%、3.5%和4.0%。柑橘园土壤pH值、有机质和各种有效养分含量呈现一定的地域性变化,如鄂南柑橘园土壤偏酸,而汉江流域(鄂北)土壤偏碱;鄂南Ca和Mg缺乏程度高,汉江流域含量相对较高,而有效Fe、Mn、Zn含量则相反。调查结果还表明,柑橘园土壤有效Cu和B含量受人为活动的影响非常明显。     

鄂东南花岗岩区节理对崩岗发育的影响

崩岗是鄂东南花岗岩地区普遍存在的土壤侵蚀现象,给农业生态与经济发展带来了严重影响。研究以鄂东南通城县杨垄小流域崩岗为研究对象,使用RTK测量数据,ArcGIS生成DEM图像,测定坡面坡向及主沟、支沟的发展方向,运用罗盘测量节理产状,描述节理的区域性特征,探讨了节理对崩岗发育的影响。结果表明:杨垄小流域节理产状具有方向性和区域性,多为NE45°—90°和NW280°—310°;崩岗主沟发展方向主要受坡面坡向的影响,多位于北东向;崩岗支沟的发育在一定程度上受节理走向的影响,多分布于NE45°—90°和NW280°—320°;节理倾角大,节理面陡可加快崩岗的侵蚀与发育;节理可加快地下水的下渗,有利于风化壳的形成,加速崩岗侵蚀。研究结果可为探究崩岗地貌系统侵蚀机理及其治理方法研究提供依据。     

中国荒漠化的形成原因和分布特征

 世界上的沙漠主要分布在副热带,唯独我国的沙漠分布在温带。根据有关文献和1994年我国沙漠化普查资料,介绍国内外现代干旱和沙漠化现状,分析青藏高原隆升、末次大冰期、水土资源分布、气候变化、社会经济干旱和人类不合理经济活动对我国北方沙漠化形成和分布的影响,以及未来发展趋势。建议要尽快实施跨流域调水、节水林牧业和依法治沙,彻底改变“三北”地区的干旱荒漠面貌。     

冀北山地油松蒙古栎混交林水化学特征

对冀北山地油松蒙古栎混交林穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Zn共6种养分元素进行测定。结果表明:(1)大气降水经过林冠层后化学元素含量均有不同程度增加,化学元素含量排序为Ca>K>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn,树干茎流各项指标均增长较多,化学元素含量排序为Ca>K>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn,枯落物水中K和Ca元素浓度增加最大。(2)大气降雨中Zn的变异系数最大,达2.853;K和Ca元素的变异系数最小,分别为0.158,0.163。穿透雨中变异系数最大的为Fe元素,其值为0.692;树干茎流中变异系数最大的为Zn元素,其值为0.594;枯透水中变异系数最大的为Fe元素,其值为1.164。(3)经过淋洗后水样中各元素的浓度均有所增加,穿透水、树干茎流和枯透水中Ca、K增加较多,Fe、Mn、Zn的淋溶量较少。     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

北京市东南郊灌区土壤和农产品酞酸酯污染风险评估

为明确北京市东南郊典型灌区土壤和作物酞酸酯PAEs含量和污染水平,2015年利用气象色谱-质谱仪检测了该灌区31个表层土壤样品和38个作物样品的6种优控PAEs含量.研究结果表明灌区表层土壤PAEs质量分数为1.8～12.2 mg/kg,均值5.1 mg/kg.与国内外相比,该研究中土壤PAEs含量处于较高水平.土壤中邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)含量均值分别占PAEs总量的60.4％和35.9％.土壤样品邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和DnBP含量均超美国土壤PAEs控制标准,但总体上未超过美国土壤PAEs治理标准.冬小麦籽粒、夏玉米籽粒和果蔬可食用部位PAEs质量分数分别为2.34～3.66、1.76～3.15和2.26～3.76 mg/kg;与其他研究成果相比,该研究区农产品PAEs含量处于中等水平.不同污灌历史年限区域土壤和粮食作物籽粒PAEs含量均没有显著差异.冬小麦籽粒、夏玉米籽粒和果蔬中DEHP和DnBP含量分别占总量的50.3％和30.5％、45.1％和50.2％、47.16％～63.3％和31.96％～46.36％.农产品PAEs总量及各组分含量均低于欧洲的建议标准值.粮食作物籽粒中PAEs和DnBP含量与土壤中相应含量呈显著正相关,Pearson相关系数(r)分别为0.74～0.87和0.91～0.92.该研究中农作物对PAEs的迁移系数为0.24～1.65.儿童和成人PAEs致癌风险分别为1.34×10-5和3.87x10-5,非致癌指数分别为9.44x 10-1和3.83×10-1,均在可接受范围内;通过口-作物暴露对PAEs 2种风险贡献均最大,DEHP对人体2种风险贡献最大.     

坡面薄层水流流速测量的比较研究

在室内模拟水槽中分别用质心运动学原理、电解质脉冲法和流量法3种方法测量不同坡度、不同泥沙含量条件下的薄层水流流速。比较以上3种测量结果发现在下垫面无渗透时，即加入的盐液没有损失时，电解质脉冲法测量坡面薄层水流流速与质心运动速度及流量法测量结果基本是一致的。在泥沙含量较大时，电解质脉冲法测量结果的误差较大，流量对测量结果影响不显著；随着测量距离的延长，测量误差变小，这可能是随着测量距离的增加，加入电解质的时间与测量时间之比减小，从而使假设加入的电解质为电解质脉冲更加合理。总的来说，电解质脉冲法在实验条件下测量坡面薄层水流流速是可行的。     

Application of humic substances in the remediation of heavy-metal-polluted soils of the Subarctic Zone of the Kola Peninsula

The effect of humic substances of various origin on the behavior of heavy metals was investigated in a field model experiment on remediation of technogenic wastelands near the mining-metallurgical compplex Severonickel in the Subarctic Zone of the Kola Peninsula. Two distinct types of humates, coal and peat, were applied to the experimental sites in various doses and combinations with NPK fertilizer and lime. The combination of peat humates with lime proved the most effective for stabilizing heavy metals in a sixweek experiment. The application of coal humates in conditions of prolonged contamination, accompanied by suppression of vegetation and biota, is effective in small doses (0.5%) and, conversely, causes the mobilization of metals with an increase in humate concentration (1%).