携带Apoptin及hTERT启动子的双重特异性重组腺病毒的构建及鉴定

从质粒pMT-E1a和pIRES-neo中获得目的基因E1a和PolyA并连接入质粒pKS-hTERTp,用XhoⅠ和SpeⅠ双酶切后连接入线性化的pAd-Apoptin,获得穿梭载体pAd-apoptin-PolyA-hTERTp-E1a。穿梭载体pAd-ApoptinPolyA-hTERTp-E1a和腺病毒骨架质粒(pAd5)共转染HEK293细胞,获得重组腺病毒Ad-Apoptin-hTERTp-E1a,采用RT-PCR和Western blot对重组腺病毒进行鉴定,MTS法检测病毒对A549细胞的抑制作用;绘制重组腺病毒生长曲线,监测重组腺病毒在细胞内的复制能力。结果显示:构建出的重组腺病毒中包含有了目的基因Apoptin和E1a,并且目的基因在细胞中正确的表达;MTS结果显示重组腺病毒对A549具有抑制作用,且抑制作用具有一定的时效及剂效关系;重组腺病毒具有在A549细胞中正常复制的能力。结果表明:成功的构建出了具有特异性杀伤和特异性复制能力的双重特异性重组腺病毒Ad-Apoptin-hTERTp-E1a。     

腺病毒载体及其在基因治疗中的应用

腺病毒载体的研究近十几年来得到迅速发展,人们对腺病毒载体的研究兴趣主要源于使用腺病毒载体进行基因治疗,通过修饰病毒载体中与外源基因结合的相应部位,提高基因传递的效率,从而使腺病毒载体在基因治疗中的作用不断完善。人腺病毒C组血清2型(Ad2)和5型(Ad5)载体拥有很多特点,被广泛应用于体外与体内的基因传递中。作者对人腺病毒C组血清2型（Ad2）和5型（Ad5）感染的生物学特性,腺病毒载体的设计、构建、生产及腺病毒载体的应用进行了论述。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒S基因重组腺病毒的构建及特性研究

将克隆的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）全长S基因插入pAdTrack—CMV穿梭质粒中，形成的转移质粒pAdTrack—CMV／S线性化后，用pAdEasy^TM系统电转化含有腺病毒骨架载体pAdEasy-1的感受态大肠埃希氏菌BJ5183，经同源重组，构建了含有全S基因的重组腺病毒载体，经酶切充分暴露反向末端重复序列后，与脂质体混合转染AD-293细胞，成功获得了AD-S复制缺陷型腺病毒，经检测证实，AD-S稳定性好，安全性高。转录水平检测证实，S基因得到了转录；荧光检测发现，外源蛋白已得到表达。     

牛腺病毒载体研究进展

动物腺病毒与人腺病毒具有相似基因组结构 ,用其构建的动物腺病毒载体可将外源基因转移到人体细胞内表达 ,却又不能在其中复制繁殖 ,且人体内不存在针对它们的免疫应答 ,有望代替人腺病毒作为基因治疗和基因免疫的载体 ,目前已构建了多种动物腺病毒载体。文章综述了近年来牛腺病毒载体构建的一些研究进展。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒重组腺病毒疫苗的构建及小鼠免疫试验

通过RT-PCR和重组PCR技术扩增出猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)疫苗株sM、M、S基因,构建重组腺病毒穿梭质粒。穿梭质粒与BJ5183细菌同源重组构建同源重组腺病毒质粒,同源重组腺病毒质粒经Pac Ⅰ酶切后转染AD-293细胞,获得3个含有目的基因的重组腺病毒。将3个具有感染能力的复制缺陷性重组腺病毒共同感染Vero细胞,细胞上清液进行小鼠免疫特性研究。结果表明,共同感染Vero细胞所得蛋白能诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答。     

表达传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2蛋白的重组复制缺陷型HAdV-5的构建及鉴定

【目的】采用AdEasy系统构建能表达传染性法氏囊病病毒（Infectious bursal disease virus，IBDV） VP2蛋白的重组复制缺陷型人5型腺病毒（Human adenovirus serotype-5，HAdV-5），以期为IBDV活载体疫苗的研发提供新的思路。【方法】通过同源重组将VP2基因克隆至穿梭质粒pAdTrack-GOI构建重组穿梭质粒pAdTrack-VP2；PmeⅠ酶线性化pAdTrack-VP2后热击转化大肠杆菌BJ5183-AD-1感受态细胞，利用菌内同源重组构建重组腺病毒质粒pAd-VP2；将pAd-VP2经PacⅠ酶线性化和纯化后转染HEK293A细胞，包装表达VP2蛋白的重组复制缺陷型HAdV-5（rAd5-VP2），将鉴定正确的重组病毒感染非复制型细胞（Vero、CEF和DF1细胞）并分析目的蛋白的表达情况。【结果】将rAd5-VP2通过HEK293A细胞扩大培养，测得第10代病毒的滴度为7.9×10⁹ IFU/mL；RT-PCR结果显示，VP2基因在重组腺病毒中能稳定翻译；Western blotting和间接免疫荧光试验均检测到VP2蛋白的表达，蛋白分子质量为41 ku；将rAd5-VP2感染Vero、CEF和DF1细胞也检测到VP2蛋白的表达，表明HAdV-5有作为IBDV活载体疫苗研发的可能性。【结论】本研究构建了重组复制缺陷型HAdV-5，该毒株能感染部分哺乳动物细胞和家禽细胞并能检测到目的蛋白的表达。     

人畜病毒载体疫苗研究三大突破性进展

人畜病毒载体疫苗研究三大突破性进展张德礼（北京军区后勤部军马防治检验所）载体疫苗是以病毒或细菌作载体表达外源免疫原基因的疫苗。目前用作疫苗载体的有痘病毒、”腺病毒、杆状病毒、疤疹病毒、微小ＲＮＡ病毒和逆转录病毒。近年来在非复制性病毒载体重组活疫菌、人...     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E0-E2基因融合腺病毒的构建及小鼠免疫效果评价

【目的】 研究牛病毒性腹泻病毒（Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV）E0和E2串联基因重组腺病毒作为基因工程疫苗的应用潜力。【方法】 采用PCR扩增、E0-E2基因融合并构建重组穿梭质粒pDC316-E0-E2,将其与AdMax腺病毒系统的骨架质粒共转染HEK293T细胞包装成重组腺病毒,通过Western blotting进行验证,并通过Reed-Muench法测定病毒滴度,通过肌内、皮下免疫接种小鼠后用ELISA方法及流式细胞检测进行免疫效果试验。【结果】 成功扩增到E0、E2基因目的片段,大小分别为681和1 122 bp,得到了完整的腺病毒Ad5-E0-E2;测定其滴度为1.1×10¹⁰ PFU/mL;Western blotting检测结果显示,Ad5-E0-E2外源基因在HEK293T细胞中表达,得到了与预期相符的目的条带（65 ku）;ELISA检测结果表明,通过肌内和皮下注射Ad5-E0-E2均能产生较高的抗体水平;流式细胞检测显示首免、二免后肌内和皮下注射Ad5-E0-E2组CD4^＋、CD4^＋/CD8^＋比值均极显著高于PBS对照组（P<0.01）。【结论】 本试验成功构建重组腺病毒Ad5-E0-E2,且具有较好的反应原性和免疫原性,能诱导机体产生针对BVDV的特异性抗体。     

NDPKB真核表达载体的构建及其对细胞生长活性的影响

将目的基因NDPKB连接到pEGFP—N1真核表达载体，转染Vero细胞，通过增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）和Westernblotting分析，鉴定构建的pEGFP—NDPKB真核表达载体的正确性；利用生物信息学工具分析预测NDPKB蛋白的三维结构和可能存在的活性位点；MTT试验检测NDPKB对细胞生长活性的影响。结果显示，pEGFP-NDPKB真核表达载体构建成功，在Vero细胞中NDPKB和GFP蛋白能有效地融合表达。在线预测了NDPKB蛋白的三维结构和可能存在的活性位点。MTT试验结果表明，NDPKB对Vero细胞生长活性的抑制率为25．8％，对A549细胞生长活性的抑制率为22．7％。结果表明，NDPKB能够抑制细胞的生长，对细胞的凋亡具有正调节作用。     

传染性支气管炎病毒S1蛋白在Vero细胞的表达与分布

将传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）ZJ971 S1基因亚克隆到绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）表达载体pEGFP—C2中，成功构建重组表达质粒pEGFP—ZJ971-S1。重组质粒在脂质体的介导下转染Vero细胞，借助荧光显微镜在转染后4h观察到S1—GFP融合蛋白的瞬时表达。免疫细胞化学染色（ICC）结果显示，抗ZJ971 S1D蛋白单克隆抗体和鸡抗IBVZJ971全病毒血清特异性识别了S1基因转染细胞，表明S1蛋白在Vero细胞中得到有效表达。荧光显微镜观察和ICC均表明，S1表达蛋白主要分布在转染细胞的胞浆内，而胞核中未见分布，提示IBVS1蛋白内可能存在与病毒装配相关的细胞定位信号。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.