冬季单体牡蛎池塘育肥初步实验

为提高牡蛎商品品质,开展了池塘葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)冬季育肥实验。育肥实验设置4个实验组:3组室内水泥池实验组(水温分别为24℃、20℃和16℃)以及1组室外池塘实验组,室内实验组饵料来自于室外池塘藻水。实验结果表明:经过一个月育肥,室外池塘实验组的牡蛎肥满度由13.1%增加到了19.6%,性腺饱满个体比例由13.3%增加到66.7%;室内水泥池实验组牡蛎肥满度无明显变化。池塘实验组牡蛎糖原含量稍有增加,水泥池实验组下降。池塘育肥葡萄牙牡蛎效果明显。     

长牡蛎出肉率与壳形性状的 QTL 定位分析

本研究以长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)F1全同胞家系为作图群体,在已构建的基于120个微卫星和66个SNP标记的长牡蛎性别平均连锁图谱上,利用PROC QTL 2.0软件对出肉率和壳形(壳宽和壳深)性状进行QTL定位分析。结果表明,共检测到13个相关的QTL,分布在3个连锁群上;其中,与出肉率相关的4个QTL定位在1号和3号连锁群上(LG1和LG3),表型解释率为0.25%~47.53%;与壳宽相关的3个QTL定位在10号连锁群上(LG10),表型解释率为0.71%~45.39%;与壳深相关的6个QTL也定位在LG10,表型解释率为3.37%~24.78%。根据QTL连锁群分析和性状相关性分析结果可以推测,出肉率与糖原含量性状以及壳宽与壳深性状分别具有相近的遗传特征,利用与相关性状共同关联的分子标记可以同时对出肉率与糖原含量性状、壳宽与壳深性状进行遗传改良。本研究结果为今后长牡蛎相关性状候选基因克隆和分子标记辅助育种提供了参考。     

浙江沿海彩虹明樱蛤生物学特性初步研究

通过对浙江沿海4个海区彩虹明樱蛤的壳长、壳宽、软体质量、鲜出肉率、肥满度、蛋白质和脂肪含量等在一年生长最快的季节(5—9月)变化趋势的研究,进一步证明了壳长与壳宽、壳长与软体质量均呈线性正相关,慈溪的彩虹明樱蛤的鲜出肉率、肥满度、蛋白质含量都是最高的。如果以出肉量为标准,7月是最佳的采捕季节。乐清的彩虹明樱蛤脂肪含量最高可作种贝。     

5种壳色长牡蛎不同组织常规营养成分分析与评价

对壳黑、壳紫、壳橙、壳金和壳白5种壳色长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)不同组织包括闭壳肌、外套膜、鳃、性腺-内脏团的营养成分(水分、总蛋白质、总脂肪、糖原、灰分)进行检测分析,比较它们与普通养殖群体营养成分的差异以及5种壳色长牡蛎各组织间营养成分的差异。结果表明,在闭壳肌中,壳紫长牡蛎的总脂肪含量显著高于壳橙长牡蛎(P0.05),其他组分在6个群体中未表现出显著性差异(P0.05);在外套膜中,壳金长牡蛎总脂肪含量显著高于壳黑、壳橙和普通养殖群体(P0.05),壳白长牡蛎的灰分含量显著高于普通养殖群体(P0.05),其他组分在各群体之间未表现出显著性差异(P0.05);在鳃中,长牡蛎壳橙、壳紫、壳白选育群体的糖原含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),其他组分在6个群体之间没有显著性差异(P0.05)。长牡蛎5种壳色选育群体和普通养殖群体的性腺-内脏团在水分、总蛋白质、总脂肪、糖原和灰分中均无显著性差异(P0.05)。4个组织中水分和灰分均以外套膜和鳃中含量最高,闭壳肌中总蛋白质的含量则在4个组织中居首位,总脂肪和糖原含量均以性腺-内脏团中最高。研究结果表明不同壳色长牡蛎之间以及不同壳色与普通对照群体之间在一些重要营养成分上已表现出分化,这为长牡蛎壳色品系选育提供了重要的参考资料。     

长牡蛎糖原磷酸化酶基因SNPs与生长性状和糖原含量的相关性分析

为研究糖原磷酸化酶基因多态性与长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)生长和糖原含量的相关性,本研究对长牡蛎糖原磷酸化酶基因(Cg-GPH)编码区单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)与来自5个家系322个长牡蛎个体的生长性状(包括壳高、壳长、壳宽、总体质量以及软体部质量)和糖原含量进行了关联分析.结果表明,在1940 bp的长牡蛎糖原磷酸化酶基因中共检测到82个SNPs位点,其中63个SNPs位点位于外显子区域,1个SNPs位点位于5′-UTR区,18个SNPs位点位于3′-UTR区,编码区SNPs平均密度为1/25 bp;5个SNPs位点与生长性状存在显著相关(P<0.05),未检测到与糖原含量相关SNPs.根据以上5个SNPs位点共构建得到6个SNP单倍型,其中,Cg-GPH基因的H6(CTGAT)单倍型在总体质量性状方面均显著高于其他5种单倍型(P<0.05),表明H6单倍型可能是对长牡蛎体质量增加最有利的单倍型.研究结果为今后长牡蛎生长性状的遗传改良提供了基础资料.     

长牡蛎壳金选育群体性腺发育与营养成分的周年变化

为了评估长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)壳金选育群体的繁殖周期及营养价值,自2013年11月至2014年10月,对山东省刘公岛海区长牡蛎第三代壳金选育群体的性腺发育、营养成分(总蛋白、总脂肪、糖原)季节变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究,并比较了与普通养殖群体营养成分的差异。结果表明,长牡蛎壳金选育群体雌雄比例接近1︰1,性腺同步发育;配子发生开始于2月,全年只有1个产卵季节(6―8月),7月为两性配子排放高峰期。配子成熟及排放期间,水温处于较高水平,食物充足,可为性腺发育提供能量,也有利于幼体的存活和生长。卵母细胞直径从配子发生开始逐渐增大,并在产卵前达到最大值(36.88μm),产卵后则降低。营养成分分析表明,脂肪含量在性腺–内脏团中随配子发育积累储存,产卵后显著降低;糖原在性腺发育到4月时开始下降,为配子的发育提供能量;蛋白质在配子发育过程中大量合成,与繁殖活动存在密切联系。长牡蛎壳金选育群体外套膜的总蛋白含量显著高于普通养殖群体(P0.05),糖原和总脂肪含量显著低于普通养殖群体(P0.05),其他组织的一般营养成分未出现显著差异。研究表明,长牡蛎在壳金群体选育过程中营养成分已表现出分化,这为长牡蛎壳色选育提供了重要参考依据。     

菲律宾蛤仔獐子岛群体两种壳型表型性状比较

以大连獐子岛野生菲律宾蛤仔为材料,对"壳宽型"、"壳扁型"蛤仔两个壳型的壳长、壳宽、壳高、活体质量、软体质量、产卵量及其子代的生长和存活进行比较。试验结果表明,相同壳长的两种壳型蛤仔,"壳宽型"蛤仔的活体质量及软体质量均显著高于"壳扁型"蛤仔(P0.05);两种壳型蛤仔的壳宽均是影响活体质量的主要因素,壳长均是影响软体质量的主要因素;两种壳型蛤仔初孵D形幼虫、3日龄、6日龄幼虫壳长生长差异不显著(P0.05);15日龄"壳扁型"蛤仔幼虫壳长生长显著快于"壳宽型"蛤仔(P0.05);稚贝期,除30日龄外,"壳宽型"蛤仔壳长生长显著快于"壳扁型"蛤仔(P0.05);"壳宽型"蛤仔幼虫及稚贝期存活率均显著高于"壳扁型"品系(P0.05)。     

长牡蛎成体生长性状的遗传参数估计

在长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的选择育种工作中,于2009年和2010年分别获得24个和32个全同胞家系。根据长牡蛎360日龄的壳高、壳长、壳宽、总重、壳重、肉重和出肉率参数,利用ASREML软件的REML方法计算表型变量的方差组分,估算了长牡蛎成体阶段生长性状的遗传参数。结果表明,不同年份长牡蛎家系的生长存在显著差异,2009年家系的壳高、肉重和出肉率显著低于2010年家系(P<0.05),2009年家系的总重则显著高于2010家系(P<0.05)。除出肉率外,2009年和2010年家系的壳高与其他生长性状均存在显著的正相关性(P<0.05)。壳高和总重具有较高的遗传力,分别为0.35±0.15和0.27±0.13。长牡蛎成体阶段各生长性状间的遗传相关和表型相关均为正相关,但相关性的大小不同。本研究估测的长牡蛎成体阶段生长性状的遗传参数,可以为合理制定长牡蛎的育种方案和选择反应预测提供参考依据。     

麦哲伦扇贝形态性状与体质量相关性及通径分析

为查明麦哲伦扇贝形态性状对体质量等经济性状的影响，获得具有优良遗传性状的目标群体，采用相关性分析和通径分析方法，分析麦哲伦扇贝壳长(L)、壳高(h)和壳宽(b)对活体质量(m₁)、软体质量(m₂)和闭壳肌质量(m₃)的影响，建立形态性状对体质量的回归方程。研究结果表明，所有性状间的相关性均为极显著正相关(P<0.01),其中壳长与壳宽之间的相关系数(0.977)最高，壳宽与壳高之间的相关系数(0.852)最低。通径分析结果显示，影响麦哲伦扇贝活体质量、软体质量和闭壳肌质量的主要因素均为壳宽，通径系数分别为0.536、0.387和0.435。对麦哲伦扇贝活体质量和闭壳肌质量间接作用最大的是壳长(0.869和0.702),对软体质量间接作用最大的是壳高(0.776)。壳宽对麦哲伦扇贝活体质量和闭壳肌质量的决定系数最大(0.287和0.189),壳高对软体质量的决定系数最大(0.208)。采用逐步回归方法，建立形态性状对活体质量、软体质量和闭壳肌质量的回归方程：m₁=-365.655+2.596h+...     

斧文蛤(Meretrix lamarchii)形态性状对体质量的影响效果分析

从湛江东海岛斧文蛤野生群体随机取200个2龄个体,测量壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)、壳高(SH)、韧带长(Li L)、小月面长(Lu L)和体质量(W)6个性状,计算性状间的相关系数;以壳性状为自变量、体质量为依变量,采用通径分析方法计算壳性状对体质量的通径系数、决定系数,建立回归方程。结果显示,壳长、壳宽、壳高、韧带长与体质量极显著相关(P0.01),小月面长与体质量相关不显著(P0.05)。壳长、壳宽、壳高对体质量的直接影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01),韧带长对体质量的直接影响较小,相关不显著(P0.05);壳长对体质量的直接效应和间接效应均最大,是影响体质量的最重要因素。采用逐步回归分析方法建立了形态性状对体质量的多元回归方程YW=-126.784+1.249XSL+2.036XSW+0.911XSH,为斧文蛤选种提供了理论依据和测度指标。     

Experimental feeding of Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea commercialis). III. Food concentration and fattening procedures

Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea commercialis) were fed an artificial diet at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 mg dry food/l. At 9 mg/l oyster glycogen content, condition indices and meat weight gains were maximised without increasing mortality rates. In a comparison of fattening procedures, oysters held in a fertilised pond and those fed a second artificial diet fattened in 4 and 6 weeks respectively, whereas those held in an estuary did not fatten at all. The artificial diet produced higher oyster meat glycogen contents than the fertilised pond and estuary treatments.     

Phenotypic indicators for cultured pearl size improvement in the black‐lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera): towards selection for the recipient growth performance

The black‐lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, is the most important farmed species in French Polynesia and the basis of the most valuable export industry. Mass production of black pearls relies on a surgical operation requiring tissue from a donor pearl oyster to be grafted, together with a nucleus made of shell, into the gonad of a recipient oyster. Improving pearl size through family selection remains one of the main challenges for future aquaculture development. This study analyses the relative contribution of donor and recipient oysters to pearl size. To this end, hatchery‐produced donor oysters of two batches, large and small (based on shell height), were used to supply grafts for recipients, which were then monitored individually for their growth performance by recording shell height, width, and thickness, and total live weight (flesh + shells) every 6 months (four biometric measurement times) over 20 months of culture. Pearls issued from the two batches of donors showed no significant differences in nacre weight or thickness. In contrast, recipient oyster shell height and total weight were increasingly positively correlated with these pearl size parameters over the culture period, becoming significant at 8 months post‐grafting. Potential therefore exists to use shell height and oyster weight as phenotypic indicators for selective breeding of recipient oysters with high growth performance to increase pearl size in P. margaritifera.     

Characterization,fluctuation and tissue differences in nutrient content in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in Qingdao,northern China

The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is one of the most important aquaculture species worldwide. Its meat quality is vital for consumer satisfaction, and nutrient content, especially glycogen, is closely associated with oyster fatness and meat colour. Fluctuations in nutrient content of short‐term starvation have not been previously reported, and seasonal variation in glycogen content in different tissues has rarely been reported. In the present study, we investigated these important aspects of oyster production and found that short‐term starvation (50 hr) did not significantly alter glycogen, protein or lipid content. The seasonal variation assay showed that glycogen and lipid accumulation was high in autumn and winter and that seawater temperature and protein content were inversely related to glycogen content. Glycogen content of the whole flesh was higher from January to April and was positively related to the condition index before the onset of gametogenesis. Glycogen content was higher in the gonad, labial palp and mantle compared to the gill or adductor muscle. Relative expression of genes encoding proteins involved in glycogen metabolism (glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen debranching enzyme and glycogen branching enzyme) was closely associated with the glycogen content in the corresponding tissues. Glycogen content in the gonad was regulated by glycogen metabolic and glycolysis pathway genes (6‐phosphofructo kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase, hexokinase and glucose transporters), and stored glycogen was the main energy source for gametogenesis. These findings contribute to oyster aquaculture management and glycogen improvement and expand our understanding of glycogen metabolism in oysters.     

深凹壳型香港牡蛎家系生长与存活性状比较

为了培育壳型和生长性状优良的深凹壳型香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)新品系,以广东台山镇海湾香港牡蛎野生群体为基础群体,以壳型和生长为主要选育目标,依据壳型指数D和巢式设计建立了30个全同胞家系和1个对照组,评估各家系和对照组在幼虫期和稚贝期的生长和存活性能。结果表明,整个生长阶段,各家系生长性状和存活率的平均值均高于对照组。幼虫期,所有家系壳高、生长速度以及存活率的平均值均高于对照组,所有家系壳高平均值比对照组提高3.78%～7.73%,生长速度提高7.86%,存活率提高2.85%～7.32%。稚贝期,所有家系壳高、壳长以及生长速度、存活率的平均值均高于对照组平均值,壳高提高5.23%～16.32%,壳长提高7.94%～10.69%,生长速度提高9.55%～20.16%,存活率提高3.45%～12.25%。不同家系在不同时期的生长性状和存活性能也表现出较大的差异,G1在整个稚贝期的生长性状、生长速度以及存活率的平均值均显著高于所有家系和对照组的平均值, 12月龄G1家系的壳高、壳长、壳宽、壳型指数D、总重、壳重、软体重、存活率比所有家系平均值提高9.83%～54.75%,相比对照组平均值提高23.34%～80.77%,同时G3、G10、G12、G15、G19、G23、G26在稚贝期也表现出较大的生长优势和存活优势。研究表明,深凹壳型香港牡蛎家系选育群体在生长性状和存活性能上均具有较大的优势, G1、G3、G10、G12、G15、G19、G23、G26可作为后期培育生长性能优良的深凹壳型香港牡蛎新品系的育种材料。本研究为中国华南地区培育出深凹壳型、生长性能良好的香港牡蛎优良品种提供了理论基础和数据材料。     

文蛤贝壳形态性状对活体重的影响分析

随机抽取中国沿海文蛤292个,分别测其壳长(X1)、壳宽(X2)、壳高(X3)、韧带长(X4)、楯面长(X5)、楯面宽(X6)、小月面长(X7)、前端到腹缘(X8)、后端到腹缘(X9)及活体重(Y)等形态性状,采用相关分析、通径分析、决定系数分析和多元回归分析方法,讨论了贝壳各形态性状对活体重的影响。结果表明,文蛤的壳长、壳宽、壳高、韧带长、楯面长、楯面宽、小月面长、前端到腹缘、后端到腹缘与活体重存在极显著正相关(P0.01)。壳长对活体重的直接影响最大,通径系数为P1=0.345(P0.05);壳宽(P2=0.210)(P0.01)、韧带长(P4=0.129)(P0.01)、小月面长(P7=0.079)(P0.05)对活体重直接影响亦较大。决定系数∑d=0.9170.850,说明文蛤形态性状是影响活体重的重点性状。多元回归分析显示壳长、壳宽、韧带长和小月面长与活体重极显著相关(P0.01),其最优理想回归方程为:Y=1.157X1+0.894X2+0.929X4+0.523X7-69.553。实验结果认为,在文蛤选择育种中,壳长、壳宽、韧带长和小月面长是重要的甄别性状。     

Growth, fatness and gross biochemical composition of the Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Stanway cylinders in the Bay of Arcachon, France

A new method of oyster cultivation, the Stanway oyster cylinder, has been investigated in the Bay of Arcachon since 1989. A comparative study was carried out between the growth of spat and 18-month-old Crassostrea gigas oysters, in cylinders and in traditional bags. The growth in height and in whole weight was lower in cylinders. In contrast, the tests showed a better quality of the meat, with higher condition index and higher carbohydrate content, and a better quality of the shell, with higher density and better shape. Therefore, because of the improvement in oyster quality, the use of the cylinder seems to be advantageous for the Arcachon oyster industry.     

Review of molluscan bivalve condition index calculations and application in Northern Quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria

Condition index (CI) is a widely used parameter in ecological and physiological studies. For molluscan bivalves, no universal consensus exists for CI calculation. A literature review revealed that a total of 19 methods have been used for CI calculation in molluscan bivalves. To evaluate the CI calculation in northern quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria (also called hard clams), market‐sized clams at 12–14 months old (n = 300 from three populations) were collected for gravimetrical and volumetric measurements. Significant correlations were identified among body sizes (body length, height and width), body weights (total weight, wet meat weight, dry meat weight, wet shell weight, dry shell weight) and body volume (p < .0001, R values ≥ .800). Referencing previously used CI equations for molluscan bivalves, a total of 18 equations were evaluated the suitability, considering non‐lethal measurements, for northern quahogs through correlation analysis of the CIs from different equations. With equations constructed as the percentages of dry or wet meat weight out of total weight, dry shell weight, dry shell plus meat weight, body volume, body length*height*width, shell length or cubic of shell length, CIs were significantly correlated, meaning that these equations were exchangeable. Specifically, three equations with non‐lethal measurements (percentages of total body weight out of total body volume, body length*height*width or cubic of body length) were evaluated effective. Overall, this publication provided a review for CI calculations in molluscan bivalves and evaluated the CI equations for northern quahogs.     

壳白长牡蛎品系生长和壳色性状遗传参数估计

以经过连续4代家系选育获得的壳白长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)选育系为亲本,通过巢氏平衡设计建立了30个全同胞家系混合养殖,采用微卫星多重PCR技术进行家系鉴定,基于REML法估算24月龄壳白长牡蛎的生长性状和壳色性状的遗传参数。结果表明,壳白长牡蛎品系壳高、壳长、总重、壳重、L~*(明度)、a~*(红绿轴色品指数)和b~*(黄蓝轴色品指数)的遗传力为中高等水平,依次为0.35±0.13、0.18±0.09、0.20±0.09、0.16±0.08、0.16±0.08、0.27±0.11和0.19±0.08,壳宽、肉重、出肉率、壳型指数A和壳型指数B的遗传力为低等水平,依次是0.07±0.02、0.11±0.06、0.02±0.03、0.08±0.06和0.11±0.06。壳高、壳长、壳宽、总重、壳重和肉重之间的遗传相关和表型相关均为正相关,其中,壳高、壳宽和总重与其他生长性状的相关性较高,分别为0.40±0.65~0.90±0.14、0.39±0.55~0.97±0.24和0.50±0.66~0.99±0.02。壳型指数A和壳型指数B与壳高均为较高的负相关,分别为–0.94±0.16和–0.77±0.19,表明仅以壳高性状为选育目标时,可能不会对长牡蛎壳型改良产生作用。壳白长牡蛎壳色参数与生长性状之间的遗传相关范围为–0.09±0.42~0.91±0.74,不同性状间的遗传相关差异很大,其中L~*与生长参数遗传相关较高,为0.49±0.29~0.91±0.74,表明以壳高、壳长、总重和L~*任一个为选育目标时,其他生长性状都可以获得提高。壳色参数间L~*与a~*负的相关性最高,为–0.96±0.04,L~*与b~*和a~*与b~*相关性较低,分别为–0.08±0.36和0.21±0.31,表明以L~*为选育目标时,可间接降低a~*值。本研究为合理制定壳白长牡蛎新品系育种方案和选择反应预测提供了参考依据。