牛β—酪蛋白基因上游调控序列PCR扩增及克隆

采用蛋白酶Ｋ法从母牛肝中提取染色体ＤＮＡ,将其纯化后作为ＰＣＲ扩增模板。以引物设计软件从牛β－酪蛋白基因上游６００ｂｐ至第１个外显子设计引物,引物长度１９ｎｔ,跨度６３７ｂｐ。扩增产物电泳结果显示,在分子量Ｍａｒｋｅｒ６５７ｂｐ带附近,出现一明显亮带,这一结果与设计产物大小基本一致。用低温冷冻法纯化ＰＣＲ产物,煮沸裂解法提取载体ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔⅡＫｓ＋质粒,ＥｃｏＲＶ酶切质粒ＤＮＡ,Ｔ４ＤＮＡ连接酶连接ＰＣＲ扩增片段和质粒ＤＮＡ。将重组质粒ＤＮＡ转化到ＪＭ１０１大肠杆菌中,经筛选、酶切、测序鉴定,结果表明所克隆的片段为牛β－酪蛋白基因上游调控序列。     

产气荚膜梭菌β-毒素基因的克隆与核苷酸序列分析

为了给产气荚膜梭菌（Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍｐｅｒｆｒｉｎｇｅｎｓ）β毒素基因工程亚单位苗和细菌毒素多价基因工程苗的研制提供基因材料，用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）技术，从Ｂ型产气荚膜梭菌染色体基因组中扩增了９３０ｂｐ的β－毒素基因。用限制性核酸内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ和ＥｃｏＲＩ对ＰＣＲ产物进行双酶切处理，然后通过Ｔ４ＤＮＡ连接酶将其定向连接于事先经同样的双酶切处理的载体质粒ｐＥＴ－２８Ｃ（＋）的多克隆位点，转化至受体菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中。经ＢａｍＨＩ和ＥｃｏＲＩ双酶切分析和ＰＣＲ扩增检测，证明重组质粒ｐＥＣＢ２中含有产气荚膜梭菌的β－毒素基因。经核苷酸序列分析，明确了克隆的β－毒素基因在重组质粒中的连接向位和阅读框架是正确的。     

猪生殖和呼吸综合征中国分离株ORF7基因的克隆及鉴定

本研究利用对应于ＡＴＣＣＶＲ－２３３２及ＬＶＯＲＦ７基因保守序列的１对均为２８个碱基的引物１００１１ＰＣＳ、１０１０ＰＣＲ对ＰＲＲＳＶ中国分离株Ｂ１３进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ，结果扩增出了１条包括完整ＯＲＦ７基因的５１０ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ片段。纯化此扩增产物，并对其进行ＥｃｏＲＩ／ＰｓｔＩ双酶切，与用ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＰｓｔＩ双酶切及碱性磷酸酶处理的ＰＵＣ１８载体连接。转化大肠杆菌。结果得到了１个Ｂ１３ＯＲＦ７基因与ＰＵＣ１８载体的重组质粒ＰＵＣ１８Ｂ１３ＯＲＦ７１０。通过ＥｃｏＲＩ／ＰｓｔＩ及ＰＣＲ证明此重组质粒即为Ｂ１３ＯＲＦ７基因与ＰＵＣ１８载体的重组质粒。从而为ＯＲＦ７基因及所表达的核衣壳蛋白进一步研究奠定了基础。     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF6片段的cDNA克隆及鉴定

根据已发表的ＰＲＲＳＶ基因组序列，设计并合成了１对特异扩增ＡＴＣＣ ＶＲ－２３３２株的ＯＲＦ６的基因的引物，以ＡＴＣＣ ＶＲ－２３３２基因组为模板，通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增出５８６ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ产物。将该ｃＤＮＡ片段经Ｔ－Ａ连接插入ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔｅａｓｙ载体中，用重组质粒转化大肠埃希氏菌ＪＭ１０９，获得重组质粒转化菌。对重南粒ＤＮＡ进行ＰＣＲ及酶切鉴定，证明插入的ＤＮＡ片段与ＰＣＲ扩增的ＤＮＡ片段大小相     

副结核分枝杆菌DNA探针的制备与应用

以溶菌酶、ＳＤＳ、高氯酸钠等处理提取副结核分析杆菌Ｃ２株染色体ＤＮＡ，经限制性内切酶Ｐｓｔ Ｉ消化后，以质粒ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔ ＳＫ为载体，通过Ｔ４ＤＮＡ连接酶连接，转入Ｅ。ｃｏｌｉ ＤＨ５ａ受体菌中，构建了副结核菌Ｃ２株的ＤＮＡ基因文库。应用反向杂交试验，从基因文库中筛选出４个重组克隆：ＰＴＰ１２、ＰＴＰ１９、ＰＴＰ３８。对这４个重组克隆进行酶切、电泳分析，结果表明４个插入片段长度分别为：４     

鹅Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒融合蛋白基因3‘端cDNA片段的分子克隆

参考禽副粘病毒的融合蛋白基因（Ｆ基因）ｃＤＮＡ序列，设计并合成了１对引物，以他离到对鹅有致病力的Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒ＧＰＭＶ／ＱＹ９７－１株的核酸（ＲＮＡ）为模板，用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）对其融合蛋白基因３＇端进行扩增，获得了预计的８８４ｂｐ左右的片段。将该片段克隆进ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ Ｅａｓｙ质粒载体，获得重组质料Ｔ－ＧＰＭＶＦ３＇，采用限制性内切酶和ＰＣＲ方法对该重组质粒进行鉴定，证明所克隆的     

基因探针和PCR对鲤吉陶单极虫的检测

采用液氮冷冻研磨法破碎吉陶单极虫（Ｔｈｅｌｏｈａｎｅｌｕｓｋｉｔａｕｅｉ）孢子，按常规法提取其基因组ＤＮＡ。取ＤＮＡＥｃｏＲＩ消化产物，采用低熔点琼脂糖回收法制备大（３．０～１５．０ｋｂ）、小（０．５～３．０ｋｂ）片段，将其克隆于ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｋｓＥｃｏＲＩ位点，经α－互补现象、酶切鉴定和虫体ＤＮＡ生物素标记探针筛选，构建了含２３个克隆的基因文库，克隆片段介于０．９～６．８ｋｂ之间；经阳性克隆标记筛选及特性分析，制备了长度为０．９ｋｂ（１９号质粒克隆片段）的探针，该探针具有较强的敏感性和特异性。对该探针两端ＤＮＡ序列进行分析，设计出１对引物。上游引物序列为：５′ＴＴＴＣＧＡＡＣＣＣＧＣＡＣＡＡＣＡＡＧ３′，下游引物序列为：５′ＴＧＡＧＴＧＧＡＴＡＧ－ＴＡＴＣＧＣＴＧＣ３′。应用该对引物对虫体进行了检测     

产蛋下降综合征（EDS－76）病毒DNA酶切图谱分析

选用ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＰｓｔⅠ、ＰｖｕⅡ、ＨｉｎｄⅢ、ＢｇｌⅠ和ＢｇｌⅡ６种限制性内切酶，对国内４株ＥＤＳ－７６病毒鸡源分离株和国外标准株ＡＶ－１２７及１株鹅源腺病毒的ＤＮＡ进行酶切图谱的比较，结果发现４种鸡源分离株与ＡＶ－１２７株用上述６种酶切的片段数分别为４、８、１０、１０、６和７条。各酶切图形、片段大小亦十分相似，表明均为ＥＤＳ－７６病毒。ＥｃｏＲＩ－ＨｉｎｄⅢ和ＰｓｔＩ－ＥｃｏＲＩ的双酶切也得到同样结果。鹅源分离株的酶切片段数分别为６、７、９、７、４和１０条，酶切图形和片段大小均与ＡＶ－１２７有很大不同，表明该分离株可能为１株血清型相同而基因组不同的ＥＤＳ－７６鹅腺病毒。     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素保护性抗原基因的克隆与核苷酸序列分析

将含产气荚膜梭菌α毒素基因的质粒ｐＫＭＡ１００用限制性核酸内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ和ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切,经１．５％琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离、透析袋电洗脱法回收０．９５ｋｂα毒素基因片段,再将载体ｐＥＴ－２８ｂ（＋）用ＢａｍＨＩ和ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切,然后将处理好的ｐＥＴ－２８ｂ（＋）与０．９５ｋｂ的α毒素基因片段通过Ｔ４ＤＮＡ连接酶进行粘性末端连接,转化至受体菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中。经ＢａｍＨＩ和ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切分析和核苷酸序列分析,证明重组质粒ｐＸＥＴＡ１含有产气荚膜梭菌α毒素基因。确定了α毒素基因的全部核苷酸序列,并证明其具有正确的阅读框架。     

新城疫病毒F48E9株HN基因的克隆与酶切分析

为深入探讨新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）的结构与功能的关系，扩增和克隆了Ｆ４８Ｅ９株ＮＤＶ的ＨＮ基因。首先以提取的Ｆ４８Ｅ９株ＮＤＶ基因组ＲＮＡ为模板逆转录合成第一链ｃＤＮＡ，然后用ＨＮ基因特异性引物作ＰＣＲ扩增ＨＮｃＤＮＡ，结果得到１条分子量约１．８ｋｂ的ＤＮＡ带，与ＮＤＶＨＮ基因的大小一致。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ杂交进一步证实其为ＨＮ特异性ｃＤＮＡ。随后采用平端连接法将其克隆到ｐＳＶ·Ｓｐｏｒｔｌ质粒中，应用限制性内切酶ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＳｃａⅠ、ＭｌｕⅠ、ＡｐａⅠ、ＰｓｔⅠ、和ＳｍａⅠ对ＮＤＶＦ４８Ｅ９株ＨＮｃＤＮＡ重组质粒作单酶或双酶切，结果表明，ＮＤＶＦ４８Ｅ９株ＨＮ基因较ＨｉｔｃｈｎｅｒＢ１株的ＨＮ基因缺少１个ＭｌｕⅠ位点（７０５ｂｐ左右），多１个ＰｓｔⅠ位点（８０２ｂｐ左右）。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.