基于文献计量的农业节水领域研究现状及热点分析

农业节水是农业可持续发展的研究热点.为了能够在总体上把握国际有关农业节水技术领域的研究现状、热点和发展趋势,以Web of Science核心合集数据库为数据源,对1992-2019年发表的农业节水技术相关的文献进行计量分析,结果表明:①农业节水技术研究发展迅速,国际尤其是中国在该领域发文量均呈现快速增加趋势.②农业节水技术研究是一个多学科交叉领域,但其载文期刊分布相对集中.③西班牙在农业节水技术研究领域居世界领先地位,论文数量和质量均较高.中国和美国发文量分居第一和第二位,但论文篇均被引频次较低.西班牙高等科研理事会(CSIC)在该领域表现突出,论文数量和质量均最高.中国4所机构发文量进入世界前10位,分别是中国农业大学、中国科学院、西北农林科技大学和河海大学,但4所机构发文质量均有待进一步提升.④灌溉方式是近年来的研究热点,主要包括滴灌、喷灌、分根交替灌溉和加肥灌溉等.关于农业节水技术增产、增效机制方面的研究也是研究的热点,包括对碳氮代谢、水氮互作、植物激素等方面的研究.环境温度、温室气体排放等也是研究的热点.由此可以看出,有关农业节水的研究在国内外都属于研究热点方向,中国在该领域的整体表现突出,但是需进一步加强国际合作,提高在该领域的影响力.     

不同黑胫病发病程度下植烟根际土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构差异比较

土传病害的发生与土壤环境,特别是微生物群落结构变化密切相关,田间自然发病条件下探讨土传病害发生、发展过程中土壤环境因子的变化特征,可更加科学地评价病害发生与土壤环境因子变化的关系,为进一步了解土传病害发生机理提供必要科学依据。选择云南烟草黑胫病危害较为严重的3个植烟区(石林板桥、保山耇街、保山珠街)统一种植高感黑胫病烤烟品种红花大金元,调查定点田块病害发生情况并根据病害调查标准将发病烟株划分不同程度(正常烟株、轻度发病烟株、中度发病烟株、重度发病烟株)。同时在保山耇街试验点采集不同发病程度烟株根际土壤,分析比较其土壤酶活性及细菌群落的差异。研究结果表明:各调查点不同发病程度烟株根际土壤与脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性随发病程度增加均呈下降趋势;土壤16S rRNA高通量测序及多样性分析表明,与土壤细菌门类水平优势群落组成相似,并且随发病程度放线菌门相对丰度呈下降趋势,而酸杆菌门呈上升趋势;不同发病程度根际土壤细菌群落属水平上相对丰度差异较大,其中甾体杆菌属(Steroidobacter)、阿达尔杆菌属(Adhaeribacter)、根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、杜氏杆菌属(Tumebacillus)随发病程度呈先下降后上升的趋势;细菌群落α多样性指数均不同程度低于健康根际土壤,且均表现为轻度发病烟株根际土壤α多样性指数最低,其中shannon和simpson指数轻度发病烟株显著低于健康烟株;PCoA主成分分析表明,根际土壤细菌群落结构随发病程度发生了明显分离,且沿第二主成分坐标轴上细菌群落结构分离随发病程度呈逐渐增大趋势。综上所述,不同发病程度烟株根际主要环境因子存在较大差异,土壤酶活性受到不同程度抑制,细菌群落组成发生趋向性变化,群落结构发生趋向性改变,土壤微生物多样性降低。     

Molecular identification of blast resistance genes in rice landraces from northeastern India

Rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases causing huge losses worldwide. In the present study, major blast resistance genes were investigated in landraces originating from northeastern India. Based on phenotypic evaluation, 288 landraces were classified into three distinct groups: resistant (75), moderately resistant (127) and susceptible (86). The genetic frequencies of the 18 major blast resistance genes were between 6.2% and 27.4%, with only two genotypes possessing a maximum of nine blast resistance genes. The cluster and population structure analysis grouped the landraces into two groups. Through principal coordinate analysis, the scatter plots partitioned the resistant and moderately resistant landraces into different groups. Analysis of molecular variance showed maximum (96%) diversity within populations and least (4%) diversity between populations. Association analysis identified six markers, CRG4_2, RM72, tk59-2, pi21_79-3, RM1233 and RM6648, that are significantly associated with blast disease and explained a phenotypic variance of 1.1–6.5%. The associated genes could be used in marker-assisted rice breeding programmes for gene pyramiding to develop rice varietal resistance against blast disease. The present study represents a valuable blast resistance genetic resource that could be used for identification of new R genes, donors for blast resistance, and genomic studies.     

不同种植密度对3个小豆品种植株形态及产量的影响

采用两因素随机区组设计,以直立型小豆品种冀红20、冀红21和唐红201602为材料,分析6个种植密度对不同小豆品种植株形态特征及产量性状的影响。结果表明,品种和种植密度对小豆形态特征和产量性状的影响较大;底荚高度和第一节间长随着密度的增加而增加,主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株结荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重随着种植密度的增加而减小,产量随种植密度的增加呈先增加后减少趋势;相同品种不同种植密度间和相同种植密度不同品种间的产量差异极显著（F值分别为49.36、99.35）,品种与种植密度互作对产量的影响差异显著（F=3.91）。种植密度与株高、底荚高度呈极显著正相关,与第一节间长呈正相关,与茎粗、主茎分枝数和主茎节数呈极显著负相关。增加种植密度可增加小豆株高、底荚高度和第一节间长,有效减少主茎分枝数,有利于机械化收获。     

Temporal and spatial progress of the diseases caused by the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus and the begomovirus tomato severe rugose virus in tomatoes in Brazil

Efficient management of whitefly-borne diseases remains a challenge due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of their epidemiology, particularly of the diseases tomato golden mosaic and tomato yellowing. Here, by monitoring 16 plots in four commercial fields, the temporal and spatial distribution of these two diseases were studied in tomato fields in Brazil. In the experimental plots these diseases were caused by tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), respectively. The incidence of each virus was similar in the plots within a field but varied greatly among fields. Plants with symptoms for both diseases were randomly distributed in three of four spatial analyses. The curves representing the progress of both diseases were similar and contained small fluctuations, indicating that the spread of both viruses was similar under field conditions. In transmission experiments of ToSRV and ToCV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (former biotype B), these viruses had a similar transmission rate in single or mixed infections. It was then shown that primary and secondary spread of ToCV were not efficiently controlled by insecticide applications. Finally, in a typical monomolecular model of disease progress, simulation of the primary dissemination of ToSRV and ToCV showed that infected plants were predominantly randomly distributed. It is concluded that, although the manner of vector transmission differs between ToSRV (persistent) and ToCV (semipersistent), the main dispersal mechanisms are most probably similar for these two diseases: primary spread is the predominant mechanism, and epidemics of these diseases have been caused by several influxes of viruliferous whiteflies.     

Influence of temperature,humidity duration and growth stage on the infection and mycotoxin production by Fusarium langsethiae and Fusarium poae in oats

High occurrence of Fusarium poae (FP) and Fusarium langsethiae (FL) and their mycotoxins nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2 have been observed in Swiss oats. Early prediction of mycotoxin levels is important for farmers and the cereal industry to minimize the risk of contaminated food and feed. Therefore, climate chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different temperatures (10, 15, 20 °C) and durations (4, 8, 12 h) at 99% relative humidity (RH) on the infection of oats with FP and FL. In addition, to discover the most susceptible period of oats, artificial FL inoculations were conducted at different growth stages. Field experiments were performed to observe the dispersal of these fungal species within the field and to investigate the weather conditions that influence the dispersal. The climate chamber experiments revealed higher contamination with NIV and T-2/HT-2 in the 10 °C treatments and with a prolonged humidity duration of 12 h 99% RH. Inoculations of oat plants at early (DC 61) and mid (DC 65) anthesis, led to higher FL infection and T-2/HT-2 accumulation in the grains compared with treatments at earlier growth stages, which might be due to an increased susceptibility during anthesis. No indication for spore dispersal was observed in the field experiments. The results obtained, together with the cropping factors that influence infection and mycotoxin production, could be used as a first step in developing forecasting models to predict the contamination of oats with the mycotoxins NIV and T-2/HT-2.     

Temporal disease dynamics and relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in an isolated vineyard in the North Georgia Mountains,USA

The North Georgia Mountains are the southernmost region along the United States East Coast where European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are grown commercially. Epidemics of downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, are frequent and severe, but little is known about the epidemiology and population biology of the pathogen in this region. Disease monitoring in an experimental vineyard from 2015 to 2017 indicated that times of disease onset and progress rates were highly variable across years and cultivars. Oospores were observed microscopically, and simulation with a process-based model indicated presence of conditions favourable for oospore germination in the spring and early summer each year. A total of 409 P. viticola isolates collected over three  years were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers, revealing very high genotypic diversity, which when combined with the observation of oospores is indicative of a sexually reproducing population. Among the 409 isolates, 225 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, of which 164 were detected only once and 61 were repeated (clonal). Eight MLGs (represented by 28 isolates) were detected across years, suggesting the possibility of asexual overwintering of P. viticola in this region. Across sampling dates, the percentage of isolates belonging to nonrepeated (unique) MLGs ranged from 27.3% to 63.2%. Even towards the end of the annual epidemic, the percentage of isolates in nonrepeated MLGs was still relatively high, around 30%. These MLGs may have originated from oospores germinating late during the growing season, although incomplete sampling at earlier dates and contribution by immigration cannot be fully excluded.     

基于极化分解和集成学习的PolSAR影像分类

为实现Pol SAR数据极化信息的充分利用,以进一步改善分类效果,该研究提出了一种基于极化分解和集成学习的Pol SAR影像分类方法。该方法首先利用多种极化分解方法从Pol SAR影像中提取极化参数;将提取的极化参数组合成一幅多通道影像;然后对多通道影像进行分割和特征提取,分别提取出各目标极化分解方法所对应的特征;并进行特征选择和分类,得到各目标极化分解方法的分类结果;最后利用集成学习技术对各分类结果进行集成。该研究以吉林省长春市部分区域为研究区,Radarsat2影像为数据源,将提出的方法应用于土地覆被分类中,取得了较好的分类效果,总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到了92.49%和0.90。此外,该研究还将提出方法与其他基于多种极化分解的分类方法进行比较,对比方法的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为90.74%和0.88,比提出方法分别低1.75%和0.02,对比结果进一步证明了提出方法的优越性。     

GC-MS分析慢性氨气应激对肉鸡血清代谢物的影响

【目的】随着养殖业集约化和规模化的发展,舍内环境对畜禽生长的影响日益突出。在密闭舍饲条件下,不断产生有毒有害气体,其中氨气的危害最大,降低畜禽生产性能,威胁动物健康。为此开展慢性氨气应激对肉鸡血清代谢物影响的研究,从小分子物质和代谢途径方面探究氨气导致机体代谢发生的变化,为舍内氨气的合理调控提供数据支持。【方法】试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将96只21日龄健康AA肉鸡随机分成对照组和试验组,每组设4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组氨气浓度为0 mg·kg ^-1,试验组氨气浓度为45 mg·kg ^-1。试验在人工模拟呼吸舱内进行,呼吸舱采用全自动化控制温湿度等养殖条件,采用网上平养,自由采食和饮水,24h 光照,试验期为21d。在肉鸡42日龄时,从每个重复中随机抽取2只,翅静脉采血,分离血清。将血清样品预处理后,采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术（gas chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer technology, GC-MS）检测代谢产物,利用质谱数据库对其进行鉴定。通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析、t-检验等,寻找差异代谢物,并利用生物信息学方法对差异代谢物进行通路富集分析。【结果】（1）利用 GC-MS 方法,结合质谱数据库对检测到的代谢物进行快速鉴定,在肉鸡血清中共检测到204种代谢物。将代谢组数据导入SIMCA-P软件进行多元统计分析,结合t-检验筛选出 23种差异代谢物,其中上调19个,下调4个。（2）差异代谢物主要涉及能量代谢（乳酸、α-酮戊二酸）、氨基酸代谢（L-别苏氨酸、L-高丝氨酸、烟酰甘氨酸）、脂肪酸代谢（硬脂酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、胆固醇）以及核苷酸代谢（次黄嘌呤、尿嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶）等。（3）代谢通路富集分析表明,氨气应激主要影响了肉鸡血清的脂肪代谢通路,如亚油酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢以及α-亚麻酸代谢。【结论】GC-MS较为全面地检测到血清的代谢物,能够准确地筛选出差异代谢物,同时慢性氨气应激显著影响肉鸡的血清代谢物含量,主要影响脂肪代谢通路,为阐明氨气应激影响营养代谢的机制提供参考。