银鱼资源量的评估及合理捕捞

介绍了正确评估资源量、确定合理捕捞量的方法，对准确评估新移植水体中银鱼资源量，保证取得移植长期效益，具有一定的理论指导意义。     

渔业声学数据后处理中噪声剔除的研究进展

渔业资源声学评估以其无选择性、覆盖面积大、快速准确、不伤资源等优点被应用到多种水生生物的资源评估工作中。但是,在使用回声积分系统采集水体声学信号时,由于受声学仪器、调查船只、周围环境、混在生物等因素影响,会产生很多噪声和混响等干扰信号。在使用声学数据进行资源评估之前,应将数据中的噪声和混响进行剔除,避免对资源量评估产生影响。文章将国内外所使用的各种噪声剔除方法归纳总结为三类:设定积分阈值法、科学渔探仪被动模式噪声剔除法和科学渔探仪主动模式噪声剔除法,并指出了这些方法的优缺点,希望对渔业资源声学评估的数据后处理过程有所帮助。     

大亚湾杨梅坑人工鱼礁水域生物资源量声学评估

杨梅坑人工鱼礁区位于深圳市东部大亚湾海域,2007年3月20日开始投礁,12月25日正式完成全部工程施工任务,建礁体积9.51万km3,礁区面积966 m×2 851 m.从2007年4月到2009年5月,使用科学鱼探仪(EY60型,120 kHz,Simrad)先后在不同季节对大亚湾杨梅坑生态调控区的礁区内和礁区外水域进行了6次声学调查,共获取有效声学航程122.54 n mile,以了解建礁后该水域生物分布和资源量密度变化情况.调查中设站点进行生物学拖网采样以辅助声学评估.利用Echoview声学处理软件对数据进行分析处理,结合历史资料记载的生态、资源特点以及本研究中拖网生物学数据,以0.5 n mile为间隔输出积分值,并对该海域的生物资源量密度和生物资源量进行评估.声学评估结果表明,第1航次春季调查礁区内和礁区外的平均生物资源量密度分别为41×103 kg/n mile2和28×103kg/n mile2,第3航次春季调查礁区内和礁区外的平均生物资源量密度分别为16×103 kg/nmile2和10×103 kg/n mile2,第4航次夏季调查礁区内和礁区外的平均生物资源量密度分别为65×103 kg/n mile2和3×103 kg/n mile2,第5航次秋季调查礁区内和礁区外水域的平均生物资源量密度分别为165×103 kg/n mile2和45×103 kg/n mile2.结果表明,礁区内水域的平均生物资源量密度高于礁区外水域,并且随着建礁时间的推移,礁区内水域的生物资源总量基本呈增长趋势,同时礁区内的声学评估种类也明显增加.根据拖网生物学数据,建礁后优势种中的优质经济鱼类种数增加明显,如黄斑蓝子鱼和日本金线鱼等,说明人工鱼礁的建设有效地改良了渔业资源结构.     

应用初级生产力估算南海北部的渔业资源量

1997～1999年对南海北部海域进行了4个季度生物资源与生态环境专项综合调查,调查范围为16°00′～23°30′N、107°00′～119°30′E的大陆架海域。本文利用调查资料,选择56种主要生物种类(占总渔获量的80%以上)作为研究对象,分别采用营养动态模型、Cushing模型和Tait沿岸海域生态系统能流模型3种方法,以季节为时间尺度,对南海北部海域的渔业资源量进行评估。结果表明,3种方法评估的渔业资源密度基本接近,以其平均值作为南海北部海域渔业资源量的评估结果。南海北部渔业资源量显示明显的季节差异,以夏季资源量最高,春季最低,春、夏、秋和冬季的资源密度平均值分别为2.4、5.0、3.2、3.7t/km2。资源量的平面分布,4个季节都呈现近岸海域资源量较高、外海资源量较低的趋势,其中北部湾、粤东、粤西和台湾浅滩海域的资源量较高,资源密度均>5t/km2,夏季最高密集区超过10t/km2。本文同时对影响渔业资源评估结果的评估参数进行了初步分析,并对南海北部渔业资源量的变化进行了比较。     

海南陵水湾口海域不同季节鱼类资源声学探查

在2014年11月至2016年1月间的不同季节,利用便携式分裂波束科学探鱼仪对海南陵水湾口海域的鱼类资源进行了4次声学调查。通过回波积分方法并结合拖网采样对调查海域内渔业资源结构组成、数量密度、资源量密度及其空间分布进行了探查与评估。结果发现,2014年11月共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物86种,其中55种声学评估种类平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为9.34×105尾/km2和5.08 t/km2。2015年8月共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物114种,其中63种声学评估种类平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为1.12×105尾/km2和0.93 t/km2。2016年1月共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物105种,55种声学评估种类平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为0.16×105尾/km2和0.32 t/km2。2015年5月共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物56种,其中声学评估种类34种。2014年11月和2015年8月鱼类回波均匀分布于30 m以浅水层,2015年5月主要集中于10~20 m水层,2016年1月则主要分布于20 m以浅水层,20~30 m水层次之且略大于0~10、10~20 m水层的一半。调查海域内单体目标强度以小于–58 d B的小规格鱼类目标为主,目标强度有随水深增加而增大的趋势,且大于–50 d B的单体目标均分布于10 m以深水层。     

汕头～台湾浅滩渔场中上层鱼类资源量 鲐黪鱼类群聚资源量及最大持续产量评估

本文以汕头～台湾浅滩海域生态系统渔业资源容纳量、初级生产力和资源生物含碳率及其转化为基础，根据鲐黪鱼类体内含碳率的测定结果，估算渔场中上层鱼类资源量和鲐黪鱼类群聚资源量，并运用Gulland模式和MSY简单模式估算渔业资源最大可持续开发量。结果显示：渔场中上层鱼类资源量为33．75万吨、最大持续产量16．875万吨：渔场鲐黪鱼类群聚资源量20．25万吨、最大持续产量10．2万吨。近十年来全渔场实际年捕捞量在5．5—10万吨之间，中上层鱼类资源接近充分利用。     

海水工厂化养殖生产能力评估方法

生产能力反映出海水工厂化养殖企业的可蓄养生物资源量,是评估海水工厂化养殖企业生物资源资产的重要指标,本文根据海水工厂化养殖的特点,提出了评估海水工厂化养殖企业生产能力的技术思路与原则,并在详细论述影响生产能力主要因素的基础上,提出了具体的评估方法,同时阐述了此方法的实用性和对完善海域评估方法的意义。     

胶州湾外南沙水域渔业资源与文昌鱼数量调查评估及其栖息环境保护

应用扫海面积法，并根据鱼类和文昌鱼栖息特点，采用了不同拖网取样方式，对胶州湾外南沙周围24km^2水域5、6月渔业资源数量与文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri Gary)数量进行了调查评估。5月捕获的鱼类共28种，总资源量275479kg，其中玉筋鱼居第1位，资源量265200kg。捕获的无脊椎动物共13种，总资源量3489kg。6月文昌鱼数量约为18720000尾。同时，还指出了栖息环境面临的问题以及保护栖息环境的重要性和必要性。     

水产资源

951571 使用年龄组成及死亡率系数的估计评估资源量相对丰度=Estimation of relativeabundance of stock size using age composi-tions and estimates of mortality coefficients[刊,英]/Tanaka E//ASFAI..—1994,24(10).—319提出了一种使用渔获量年龄组成、捕捞死亡率系数和自然死亡率系数估计来评价资源量丰度相对指数的方法。资源量与渔获量的相对指数是通过它们与评估第一年的总渔获量的比率来确定的。利用此指数可获取类似于实际种群分析(VPA)的后向方程。通过     

河北省海洋与水产科学研究院到磁县岳城水库开展水生生物资源量和增殖放流效益评估调查

<正>3月23日,河北省海洋与水产科学研究院专家张海鹏带队一行4人,深入磁县岳城水库开展水生生物资源量和增殖放流效益评估调查。分别对水库的水质、水生生物、底栖动物及现有鱼类品种进行现场调查。此次调查的目的在于弄清岳城水库水生生物和鱼类资源现状,评价水质营养与污染程度,分析鱼类种群结构,为后期实施水库渔业资源增殖放流提供科学依据。     

Production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water and at sea at hgh and low densities

A basic management objective is to identify the production capacity of Atlantic salmon in both freshwater and marine environments. Production in the biological sense is the total elaboration of fish biomass over time, and it is a function of fish abundance, growth and survival. In this article, we consider the factors that affect production at low and high stock levels. Using data from New Brunswick (Miramichi and Restigouche Rivers) and Newfoundland (Western Arm Brook), we consider freshwater and marine production of salmon at low and high stock levels. For all life stages, freshwater and marine production are related to initial biomass of the year-class: thus, it is important to maintain adequate egg deposition. Production at high stock levels is stock-dependent and mortality is extremely variable, particularly in the marine environment.     

Examining the knowledge base and status of commercially exploited marine species with the RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database

Meta‐analyses of stock assessments can provide novel insight into marine population dynamics and the status of fished species, but the world’s main stock assessment database (the Myers Stock‐Recruitment Database) is now outdated. To facilitate new analyses, we developed a new database, the RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database, for commercially exploited marine fishes and invertebrates. Time series of total biomass, spawner biomass, recruits, fishing mortality and catch/landings form the core of the database. Assessments were assembled from 21 national and international management agencies for a total of 331 stocks (295 fish stocks representing 46 families and 36 invertebrate stocks representing 12 families), including nine of the world’s 10 largest fisheries. Stock assessments were available from 27 large marine ecosystems, the Caspian Sea and four High Seas regions, and include the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. Most assessments came from the USA, Europe, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Assessed marine stocks represent a small proportion of harvested fish taxa (16%), and an even smaller proportion of marine fish biodiversity (1%), but provide high‐quality data for intensively studied stocks. The database provides new insight into the status of exploited populations: 58% of stocks with reference points (n = 214) were estimated to be below the biomass resulting in maximum sustainable yield (B_MSY) and 30% had exploitation levels above the exploitation rate resulting in maximum sustainable yield (U_MSY). We anticipate that the database will facilitate new research in population dynamics and fishery management, and we encourage further data contributions from stock assessment scientists.     

An investigation of the biological basis of return variability for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Great Central and Sproat lakes,Vancouver Island

We tested whether variations in stock characteristics (spawner and smolt abundance) and biotic conditions (prey variability, predation, competition) during the early marine period explained variations in the return of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to Great Central and Sproat lakes, adjacent lakes on the west coast of Vancouver Island. There are two freshwater age groups in each lake; fish spend 1 or 2 yrs in freshwater after hatching. We tested the influences of stock and biotic factors on the return of each of the two age groups from each of the two lakes. Results of regression analyses showed that prey biomass variability best explained the variation in return for all lake‐age groups. Euphausiid (Thysanoessa spinifera) and cladoceran (Evadne) prey biomass variability explained between 0.75 and 0.95 (adjusted R²) of the variation in return. There appear to be instances of a mismatch between the seasonality of prey productivity and the apparent critical period of feeding for juvenile sockeye.     

应用改进的Leslie法估算东海区小黄鱼资源量

针对Lesile法未考虑自然死亡因素的不足,提出了改进形式的Lesile法,使得该方法也能适用于长渔获周期的资源群体,并结合2009～2010年全国海洋捕捞信息动态采集网络评估的渔业统计结果和东海区渔业资源监测调查资料,估算东海区小黄鱼(Lartmichtlys polyaetis)资源量。结果表明,伏季休渔开捕后可供利用的小黄鱼资源量为16.99×104t,到4月底余存4.65×104t,年平均资源量7.70×104t,最大持续产量8.93×104t,全年开发率达到0.87,处于过度开发状态。     

Verifier of the maximum sustainable yield estimates of the southern Atlantic albacore,Thunnus alalunga,stock

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) has generally been accepted as one of the target biological reference points. Albacore, Thunnus alalunga Bonnaterre, is a temperate tuna species widely distributed in marine waters. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF) had reported the southern Atlantic albacore stock status with different MSY reference points. In addition, the European Commission's Advisory Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture (ACFA), on 15 September 2006, proposed to amend the Common Fisheries Policy according to the MSY principle, but there is little information on the verifier of the MSY estimates of this albacore stock. This study verifies the MSY estimates of this albacore (T. alalunga) stock to support the management (i.e. setting of MSY) for the southern Atlantic albacore (T. alalunga) stock. The MSY estimates of the albacore stock were evaluated and verified by different models (i.e. Bayesian surplus production model [BSPM], continuous time delay‐difference model [CD‐DM] and Fox surplus production model [SPM]). The MSY estimates from BSPM and CD‐DM were lower than those from conventional estimates; the relative biomass ratio (B₂₀₁₁/B_MSY) and relative fishing mortality ratio (F₂₀₁₁/F_MSY) from BSPM and CD‐DM were higher than those from ICCAT, which showed that measures should be taken for the sustainable utilisation of this fish stock.     

A bioeconomic MPA study based on cellular automata population growth and distribution

This paper investigates possible biological and economic effects of using marine sanctuaries as a management tool, employing cellular automata techniques to model biological growth and area distribution, assuming open access to the fish stock resources outside the protected area. The cellular automata model incorporates a fish harvest model based on standard assumptions. In agreement with previous studies this study confirms that large protected areas are necessary for significant impact on stock conservation, given standard assumptions. The conclusion may however not be equally unambiguous when employing more realistic scenarios, assuming non-uniform distribution of biomass and fishing effort. This study shows that significant stock conserving effects could be obtained even when less that 10% of the total distribution area of the stock is protected from fishing activities.     

Thirty years later: the global growth of ITQs and their influence on stock status in marine fisheries

Individual transferable quota (ITQ) programmes have been incorporated into many marine fisheries management strategies for 30 years, but their implementation and utility remains controversial. This study provides an overview of the global status of ITQ programmes, the reasons they have been adopted and the changes in stock biomass after their implementation. Eighteen countries currently use ITQs to manage several hundred stocks of at least 249 species. ITQs were adopted in these countries for many reasons: overcapitalization, economic gains, safety concerns for fishers and political change. The implementation of ITQs does not translate into consistent changes in stock biomass. Improvements in 12 of 20 stocks after ITQs were introduced suggest that ITQs can be an effective component of fisheries management strategies, but eight of the stocks continued to decline after ITQs were introduced. This suggests that alternative or complementary measures are needed to sustain those fisheries, such as combining ITQs with more effective total allowable catches, better enforcement and monitoring, and implementing aspects of ecosystem-based fisheries management.     

Spatial abundance patterns and recruitment of a virus‐affected commercial mollusc fishery

Infectious pathogens figure prominently among those factors threatening marine wildlife. Mass mortality events caused by pathogens can fundamentally alter the structure of wild fish stocks and depress recruitment rates and yield. In the most severe instances, this can precipitate stock collapses resulting in dramatic economic losses to once valuable commercial fisheries. An outbreak of a herpes‐like virus among commercially fished abalone populations in the south‐west fishery of Victoria, Australia, during 2006–2007, has been associated with high mortality rates among all cohorts. Long‐term records from fishery‐independent surveys of blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach) enabled abundance from pre‐ and post‐viral periods to be analysed to estimate stock density and biomass. The spatial distribution of abundance in relation to physical habitat variables derived from high‐resolution bathymetric LiDAR data was investigated. Significant differences were observed in both measures between pre‐ and post‐viral periods. Although there was some limited evidence of gradual stock improvement in recent years, disease‐affected reefs have remained below productivity rates prior to the disease outbreak suggesting a reduction in larval availability or settlement success. This was corroborated by trends in sublegal sized blacklip abalone abundance that has yet to show substantial recovery post‐disease. Abundance data were modelled as a function of habitat variables using a generalised additive model (GAM) and indicated that high abundance was associated with complex reef structures of coastal waters (<15 m). This study highlights the importance of long‐term surveys to understand abalone recovery following mass mortality and the links between stock abundance and seafloor variability.     

Acoustical-optical assessment of Pacific herring and their predator assemblage in Prince William Sound,Alaska

The Pacific herring Clupea pallasi population in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, is both a valuable commercial resource and an important forage species for marine fish and wildlife. Historically, the herring were managed by a combination of age-structured models and egg deposition estimates. When these methods predicted a large return for spring 1993 that failed to materialize, we began surveying with echointegration–purse seine methods. After a decade of acoustic surveys, we show the new approach yields highly precise biomass estimates, which are consistent with historical measures of the miles of beach spawning. When compared, we show the traditional methods overestimated stock biomass, which resulted in harvest rates approaching 40%. In contrast, the acoustic methods are most likely to underestimate biomass. Since the acoustic estimates can be quickly obtained, we recommend their use to set harvest quotas for the fishery in the spring just prior to harvest. The shift from the traditional preseason to inseason management practices for herring in PWS is consistent with the Precautionary Principle by the fact that protection of the spawning population does not rely on the ability of science to predict how the population is changing. Furthermore, synoptic infrared measurements on our night-time acoustic surveys revealed herring to be the most important winter forage to marine birds and wildlife in PWS, including the endangered Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus. Given the importance of forage to marine birds and wildlife in the North Pacific during the extended winter conditions (October–March), the implementation of inseason management for herring using echointegration–purse seine techniques may be the most effective method to restore depressed populations of marine birds and mammals in the North Pacific.     

The sceptical optimist: challenges and perspectives for the application of environmental DNA in marine fisheries

Application of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has attracted the attention of researchers, advisors and managers of living marine resources and biodiversity. The apparent simplicity and cost‐effectiveness of eDNA analysis make it highly attractive as species distributions can be revealed from water samples. Further, species‐specific analyses indicate that eDNA concentrations correlate with biomass and abundance, suggesting the possibility for quantitative applications estimating abundance and biomass of specific organisms in marine ecosystems, such as for stock assessment. However, the path from detecting occurrence of an organism to quantitative estimates is long and indirect, not least as eDNA concentration depends on several physical, chemical and biological factors which influence its production, persistence and transport in marine ecosystems. Here, we provide an overview of basic principles in relation to eDNA analysis with potential for marine fisheries application. We describe fundamental processes governing eDNA generation, breakdown and transport and summarize current uncertainties about these processes. We describe five major challenges in relation to application in fisheries assessment, where there is immediate need for knowledge building in marine systems, and point to apparent weaknesses of eDNA compared to established marine fisheries monitoring methods. We provide an overview of emerging applications of interest to fisheries management and point to recent technological advances, which could improve analysis efficiency. We advise precaution against exaggerating the present scope for application of eDNA analysis in fisheries monitoring, but also argue that with informed insights into strengths and limitations, eDNA analysis can become an integrated tool in fisheries assessment and management.