木聚糖酶和纤维素酶多酶嵌合体的构建

为探究木聚糖酶和纤维素酶形成的多酶嵌合体降解纤维素的效果,此研究设计了2个含有不同来源锚定域的重组木聚糖酶基因和重组纤维素酶基因,并设计了含有2个不同来源的粘附域和纤维素结合域的脚手架蛋白基因,体外构建了大肠杆菌E.coil BL21(DE3)表达载体,表达纯化了脚手架蛋白、重组木聚糖酶和纤维素酶。同时,体外组装三种元件形成多酶嵌合体,以微晶粉末纤维素为底物检测其降解纤维素的效率。结果显示,纯化所得的脚手架蛋白Scaf、重组木聚糖酶Xyn10B和纤维素酶Cel48F可在体外组装形成多酶嵌合体,该多酶嵌合体酶活(0.107±0.013 U/mL)显著高于游离酶混合物的酶活(0.084±0.001 U/mL)(P0.05)。试验表明木聚糖酶Xyn10B和纤维素酶Cel48F可与脚手架蛋白Scaf体外组装形成多酶嵌合体,并可实现对纤维素的高效降解。     

5种粗纤维饲料底物对瘤胃真菌纤维素酶的影响

本试验通过在体外模拟瘤胃内环境,利用取自崂山奶山羊瘤胃内的混合厌氧真菌为菌种,分别以花生蔓、地瓜蔓、豆荚、玉米叶和滤纸为培养底物,以羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活为监测指标,研究不同纤维素含量的发酵底物对混合瘤胃厌氧真菌产纤维素酶的影响。结果表明:木聚糖酶在豆荚底物组培养72 h酶活达到最高,显著高于其他各底物组(P<0.05);羧甲基纤维素酶活性和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的最高点均出现在培养72 h的花生蔓底物组,酶活比地瓜蔓组分别高25.00%、14.67%(P<0.05);滤纸组3种纤维素酶酶活均显著低于其余4种底物组(P<0.05)。发酵120 h后,花生蔓、地瓜蔓和玉米叶组的干物质消失率均达到37%,显著高于豆荚底物组和滤纸底物组(P<0.05)。综上,底物中木质素含量对木聚糖酶、纤维素含量对羧甲基纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶均有一定诱导作用;选择豆荚做发酵底物可产生较高活性的木聚糖酶,选择花生蔓则可以产生较高活性的羧甲基纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶;底物干物质消失率对3种酶的活性高低影响不大。     

苜蓿皂苷对山羊瘤胃体外培养液纤维降解酶活及纤维降解率的影响

本试验研究了不同水平的苜蓿皂苷对生长山羊瘤胃培养液中纤维降解酶活及纤维降解率的影响。在山羊瘤胃培养液中分别添加0％、1％、2％、3％的苜蓿皂苷，进行体外培养。结果表明：添加量为1％时未对纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活性造成不利影响．但超过1％时则降低其活性．添加苜蓿皂苷未对内切葡聚糖酶活性和纤维二糖苷酶活性产生影响。1％-3％的苜蓿皂苷极显著地提高DM降解率，分别增加了14．0％、28．2％和25．8％。说明添加苜蓿皂苷未对瘤胃降解纤维素及半纤维素的能力产生不利影响．     

吐温80作为新型饲料添加剂对反刍动物瘤胃生态和生产性能的影响

添加吐温80在500ml混合瘤胃微生物培养物内的浓度分别为0.00%、0.05%和0.10%时,羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、淀粉酶和大麦葡聚糖酶等胞外酶的总产量会显著提高(P<0.05),不过胞外和胞内果胶酶的总产量不受影响。同时,木聚糖酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶和葡聚糖酶等酶的活性由于有更多的酶从结合形式变为游离形式而升高。非离子表面活性剂(NIS)对瘤胃微生物的生长也有影响。添加吐温80能显著促进瘤胃内非纤维素分解菌的生长速度,而对纤维分解菌的生长影响不大。添加0.05%的吐温80对瘤胃微生物的生长促进最大。添加吐温80还能显著增加瘤胃内真菌和原虫的数量。灌注吐温80也能增加瘤胃pH值、氨氮和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度,从而提高干物质降解率及奶牛产奶量。非离子型表面活性剂对瘤胃的作用机理至少可归结为两方面原因:①增加酶的释放量和(或)增强酶的活性;②促进酶和底物之间的相互作用。尽管一些报道NIS对瘤胃微生物和瘤胃发酵特征有负作用,研究表明NIS还是可能成为一种新型饲料添加剂能够安全、简便地应用于反刍动物来调控粗饲料条件下瘤胃发酵而提高饲料营养价值和生产性能。     

非离子型表面活性剂(NIS)对反刍动物瘤胃生态和生产性能的影响

作者综述了3种非离子型表面活性剂（吐温60、吐温80和SOLFA-850）在反刍动物营养方面的研究进展。添加0．05％和0．10％的吐温80．显著提高了体外混合瘤胃微生物培养物中羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、淀粉酶和大麦葡聚糖酶等胞外酶的总产量（P〈0．05），胞外和胞内果胶酶的总产量不受影响。吐温60也能促进蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性．不过需要较高的浓度水平。SOLFA-850能极显著提高羧甲基纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活性（P〈0．01）。添加吐温80显著促进瘤胃内非纤维素分解菌的生长速度，而对纤维分解菌的生长影响不大。添加SOLFA-850能增加总可计数菌的数量，但不影响纤维分解菌的数量。吐温80也能显著增加瘤胃内真菌和原虫的数量。瘤胃灌注吐温80或SOLFA-850能增加瘤胃pH、氨氮和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度，提高干物质降解率和奶牛产奶量。非离子型表面活性剂的作用机理至少可归结为：①增加酶的释放量和／或增强酶的活性；②促进酶和底物之间的相互作用。因此非离子型表面活性剂今后可能成为一种新型反刍动物饲料添加剂。     

不同比例游离脂肪酸对体外发酵参数的影响

采用体外培养方法研究添加不同比例的亚油酸和亚麻酸对瘤胃发酵的影响。以微晶纤维素为发酵底物,混合酸的添加量为5mg,添加比例分别为0∶0、5∶0、4∶1、3∶2、1∶1、2∶3、1∶4和0∶5,每个处理设4个重复。结果表明:随着游离脂肪酸不饱和度的增加提高了培养液中pH值和NH3-N浓度,降低了挥发脂肪酸、24h微晶纤维素的消失率和产气量。     

不同酶制剂组合对水稻秸秆青贮品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在探究不同酶制剂组合对水稻秸秆青贮品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响。试验以水稻秸秆为青贮原料，添加不同酶制剂组合，共设4个组：对照组（CK组，不添加任何酶制剂）、C组（添加1.0 g/kg纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶复合酶制剂）、PL组（添加0.5 g/kg果胶酶+1.0 g/kg漆酶）、CPL组（添加1.0 g/kg纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶复合酶制剂+0.5 g/kg果胶酶+1.0 g/kg漆酶），每组5个重复。青贮60 d后开包取样，分析其青贮品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性。结果表明：1）水稻秸秆青贮后，PL组的干物质含量显著高于CK、C、CPL组（P<0.05）;CPL组的粗脂肪含量、相对饲用价值、总可消化养分显著高于CK组（P<0.05），中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于CK组（P<0.05）。2）体外发酵24 h后，C、PL、CPL组24 h累积产气量、慢速降解部分产气量和潜在产气量显著高于CK组（P<0.05），快速部分产气量显著低于CK组（P<0.05）;PL、CPL组的慢速降解部分的产气速率显著高于CK、C组（P<0.0...     

体外法研究银杏叶提取物对山羊瘤胃纤维降解的影响

以3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的山羊为试验动物,以纯淀粉、纤维素和酪蛋白为底物,银杏叶提取物在瘤胃培养液底物的浓度设为0(对照组)、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%5个水平,利用人工瘤胃体外培养法,通过对瘤胃液pH值、微生物蛋白、纤维素降解率及与纤维素降解相关的酶等指标的测定,探讨银杏叶提取物对纤维素降解的影响.结果表明:银杏叶提取物增加了微生物蛋白的产量,提高了纤维素的降解率,增加了滤纸纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的活性.     

木聚糖酶对氨化小麦秸秆体外发酵特性及甲烷产量的影响

旨在探究木聚糖酶对氨化处理小麦秸秆营养价值、体外发酵特性及甲烷产量的影响。试验设5个处理组:对照组(C)、单一氨化处理组(A)、氨化处理加木聚糖酶15 U/g组(A+X15)、20 U/g组(A+X20)和25 U/g组(A+X25),氨化处理20 d后取样分析小麦秸秆营养价值,并利用体外产气法测定小麦秸秆瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷产量。结果表明:小麦秸秆经氨化处理后各组粗蛋白质(CP)含量均显著提高(P0.05)。与对照组和单一氨化组相比,添加木聚糖酶可以显著降低中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和半纤维素含量(P0.05),随着酶添加量的提高有降低趋势(P0.05)。小麦秸秆经氨化处理后,72 h产气量、潜在产气量和瘤胃发酵液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)产量均有显著提高(P0.05),添加木聚糖酶可以进一步提高潜在产气量和瘤胃发酵液TVFA含量(P0.05),其中A+X20组达到最大值。各组间产气速率和甲烷产量没有显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,小麦秸秆经氨化处理时推荐添加20 U/g的木聚糖酶。     

体外法研究米曲霉培养物对瘤胃发酵参数及微生物酶活性的影响

本试验旨在通过体外产气试验研究高酶活力的米曲霉培养物(AOC)对瘤胃发酵的影响。以米曲霉产酶特性为标准研制米曲霉培养物,体外法研究0、3、6、12 mg米曲霉培养物对瘤胃发酵和微生物酶活力的影响。结果表明:培养48 h的AOC酶活力最高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,添加6、12 mg AOC显著增加了24 h产气量、微生物蛋白浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸和丙酸的含量(P<0.05),12 mg AOC组的氨态氮浓度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。6 mg AOC组微晶纤维素酶活性显著高于其他组(P<0.05),木聚糖酶活性显著高于对照组和3 mgAOC组(P<0.05);12 mg AOC组的羧甲基纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组和3 mg AOC组(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加米曲霉培养物可通过提高瘤胃微生物酶活性而促进体外瘤胃发酵。     

Dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide level and xylanase supplementation influence performance,egg quality and nutrient utilization in laying hens fed wheat-based diets

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide (sNSP) content and xylanase supplementation on production performance, egg quality parameters, and nutrient digestibility in Hy-line Brown layers from 25 to 32 wk of age. A total of 144 Hy-line Brown laying hens (25 wk of age) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 wheat-based dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design, with 36 replicates of individual hens per treatment. The diets were formulated to contain either a high or low sNSP level (at 13.3 or 10.8 g/kg) and were supplemented with either 0 or 12,000 BXU/kg exogenous xylanase. Birds were fed these treatment diets for an 8-wk period, and hen production performance, including daily egg production, average egg weight, daily egg mass, feed conversion ratio and proportion of dirty and abnormal eggs were measured at bird age 25 to 28 wk and 29 to 32 wk. An interaction between sNSP content of the diet and xylanase supplementation was observed on daily egg production from 25 to 28 wk of age (P = 0.018); birds fed the high sNSP diet without xylanase had lower egg production than those fed any other treatment. An interaction between the 2 dietary factors was also observed on hen weight gain at 29 to 32 wk of age (P = 0.014), with birds fed the low sNSP diet with 12,000 BXU/kg xylanase presenting greater weight gain compared to those fed the high sNSP diet with 12,000 BXU/kg xylanase. Feed intake at 29 to 32 wk of age was reduced by xylanase supplementation (P = 0.047). Xylanase supplementation also increased yolk colour score at both 28 and 32 wk of age, and decreased yolk weight at 32 wk of age (P = 0.014, 0.037 and 0.013, respectively). Birds fed the low sNSP diet presented lower protein digestibility (P = 0.024) than those fed the high sNSP diet. Additionally, birds fed high sNSP presented higher shell reflectivity at both 28 and 32 wk of age (P = 0.05 and 0.036, respectively). The influence of duration of feeding the treatment diets on egg quality was also determined. It was observed that egg weight, yolk weight and yolk colour score consistently increased over time, regardless of experimental treatment effects. In contrast, Haugh Unit and albumen height significantly decreased throughout the study period in all treatments, although this was less pronounced in hens fed the treatment with high sNSP and no supplemental xylanase. A reduction in shell breaking strength over time was observed only in hens fed the treatments without xylanase addition, and shell thickness was improved over time only in birds fed the low sNSP diet with xylanase. The impacts of the dietary treatments were largely inconsistent in this study, so a solid conclusion cannot be drawn. However, these findings do indicate that dietary NSP level influences layer production performance, and thus should be considered when formulating laying hen diets. It also proved that further research is warranted into how to optimize the benefits of xylanase application in laying hens.     

小麦型日粮中添加木聚糖酶对肉鸭生产性能的影响

本试验在小麦型基础日粮中分别添加木聚糖酶0、50、100、150、200g/t饲料(5000U/g酶)饲喂12日龄樱桃谷肉鸭,观察木聚糖酶对肉鸭生产性能的影响。结果表明:添加木聚糖酶对肉鸭生产性能影响不显著(P0.05),单位增重饲料成本以添加量50 g/t(即每1 kg饲料含250 U木聚糖酶)的有效含量为佳。     

添加外源纤维水解酶对羊草体外瘤胃发酵酶活性及特性的影响

试验通过分别添加纤维素酶与木聚糖酶0,10.0与50.0 mg水平,0与24 h两个预处理时间,每个处理3个重复,体外法评价纤维素酶与木聚糖酶复合处理羊草后与瘤胃液共培养对木聚糖酶与葡聚糖酶活性及发酵特性的影响。结果表明,添加纤维水解酶能提高0与8 h培养液中木聚糖酶和内切葡聚糖酶活性以及0 h培养液中外切葡聚糖酶活性,且具有添加剂量效应。当培养至24及48 h,添加外源酶制剂并不能提高培养液中相关酶活性。外源酶制剂显著增加培养24与48 h发酵液中乙酸含量,8,24与48 h 总挥发性脂肪酸产量 (P<0.05)以及48 h累积产气量(P<0.05),但对培养期内戊酸与异戊酸含量没有影响(P＞0.05)。结果提示添加外源酶制剂能提高早期培养液中木聚糖酶和葡聚糖酶活性、增加VFA产量和改善体外瘤胃发酵特性。     

低能日粮添加木聚糖酶或复合酶对肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响

试验旨在研究肉鸡低能日粮中添加木聚糖酶或复合酶对肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响。采用单因子的试验设计,试验分6个处理,每个处理8个重复,每重复10只肉仔鸡。6个试验饲粮处理分别为正对照组(PC)、负对照组(NC,在正对照组基础上降低表观代谢能836 kJ/kg)、以及4个在NC基础上的加酶组(分别为处理1:木聚糖酶添加量为4 000 U/kg饲料;处理2:木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶分别为300 U/kg、400 U/kg和4 000 U/kg饲料;处理3:木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶分别为:1383U/kg6、7U/kg和667U/kg;处理4:木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶分别为2 766 U/kg、134 U/kg和1 334 U/kg)。试验结果表明,与PC相比,NC降低了肉鸡的增重、提高了料肉比(P<0.05);与NC相比,4个加酶组提高增重3%~10%和改善料肉比2%~8%(P<0.05),加酶后NC组肉鸡的生产性能达到了PC水平。NC降低了干物质、粗蛋白和能量的表观消化率(P<0.05),加酶组对养分消化率具有提高作用,且达到了PC水平;木聚糖酶和复合酶两种酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响差异不显著,处理3和4两组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,在降低代谢能836 kJ/kg的肉鸡饲粮中添加木聚糖酶或复合酶,能够使肉鸡的生产性能和养分消化率得以补偿,低能负对照饲粮加酶后能够使肉鸡的生产性能达到与正对照组相同水平。     

体外产气法评定植酸酶对稻糠、玉米麸和麦麸瘤胃发酵特性的影响

采用体外瘤胃发酵试验结合动态产气实时记录技术,分析了添加植酸酶对瘤胃微生物降解和利用糠麸饲料的功效。试验采集3头健康泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃液,以稻糠、玉米麸和麦麸为底物,测定对照组和加酶组(5 U/g植酸酶)发酵72 h的累积产气量、发酵动力学参数和和瘤胃发酵特性指标。结果表明,添加5 U/g植酸酶并不能显著影响稻糠、玉米麸和麦麸的体外干物质消化率、培养液中氨态氮浓度以及发酵的产气量(72 h累积产气量和理论最大产气量)(P>0.050 0),但却能显著降低发酵的产气速率及达到最大产气量1/2时的产气速率(P<0.050 0),显著提高培养液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度(P<0.050 0),总挥发性脂肪酸浓度增幅由高至低依次为麦麸(4.2%)、稻糠(3.3%)和玉米麸(1.7%),除可显著提高异丁酸含量(P<0.050 0)外,对乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等主要挥发性脂肪酸的含量的影响不显著(P>0.050 0)。总之,稻糠、玉米麸和麦麸间体外瘤胃发酵特性存在差异,添加植酸酶可在一定程度上促进瘤胃微生物发酵释放出更多的挥发性脂肪酸,提高瘤胃微生物对饲料中能量物质的发酵利用效率。     

Effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on in vitro fermentation characteristics of low-quality cereal straws

The effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme preparation (containing cellulase and xylanase) on in vitro fermentation characteristics of rice straw, wheat straw, maize stover, and maize stover silage were examined using an in vitro gas production technique. Four levels of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplements (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg of straw DM, respectively) were tested in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement. Supplementation of yeast culture increased the cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, rate of gas production, IVDMD, and in vitro OM disappearance (IVOMD), and decreased the lag time for each type of straw. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation tended to increase cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, and rate of gas production; prolonged lag time of gas production; and enhanced IVDMD and IVOMD for 4 types of cereal straws, with the significance of this effect being dependent on the level of supplemented enzymes. There were significant interactions between fibrolytic enzymes and yeast on all in vitro gas production parameters, IVDMD, and IVOMD of each type of straw. The outcome of this research indicated that the application of fibrolytic enzyme preparation and yeast culture could improve in vitro gas production fermentation of cereal straws.     

酶制剂对水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质及体外消化特性的影响

为探讨纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及两种酶组合添加对水稻秸秆青贮过程中结构性、水溶性碳水化合物组分含量及体外消化特性和发酵品质的影响，试验设4个处理组：1）0.3%蒸馏水（对照组，CO）；2）0.3%纤维素酶（CE）；3）0.3%木聚糖酶（XE）；4）0.15%纤维素酶+0.15%木聚糖酶（组合酶组，CX），分别于青贮3、7、14、30 d后取样分析。结果表明，与CO相比，CE、XE和CX组显著提高了乳酸、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量，显著降低了pH值、氨态氮、总挥发性脂肪酸、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、纤维素和半纤维素含量，减少了干物质损失（P<0.05）。酶制剂显著提高了水稻秸秆青贮饲料24、48和72 h时的累积产气量和干物质体外消化率（P<0.05）。青贮末期CX组有最高的乳酸含量（34.13 g·kg^-1 DM）、体外产气量（68.27 mL）、干物质体外消化率（61.31%）和最低的pH值（4.36）。与CE和XE相比，CX组水溶性碳水化合物（葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖）含量更高。综上所述，添加酶制剂可促进结构性碳水化合物的降解，提高水溶性碳水化合物的含量，改善水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质及体外消化率，与CE和XE相比，CX组发酵品质、碳水化合物的降解转化和体外消化特性更好。     

Effect of alkali pretreatment of wheat straw on the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes

The effects of pretreating wheat straw with alkali on the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes for improving straw digestibility were studied in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. In Exp. 1, untreated straw (US); alkali-treated (5% NaOH, wt/wt) straw (AS); and autoclaved, alkali-treated straw (AAS) were sprayed with 0 or 1.5 mg/g DM of enzyme mix (xylanase, beta-glucanase, carboxymethylcellulase, and amylase) and incubated for 30 h in buffered ruminal fluid (3 x 2 factorial arrangement). Enzymes increased (P < 0.001) gas production and the incorporation of 15N into microbial N at 4 h, more so with AS or AAS than with US (P < 0.001 for gas; P < 0.05 for 15N). In Exp. 2, US and AS were sprayed with enzymes at 0, 0.15, or 1.5 mg/g DM (2 x 3 factorial) and incubated ruminally in nylon bags for up to 80 h to determine the in situ DM disappearance (ISDMD). Interactive effects (P < 0.05) of pretreatment and enzymes were observed on all ruminal degradation parameters. Alkali increased the rate (P < 0.01) and extent (P < 0.001) of ISDMD irrespective of enzymes. Enzymes applied to US did not affect the extent of ISDMD, but they increased (P < 0.01) the extent of ISDMD when applied to AS. Substrates from Exp. 1 and 2 were incubated in acetate buffer for 24 h to measure the hydrolytic loss of DM and release of reducing sugars and phenolic compounds. Alkali pretreatment and enzymes each increased (P < 0.001) DM loss and the release of reducing sugars and, in combination, exerted synergistic effects (P < 0.001). Enzymes did not affect the release of phenolic compounds from the straw. In Exp. 3, total-tract digestibility of untreated and enzyme-treated (100 mL/kg DM) ammoniated straw was assessed using 32 beef cows in eight pens. Wrapped straw bales were injected with NH3 (3% [wt/wt], DM basis) 4 mo before the study; enzymes were applied immediately before feeding. Applying enzyme to ammoniated straw increased (P < 0.05) digestibilities of DM, OM, and total N but did not affect the intake of DM or digestibility of ADF. Pretreatment of straw with alkali enhanced the efficacy of exogenous enzymes, presumably by breaking esterified bonds and releasing phenolic compounds and/or by swelling the crystalline cellulose and enhancing enzyme penetration. Including enzymes that mimic alkali hydrolysis (e.g., esterases) in commercial feed additives could substantially improve the value of these products for ruminants.     

外源纤维素酶对发酵全混合日粮营养价值、发酵品质和酶活性的动态影响

本试验旨在探究外源纤维素酶(EFE)添加到发酵全混合日粮(FTMR)中对其营养价值、发酵品质和酶活性的影响,并找出适宜添加水平。采用完全随机试验设计,设置5个纤维素酶添加水平(0、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2 g·kg^-1 DM),分别测定底物发酵的第7、14、35、49、70天的概略养分、可溶性碳水化物(WSC)、发酵参数和4种酶活力。结果表明,1)纵向看,随发酵时间的延长,底物的干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和可溶性碳水化合物含量,以及4种酶活力均呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而乙酸含量则呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05)。2)横向看,随着EFE添加量的提高,发酵一定时间后, DM、NDF、ADF和WSC含量以及pH值、氨态氮含量、羧基肽酶活力和酸性蛋白酶活力呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而乙酸含量、纤维素酶活力、和木聚糖活力呈上升趋势(P<0.05),发酵第35天后趋于稳定,0.8和1.6 g·kg^-1 EFE添加组表现出较低的pH值、NDF含量和ADF含量(P<0.05),以及较高的纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活力(P<0.05);由此,本试验发现,添加EFE可促进FTMR中纤维类物质的降解、有机酸的积累和自身纤维类物质的酶活力,抑制羧基肽酶活力和酸性蛋白酶活力,减少蛋白质的损失,且存在添加剂量效应,适宜添加量为0.8~1.6 g·kg^-1 DM。     

不同碘添加水平对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加碘酸钙对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵的影响。以碘酸钙作为添加形式,以牦牛饲粮为底物进行体外瘤胃发酵,底物碘含量分别为0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 mg/kg,发酵48h,测定发酵后的产气量、瘤胃发酵指标及消化酶活力。结果表明:当底物碘含量为0.3mg/kg,NH_3-N浓度、微生物蛋白质(MCP)含量、脂肪酶(LPS)活力、胰蛋白酶(TYS)活力、纤维素酶(CLS)活力达到最大值,分别为14.267 mg/100mL、4.619g/L、0.462U/mL、65.463U/mL、69.527U/mL,碘含量为0.3mg/kg时,乙酸(aceticacid)、丙酸(propionicacid)、总酸(TVFA)浓度达到最高值,分别为:56.142mmol/L、30.877mmol/L、87.460mmol/L,各组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),乙酸与丙酸的比例达到最小值1.819,显著低于其它所有组乙酸与丙酸的比例(P<0.05);在底物碘含量为0.5mg/kg时,淀粉酶(AMS)活力与纤维素酶(CLS)活力达到最大值分别为1.832U/mL、69.527U/mL;在底物碘含量为0.7mg/kg时,总产气量与甲烷产量达到最大值分别为80.8mL、11.88mL。综合以上结果,在体外条件下,在底物碘含量为0.3～0.7mg/kg时,有利于瘤胃发酵和饲草料降解。