有机茶园害虫持续控制

针对害虫防治问题成为当前有机茶生产快速发展的主要障碍,从茶园害虫防治现状和有机茶园害虫持续控制的原理出发,探讨了有机茶园害虫持续控制应采取的主要技术措施.     

茶园害虫物理防控技术研究与应用

化学农药是目前茶园害虫防治的最主要手段,然而化学药剂的广泛使用会带来抗药性、农残等一系列问题,对茶业的可持续发展带来挑战.物理防治作为绿色综合防治的重要组成部分,具有无抗性、操作简便、环境友好的优点.本文综述了我国茶园主要害虫物理防治研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

我国茶园小绿叶蝉生物学特性及防治技术研究现状

茶园小绿叶蝉是我国大部分茶区都有发生的重要吸汁性害虫。本文综述了我国茶园小绿叶蝉的生物学特性、种名鉴定及防治技术方面的研究现状,阐述了农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治方面的进展。     

茶树害虫物理防治的现状及展望

茶园有害生物的防治包括农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学防治等不同途径。农业防治成本低对环境无影响,但效果通常不理想,而且效果发挥较慢。生物防治对环境安全,但由于技术上的问题,目前生物防治在生产上应用范围较小。化学防治收效快、效果好,但副作用大,使用不当会引起害虫再猖獗、抗药性、环境污染等现象。物理防治则是采用物理的方法消灭害虫或改变其物理环境,创造一种对害虫有害或阻隔其侵入的一种方法,其收效迅速,可直接把害虫消灭在大发生之前,或在某些情况下,作为大发生的急救措施,起到降低危害的作用。物理防治方法的有效应用可最大限度地减少农药的使用,保护生态环境。笔者就国内外茶园害虫物理防治的研究进展进行简要概述。     

茶园病虫害绿色防控技术研究进展

病虫害防治是保障茶叶高产优质的关键,本文从生态调控、农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治五个方面对茶园害虫的绿色防控进行相关论述和展望,为今后的防治工作提供技术参考。     

海南白沙绿茶茶园主要害虫绿色防控技术综述

海南白沙绿茶是中国国家地理标志产品，由于海南常年气候温润，茶园受病虫害影响较大，本文基于对海南省白沙黎族自治县五里路有机茶园和芳香村两地的绿茶茶园进行的绿色防控技术实验和应用，对海南白沙县主要的茶树害虫及其生活习性、危害特点和发生规律，物理防治、化学生态防治、生物防治进行综述及其绿色防控技术的探讨。总结茶树病虫害绿色防治的技术和意义，为茶树病虫害绿色防治提供一定的参考价值。     

茶园杀虫灯防治害虫综述

杀虫灯诱杀茶园害虫是保障茶叶质量安全的有效手段.阐述了杀虫灯诱集原理和使用技术,总结了茶园杀虫灯杀虫效果,分析了杀虫灯防治茶树虫害的成本和效益,最后对茶园使用杀虫灯进行了讨论和展望.     

秦巴山区茶园主要害虫绿色防控技术

针对"茶叶绿色增产增效技术集成模式研究与示范"项目在秦巴山区6个示范基地的主要害虫,项目集成现有的茶树害虫高效防控技术,形成绿色防控实施模式。本文介绍了6个示范基地茶园主要害虫的监测方法及防治技术,以期为秦巴山区的茶园害虫防治提供指导。     

频振式杀虫灯在山地茶园害虫防治上的应用研究

明溪县地处闽西北山区,山地茶园害虫种类多,发生规律较为复杂,防治难度大。近几年,随着农业产业结构调整,新茶园面积不断扩大,夜蛾类、天牛类、叶甲类等害虫日趋严重,造成化学农药使用过度,导致这些害虫抗药性增强,给茶园的防治带来一定的难度。2002年起在山地果园上推广频振式杀虫灯,对害虫诱杀效果突出。为此,我们于2005年在城关茶场安装频振式杀虫灯5盏,定期观察,以掌握频振式杀虫灯在山地茶园的杀虫效果和使用技术,为明溪县茶叶生产提供先进的物理器械及防治方法,现将试验结果作个总结。1试验地基本情况试验地选择在茶树种植面积较大,管…     

信阳地区茶园常见害虫和天敌种类的调查

通过长期的调查了解到信阳地区茶园常见害虫种类和天敌的群落结构及时空分布;摸清了茶尺蠖、茶毛虫、小绿叶蝉三种常见害虫的发生规律;针对信阳地区茶园害虫种类和天敌资源丰富的特点,我们在进行保护和利用天敌资源防治害虫的同时,也积极开展生物防治技术。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日，《中华人民共和国生物安全法》（以下简称《生物安全法》）通过全国人大常委会的审 议，自2021年4月15日起施行。生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一，基因编辑作为 近几年生物技术领域的研究热点，其安全性评价和监管备受关注。本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状，比较了 不同国家对基因编辑技术的监管制度，探讨了我国《生物安全法》的出台对基因编辑技术安全评价与监管的重要意 义，最后就如何在基因编辑生物安全领域更好地推进和落实《生物安全法》提出了建议。