山菠菜胆碱单加氧酶基因对棉花的遗传转化和耐盐性表达

胆碱单加氧酶（CMO）是渗透保护剂甜菜碱生物合成的关键酶之一。以棉花（Gossypium hirsutium L.）泗棉3号的下胚轴切段为外植体，利用农杆菌介导法将克隆自山菠菜（Atriplex hortensis）的AhCMO基因导入其中，通过组织培养胚状体发生途径获得转基因再生植株。以0.5%卡那霉素对再生苗筛选后，PCR检测抗卡那霉素棉苗确认阳性转化株，Southern和Northern杂交结果进一步证实外源基因已导入棉花并得到表达。在温室盆栽条件下，于2片真叶期对转AhCMO基因棉花及其转化受体泗棉3号施加0.5%的NaCl胁迫，15 d后发现其光合作用和植株生长被显著抑制，非转基因棉花泗棉3号的株高、鲜重和光合速率分别降低了57.6%、65.6%和69.9%，而转AhCMO基因的棉株分别降低了37.3%、54.6% 和47.9%。转AhCMO棉花所受盐害程度显著小于非转基因的棉株，说明AhCMO基因的导入和表达提高了转基因棉花的耐盐性。     

利用PLFA方法研究转 Bt 基因棉花对土壤微生物群落结构变化的影响

 在大田条件下,用3个转Bt基因棉花品种和一个常规品种,利用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）方法研究转Bt基因棉花对土壤微生物群落结构变化的影响。试验结果表明,转基因棉花增加了土壤微生物PLFA的含量。转基因棉花降低了棉田土壤格兰氏阳性细菌的比例,提高棉田土壤的真核生物、真菌和放线菌的比例;转基因棉花在蕾期提高了土壤原生动物比例,在吐絮期比例反而降低;转基因棉花在蕾期提高了棉田土壤格兰氏阴性细菌的比例,吐絮期则降低了格兰氏阴性细菌的比例。主成分分析和聚类分析表明,转Bt基因棉花对土壤微生物群落结构变化有明显影响。PLFA方法可作为转基因生态安全评价的一种方法。     

配方施用BR-120对棉花经济性状和抗病性的影响

用BR－120（油菜内酯素）或BR－120与尿素、多菌灵配合对棉花进行根外（叶面）喷施试验，结果大多数处理的皮棉产量高于ck（不施用任何肥料和药剂）特别是用BR－120与尿素配合施用时有明显的增产作用，其增产的主要原因是棉花的成铃率提高。施用BR－120等混配剂得当时对棉花的纤维品质也有一定的改良作用，如有的处理纤维增长，比强度提高，但对棉花枯黄萎病没有表明出防治效果。     

外源基因对棉花光合生产和分配的影响

对转双价基因(Cry1Ac CpTI)、转单价基因(Cry1Ac)抗虫棉以及常规棉3种基因型棉花光合产物生产和积累分配规律研究表明,3种基因型棉花光合速率峰值均出现在蕾期和花期,但峰值差异不显著。转基因棉花(单价和双价)花前光合产物积累量降低是生物学产量降低的主要原因;花后光合产物输出率提高是转基因棉花维持产量的主要因素。转基因棉花大量花后光合产物束缚在铃壳中导致转基因棉花铃重较低。在转基因棉花育种中,应加强花前光合产物积累量和花后光合产物棉铃有效利用率的选择。     

2005-2020年转Bt基因棉花抗虫性变化及其与产量性状的相关性分析

为了给转Bt基因棉花在科研和生产上多世代可持续利用提供依据,以转Bt基因棉花品种银山8号为试验材料,从2005年开始,连续16年进行跟踪研究。结果表明,随种植世代的增加,生物测定银山8号第2～4代棉铃虫幼虫校正死亡率、铃期叶片和铃期小铃杀虫蛋白表达量均有不同程度的线性上升趋势,同时皮棉产量线性回归也呈增长趋势;苗期叶片、蕾期叶片和蕾期小蕾杀虫蛋白表达量呈线性下降趋势。相关性分析表明,抗虫棉的抗虫性与皮棉产量间均呈正相关,株铃数和衣分是构成皮棉产量的重要因子,与皮棉产量的相关性分别达到极显著和显著水平。外源Bt基因转入棉花后能稳定遗传给后代,通过卡那霉素鉴定和系统选择可以持续保持转Bt基因棉花多世代的抗虫性,甚至通过提纯复壮逐年优选,可实现转Bt基因抗虫棉特定生育时期或部分棉花器官抗虫性的提高。     

基因型差异对棉花光合生产和分配影响及遗传改良研究

通过研究转双价基因(CryLAc CpTI)、转单价基因(CryLAc)抗虫棉以及常规棉3种基因型棉花光合产物生产和积累分配规律表明,3种基因型棉花光合速率峰值均出现在蕾期和花期,但峰值差异不显著。转基因棉花(单价和双价)花前光合产物积累量降低是生物学产量降低的主要原因;花后光合产物输出率提高是转基因棉花维持产量的主要因素。转基因棉花大量花后光合产物束缚在铃壳中导致转基因棉花铃重较低。在转基因棉花育种中应加强花前光合产物积累量和花后光合产物棉铃有效利用率的选择。     

基因型差异对棉花光合产物生产和分配的影响及遗传改良研究

通过研究转双价基因(Cry1Ac CpTI)、转单价基因(Cry1Ac)抗虫棉以及常规棉三种基因型棉花光合产物生产和积累分配规律表明,三种基因型棉花光合速率峰值均出现在蕾期和花期,但峰值差异不显著。转基因棉花(单价和双价)花前光合产物积累量降低是生物学产量降低的主要原因;花后光合产物输出率提高是转基因棉花维持产量的主要因素。转基因棉花大量花后光合产物束缚在铃壳中导致转基因棉花铃重较低。在转基因棉花育种中应加强花前光合产物积累量和花后光合产物棉铃有效利用率的选择。     

植酸酶基因PhyA对陆地棉产量性状的影响

在人工控制(培养基、水培、沙培)条件下,植酸酶基因PhyA具有分解利用培养基质植酸磷、提高磷素利用效率的功能,但在田间的表现目前尚未明确。在前期完成的PhyA转基因陆地棉新材料盆栽试验基础上,将其种植在田间条件下,研究PhyA基因对棉花产量性状的影响。结果表明,部分转基因棉花新材料的单株结铃数、铃重、衣分、籽棉产量、皮棉产量与野生型对照存在显著差异,PhyA在田间条件下具有改良转基因棉花部分产量性状的能力。在此基础上,遴选出2个转PhyA棉花优良新品系G3、G2,可用作今后转植酸酶基因棉花新品种培育的基础材料。     

绿盲蝽危害后转Bt基因棉花嫩叶的几个生理指标变化特征分析

 以转Bt基因棉品系苏抗310和其轮回亲本泗棉3号为材料,研究绿盲蝽危害后转Bt基因棉花顶部嫩叶的几个相关生理指标的变化特征。结果表明：绿盲蝽危害后,棉花顶叶的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量显著降低,说明绿盲蝽危害后,棉花顶部嫩叶氮代谢受到一定破坏,引起叶绿素含量的下降,这对叶片成熟后光合作用是不利的。棉花顶部嫩叶受危害后,缩合单宁含量提高和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PLA）活性增强,表明棉花植株抵御盲蝽危害能力提高,但转Bt基因棉品系顶部嫩叶缩合单宁含量和PLA活性低于非转Bt基因棉品种;即使是绿盲蝽危害后的顶部嫩叶也均未达到非转Bt基因棉品种正常水平,这可能是导致转Bt基因棉盲蝽危害加重的原因之一。棉花顶部嫩叶受害后,非转Bt基因棉泗棉3号可溶性糖含量降低,而转Bt基因棉品系苏抗310升高;非转Bt基因棉品种受绿盲蝽危害后顶部嫩叶可溶性糖含量降低,不利于绿盲蝽的发生,而转Bt基因棉品系受危害后顶部嫩叶可溶性糖含量上升,不利于对绿盲蝽的危害控制,这可能是转Bt基因棉绿盲蝽危害重于非转Bt基因棉的又一原因。     

转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab抗虫棉对3种害虫的存活、生长发育及中肠相关酶活性的影响

 以转Cry1Ac基因棉花和常规非转基因棉花为对照,系统研究了转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花对棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾的存活、生长发育及中肠酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,与常规棉对照相比,转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花和转Cry1Ac基因棉花叶片对3种害虫的慢性毒性差异较大,对每种害虫的抗性程度也有一定的差异;饲喂转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花和转Cry1Ac基因棉花叶片的3种害虫幼虫生长发育进度明显缓慢、体重明显减轻,相关酶活性也有不同程度的变化,但每种酶的变化有一定的差异。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.