一株新分离犬细小病毒灭活疫苗的制备及免疫效果研究

JL0911株犬细小病毒是由军事兽医研究所流行病与病毒病防控技术实验室分离得到的一株新型犬细小病毒,其主要抗原位点上的氨基酸序列较国内先前分离到的其他株有较大差异,不能被归入目前已有的CPV-2a、CPV-2b、CPV-2c三个类型。本研究旨在利用JL0911株犬细小病毒研制灭活疫苗,并评价其免疫原性。试验采用10^5.5 TCID₅₀/mL的犬细小病毒JL0911,以甲醛灭活后,加入1/4体积的纳米佐剂,制备了犬细小病毒灭活疫苗。取1.5 mL上述疫苗,通过肌肉注射免疫普通家犬,免疫前后不同时间均采集血清,在F81细胞系上测定犬细小病毒的中和抗体。结果显示,免疫后14 d,试验犬血中细小病毒中和抗体效价较免疫前有显著提高,最高可由0提高至2⁹,表明本试验分离的JL0911株犬细小病毒具有生产犬细小病毒灭活疫苗的潜在价值。     

白细胞介素 2对犬细小病毒疫苗免疫效果的影响

为研究白细胞介素 2（IL-2）对犬细小病毒疫苗免疫效果的影响,选择40只幼犬,随机分成试验组和对照组,试验组按0.5 ml/头份加入犬用IL-2与犬细小病毒疫苗一起皮下注射,对照组单独使用犬细小病毒疫苗,注射后分别在接种前、接种后7 d和14 d使用金标试纸条检测其抗体效价,并进行组间抗体效价差异的t检验。试验结果表明,接种疫苗前试验组与对照组犬细小病毒平均抗体效价之间差异不显著;接种疫苗后7 d,试验组与对照组犬细小病毒平均抗体效价差异极显著(P<0.01);接种疫苗后14 d,试验组与对照组犬细小病毒平均抗体效价差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验表明：IL 2可明显提高幼犬对犬细小病毒疫苗的抗体应答能力,是一种良好的犬细小病毒疫苗候选佐剂。     

犬细小病毒2型变异株对高母源抗体犬的致病性

为了探究CPV-2变异株的致病性,用CPV-2a和CPV-2b野毒株,分别攻击犬细小病毒(CPV-2)高母源抗体(MDA)幼犬,根据犬临床症状,组织病理学,粪便排毒和血清抗体应答等指标,评价高母源抗体(HI滴度≥1∶160)对不同CPV病毒变异株的保护作用。结果表明, CPV-2a和CPV-2b攻毒后引起明显临床症状,攻毒后3～6 d粪便中CPV排毒。感染犬的组织样品经PCR检测表明,CPV-2a/2b病毒广泛分布。组织病理学分析表明,CPV-2a/2b感染引起肠道黏膜出血。研究表明,CPV-2高母源抗体对CPV-2a/2b变异株攻击不能提供有效保护,有必要开发CPV变异株的新型疫苗。     

犬细小病毒特异性抗血清的制备及应用研究

为制备犬细小病毒特异性抗血清,用犬细小病毒DD株免疫健康易感比格犬,无菌采血后分离血清制备犬抗CPV-2血清。通过SN、ELISA、IFA、HI方法对制备的血清进行检测,未检出犬类常见的5种病毒抗体,说明该血清特异性良好。经测定,该血清中和抗体效价为1∶512;HI效价为1∶1280。应用结果表明,该血清对不同犬细小病毒毒株中和能力相当,对CPV-2感染犬有良好的治疗效果。     

白细胞介素-2对犬细小病毒疫苗免疫效果的影响

为研究白细胞介素-2(IL-2)对犬细小病毒疫苗免疫效果的影响,选择40只幼犬,随机分成试验组和对照组,试验组按0.5 ml/头份加入犬用IL-2与犬细小病毒疫苗一起皮下注射,对照组单独使用犬细小病毒疫苗,注射后分别在接种前、接种后7 d和14 d使用金标试纸条检测其抗体效价,并进行组间抗体效价差异的t检验。试验结果表明,接种疫苗前试验组与对照组犬细小病毒平均抗体效价之间差异不显著;接种疫苗后7 d,试验组与对照组犬细小病毒平均抗体效价差异极显著(P<0.01);接种疫苗后14 d,试验组与对照组犬细小病毒平均抗体效价差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验表明:IL-2可明显提高幼犬对犬细小病毒疫苗的抗体应答能力,是一种良好的犬细小病毒疫苗候选佐剂。     

南宁地区犬细小病毒VP2基因的克隆及遗传进化分析

为了解广西南宁地区犬细小病毒（CPV）的流行现状与病毒变异情况,本试验对初步确诊为犬细小病毒病的12份阳性病料提取基因组DNA,以提取的基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增VP2基因序列并测序,将12个阳性毒株样本VP2基因测序结果与GenBank中登录的17株国内外CPV分离株VP2基因进行同源性比对,采用Mega 7.0软件绘制遗传进化树,分析其病毒亚型和遗传进化情况。结果显示,成功扩增得到12个毒株样本的VP2基因片段,大小约1 755 bp,12株阳性样本毒株的VP2基因同源性在99.2%~100.0%之间,其中NN01与NN07、NN02与NN06同源性最高,为100.0%;阳性样本毒株与国内其他分离株VP2基因的同源性为97.6%~100.0%,其中NN08、NN10及NN04与CPV-ZJ1579同源性最高,均为100.0%,属于CPV-2a亚型;阳性样本毒株与国外代表性毒株同源性在98.1%~99.8%之间。遗传进化树分析表明,12个样本毒株中有3株属于CPV-2a亚型,3株属于CPV-2b亚型,6株属于CPV-2c亚型。这是继2018年初广西分离到CPV-2c型CPV后,首次发现南宁地区大规模流行CPV-2c亚型病毒,预示着CPV-2c亚型CPV在国内的流行正在增加。综上所述,广西南宁地区CPV-2a、CPV-2b与CPV-2c亚型并存,但CPV-2c亚型的比重比其他地区大,这也给该地区提供了新的防治信息,在实际CPV防控工作中除了对CPV-2a、CPV-2b等传统流行亚型的关注之外,更应该重视CPV-2c亚型CPV的防控。     

广州地区犬细小病毒VP2基因的序列分析

犬细小病毒病是一种高度接触性传染病,临床上以急性出血性肠炎和心肌炎为特征。为研究广州地区犬细小病毒病的流行亚型,本试验采集2011—2012年间疑似病犬粪便,进行犬细小病毒（canine parvovirus,CPV）分离鉴定,提取病毒基因组进行VP2基因扩增和序列分析,与GenBank中登录的参考毒株进行比对,结果发现,分离的8株CPV中SCAU-5为CPV-2b 亚型,其余为CPV-2a亚型。结果表明,2011—2012年间广州地区的流行毒株以CPV-2a亚型为主。     

贵阳地区犬细小病毒VP2基因的克隆及遗传进化分析

为研究贵阳地区犬细小病毒（canine parvovirus,CPV）的流行基因型及其遗传进化情况,本试验对从贵阳市分离的10株CPV的VP2基因进行PCR扩增和克隆并进行序列分析。结果显示,分离的病毒能使F81猫肾细胞产生明显的细胞病变（CPE）,分离的10株病毒中,7株为CPV-2a亚型,3株为CPV-2c亚型,命名为GY-1~GY-10。10株CPV分离株与疫苗株VP2基因的同源性98.4%~99.4%,与其他国内外参考株的同源性为97.7%~99.9%。本试验首次报道贵阳市CPV的流行基因型为CPV-2a亚型并伴随CPV-2c亚型存在,对监测CPV遗传变异趋势及疫苗的研制具有重要意义。     

北京地区犬细小病毒流行特性分析

为了解北京地区犬细小病毒(CPV)流行特性,采用PCR技术对1 209份犬粪便进行CPV检测。对获得的犬细小病毒的VP2片段进行扩增后再测序分析,并对感染犬的转归进行跟踪回访。结果表明,CPV阳性样本232份(19.2%),其中CPV-2a占62.1%,CPV-2b占37.9%,未发现CPV-2和CPV-2c。CPV-2b较CPV-2a更易感染0~3月龄犬(P0.05),且CPV-2b感染犬死亡率显著高于CPV-2a感染犬(P0.05)。     

犬细小病毒BJ06/06株致病模型的初步建立

犬细小病毒在全国乃至世界范围内广泛流行，而现阶段常用的疫苗对新变异毒株的预防效果并不理想。在新型疫苗的研发过程中，亟需建立评价动物免疫效果的流行毒株攻毒标准。通过对比格犬进行犬细小病毒流行毒株的人工感染试验，从临床症状、血液生化和病理变化等对患病犬进行多维度的综合评价。结果显示，患病犬均表现出了典型的体温升高、呕吐、精神沉郁、腹泻、血便等临床症状，白细胞数量显著降低，血浆白蛋白含量降低、碱性磷酸酶和血清磷含量升高，且不同攻毒剂量组间有显著差异。本研究初步建立了犬细小病毒(BJ06/06株)的致病模型，接种方式为每只比格犬灌服5 mL病毒液(10^4.5TCID₅₀/0.1mL),同时左右后肢各肌肉注射1 mL病毒液。本模型为后续犬细小病毒病新型疫苗的研发和免疫效果评价提供了参考依据。     

Genetic analysis of canine parvovirus from dogs in Australia

OBJECTIVE: To determine the genetic variants of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV) present in domestic dogs in Australia and to investigate 26 cases of apparent vaccine failure. DESIGN: Thirty-three samples of faeces or intestinal tissues and 16 cell culture virus isolates collected over a period from 1980 to 2005 from five Australian states were analysed. Procedure DNA was extracted from the samples and a 1975 bp fragment of the VP1/2 gene of CPV was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequences were compared to published strains of CPV-2, CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c. RESULTS: Forty-one of 43 PCR-positive samples contained CPV-2a viruses. One sample collected in 2002 from a pup in northern NSW contained a CPV-2b virus. One sample that had been included in the study as a CPV-antigen negative control sample contained a CPV-2 virus. CONCLUSION: CPV-2a remains the predominant genetic variant of CPV in dogs in Australia and has not been replaced by CPV-2b or CPV-2c as in many other countries. The vaccine failures investigated in the study were likely caused not by genetic variation of field viruses but by maternal antibody interference in the response of pups to vaccination.     

Antibody levels and protection to canine parvovirus type 2

The relationship between maternally derived antibody (MDA) levels and protection to canine parvovirus (CPV) infection in pups is reported. Twelve pups with a wide range of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) titres of MDA to CPV were divided into four groups, with each group balanced for antibody titres. The dogs were inoculated with a field CPV-2b strain and clinical signs, virus shedding and antibody response were assessed. The CPV was not detected in the faeces of dogs with HI titres of 320 at any time. In dogs with HI titres up to 160, active CPV replication after challenge was demonstrated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The successful infection of dogs with HI titres of 80 and 160 was confirmed by seroconversion, evaluated at day 14 post-infection. These findings demonstrated that CPV infection could also occur in the presence of MDA HI titres (> or =80) usually considered fully protective.     

Detection and molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) circulating in Jilin Province,Northeast China

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is highly contagious and can cause haemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in dogs. To understand the current epidemic situation of CPV in Jilin Province, China, a total of 44 fecal or intestinal tissue samples of pet dogs suspected of being infected with CPV from February 2018 to November 2019 in Changchun and Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province were collected.All of the 44 collected samples were tested positive to CPV-2 by a PCR assay. The sequencing and analyzing of complete VP2 genes showed that CPV-2c was the most prevalent variant (n = 31;70.4 %), followed by new-CPV-2a (n = 8;18.2 %), new-CPV-2b (n = 4; 9.1 %) and CPV-2 (n = 1; 2.3 %). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 31 CPV-2c strains in our study are closely related to local CPV-2c isolates in cluster I. The VP2 protein of the acquired CPV 2c strains all possessed the substitutions Ala5Gly, Phe267Tyr, Tyr324Ile, and Gln370Arg only one with a novel Arg481Lys mutation. These findings demonstrate that CPV-2c was the most prominent type of CPV circulating in Jilin in 2018–2019, clustered in a separate group that is far from the vaccine strains and suggest that further and extensive epidemiological investigation among pet dogs are warranted to provide information for usage and research of current vaccines.     

犬细小病毒DD株的分离鉴定和VP2基因序列分析

本实验室对从疑似犬细小病毒感染的发病犬分离的病毒采用同步培养法接种猫肾细胞（CRFK）增殖,通过PCR试验、IFA试验和VP2基因测序分析等方法进行鉴定并分型,获得一株犬细小病毒强毒株,命名为CPV-DD株。对分离病毒进行PCR扩增,可扩增出特异性DNA片段（1 163 bp）;盲传至第6代时,病毒液的HA效价为1∶1...     

Three-year serologic immunity against canine parvovirus type 2 and canine adenovirus type 2 in dogs vaccinated with a canine combination vaccine

A group of client-owned dogs and a group of dogs at a commercial kennel were evaluated for duration of antibody responses against canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) after receiving a combination vaccine containing recombinant canarypox-vectored canine distemper virus (CDV) and modified-live CPV-2, CAV-2, and canine parainfluenza virus, with (C6) or without (C4) two serovars of Leptospira (Recombitek C4 or C6, Merial). Duration of antibody, which correlates with protective immunity, was found to be at least 36 months in both groups. Recombitek combination vaccines can confidently be given every 3 years with assurance of protection in immunocompetent dogs against CPV-2 and CAV-1 as well as CDV. This allows this combination vaccine, like other, similar modified- live virus combination products containing CDV, CAV-2, and CPV-2, to be administered in accordance with the recommendations of the American Animal Hospital Association Canine Vaccine Task Force.     

Antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2, canine distemper virus, and canine adenovirus type-1 in adult household dogs

Serum antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1) were investigated in 1031 healthy adult household dogs (2 to 18 years old) given an annual inoculation in the previous 11 to 13 months. The number of dogs retaining significant titers of antibodies against CPV-2, CDV, and CAV-1 were 888 (86%), 744 (72%), and 732 (71%), respectively. There were no differences between males and females in antibody titers against the 3 viruses. Antibody titer for CPV-2 was significantly higher in younger dogs than in older dogs, CDV antibody was significantly higher in older dogs than in younger dogs, and CAV titer was not associated with age.     

Vaccination with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) protects against challenge with virulent CPV-2b and CPV-2c

Mutations in canine parvovirus (CPV) field isolates have created concerns regarding the ability of vaccines containing CPV-2 to protect against infection with the newly identified antigenic types CPV-2b and CPV-2c. To address this concern, the efficacy of CPV-2 strain NL-35-D currently in use as a commercial vaccine was demonstrated against an oral challenge with CPV-2b and CPV-2c, respectively. Clinically healthy specific pathogen free Beagle dogs were either vaccinated or treated with water for injection first at 8-9 weeks of age and again at 11-12 weeks of age. All dogs were challenged either with CPV-2b or CPV-2c three weeks after the second vaccination. During the two week period following challenge, clinical signs, white blood cell counts, serology by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and serum neutralisation tests, and virus shedding by haemagglutination test were assessed. All control dogs developed clinical signs of parvovirosis (including pyrexia and leucopenia) and shed virus. Vaccinated dogs seroconverted (HI titres > or =80), remained healthy throughout the study and shed more than 100 times less virus than controls. In conclusion, vaccination with the low passage, high titre CPV-2 strain NL-35-D cross-protects dogs against virulent challenges with CPV-2b or CPV-2c by preventing disease and substantially reducing viral shedding.