中国应对木材非法采伐的法规及制度

近年来,木材非法采伐和相关贸易问题引起了国际社会的广泛关注。作为林产品消费主要市场,美国于2008年颁布《雷斯法修正案》,禁止非法来源于美国或其它国家的林产品贸易;欧盟于2010年10月颁布《欧盟木材法案》,要求贸易商开展木材来源合法性的尽职调查,从而使非法木材投放市场的风险降到最低。澳大利亚于2011年出台了木材非法采伐禁令。我国作为全球第二大林产品生产和消费国,受到国际社会的误会和指责。美国和欧盟是我国林产品出口重要市场,占林产品出口总额的40%左右。欧美及澳大利亚出台的法规将对我国林产品国际贸易产生重大影响。为了在国际谈判中更好地保护发展中国家和我国的利益,应对国际上针对中国利用非法木材的诉讼,实施全球林业战略,提高我国在世界林业发展中的地位和作用,在国家林业局资助下,国家林业局林产品国际贸易研究中心组织开展了《应对木材非法采伐策略研究》项目。本栏目将对该研究部分成果作系列报道,以飨读者。     

中国应对木材非法采伐的法规及制度

近年来,木材非法采伐和相关贸易问题引起了国际社会的广泛关注。作为林产品消费主要市场,美国于2008年颁布《雷斯法修正案》,禁止非法来源于美国或其它国家的林产品贸易;欧盟于2010年10月颁布《欧盟木材法案》,要求贸易商开展木材来源合法性的尽职调查,从而使非法木材投放市场的风险降到最低。澳大利亚于2011年出台了木材非法采伐禁令。我国作为全球第二大林产品生产和消费国,受到国际社会的误会和指责。美国和欧盟是我国林产品出口重要市场,占林产品出口总额的40%左右。欧美及澳大利亚出台的法规将对我国林产品国际贸易产生重大影响。为了在国际谈判中更好地保护发展中国家和我国的利益,应对国际上针对中国利用非法木材的诉讼,实施全球林业战略,提高我国在世界林业发展中的地位和作用,在国家林业局资助下,国家林业局林产品国际贸易研究中心组织开展了《应对木材非法采伐策略研究》项目。本栏目将对该研究部分成果作系列报道,以飨读者。     

中国应对木材非法采伐的态度与立场

近年来,木材非法采伐和相关贸易问题引起了国际社会的广泛关注。作为林产品消费主要市场,美国于2008年颁布《雷斯法修正案》,禁止非法来源于美国或其它国家的林产品贸易;欧盟于2010年10月颁布《欧盟木材法案》,要求贸易商开展木材来源合法性的尽职调查,从而使非法木材投放市场的风险降到最低。澳大利亚于2011年出台了木材非法采伐禁令。我国作为全球第二大林产品生产和消费国,受到国际社会的误会和指责。美国和欧盟是我国林产品出口重要市场,占林产品出口总额的40%左右。欧美及澳大利亚出台的法规将对我国林产品国际贸易产生重大影响。为了在国际谈判中更好地保护发展中国家和我国的利益,应对国际上针对中国利用非法木材的诉讼,实施全球林业战略,提高我国在世界林业发展中的地位和作用,在国家林业局资助下,国家林业局林产品国际贸易研究中心组织开展了《应对木材非法采伐策略研究》项目。本栏目将对该研究部分成果作系列报道,以飨读者。     

中国应对木材非法采伐的政策与行动

中国政府一贯主动保护世界森林资源,不但采取切实可行的措施保护本国森林资源,而且积极倡导国际林业进程保护各国森林资源,同时坚决打击木材非法采伐及相关贸易活动,进而推动全球生态环境改善。而且,中国木材和林产品进出口贸易是全球经济一体化与贸易自由化发展及世界资源优化配置的必然要求与结果,木材及林产品正常国际贸易与某一国家或地区林木乱砍滥伐没有直接关系,木材非法采伐及相关贸易和环境破坏问题大多发生在经济发展落后或者居民生计和社会矛盾突出地区;因此,应对木材非法     

中国应对木材非法采伐的法规及制度

近年来,木材非法采伐和相关贸易问题引起了国际社会的广泛关注。作为林产品消费主要市场,美国于2008年颁布《雷斯法修正案》,禁止非法来源于美国或其它国家的林产品贸易;欧盟于2010年10月颁布《欧盟木材法案》,要求贸易商开展木材来源合法性的尽职调查,从而使非法木材投放市场的风险降到最低。澳大利亚于2011年出台了木材非法采伐禁令。我国作为全球第二大林产品牛产和消费国,受到国际社会的误会和指责。美国和欧盟是我国林产品出口重要市场,占林产品出口总额的40%左右。欧美及澳大利亚出台的法规将对我国林产品国际贸易产生重大影响。为了在国际谈判中更好地保护发展中国家和我国的利益,应对国际上针对中国利用非法木材的诉讼,实施全球林业战略,提高我国在世界林业发展中的地位和作用,在国家林业局资助下,国家林业局林产品国际贸易研究中心组织开展了《应对木材非法采伐策略研究》项目。本栏目将对该研究部分成果作系列报道,以飨读者。     

中英合作“中国木材合法性认定体系研究”项目在京启动

<正>去年12月,中英合作"中国木材合法性认定体系研究"项目在北京启动。该项目旨在建立适合中国林产品贸易的木材合法性认定体系。木材非法采伐及相关贸易已经成为人类可持续发展面临的热点和敏感问题。非法采伐会破坏合法来源木材及其他林     

木材合法性贸易法规立法要素国际比较及借鉴

在非法采伐及相关贸易成为国际社会热点问题的背景下，越来越多的国家通过立法限制非法采伐木材进入本国市场。文中对当前国际上主要木材合法性贸易法规进行梳理，针对合法性定义、强制性、适用对象、保障机制、执行与管理、监督机制以及处罚措施7个立法要素进行比较分析，总结国际打击非法采伐及相关贸易的立法经验对我国木材合法来源管理的借鉴意义。     

木材合法性认证及其对中国木质林产品贸易的影响

木材非法采伐及其相关贸易是导致许多发展中国家毁林和森林退化的重要原因。森林破坏反过来导致约20%的全球碳排放。许多政府和私人部门以及国际社会纷纷采取措施确保木材的合法性。随之而来的木材合法性认证越来越普遍。文中概述木材合法性认证的概念及认证体系,归纳木材合法性认证的要点、局限性和启示,简要分析木材合法性认证对中国木质林产品贸易的影响。     

林业专家赴法国和加蓬开展中英合作项目木材合法性企业试点工作论证

为解决越来越受全球关注的木材非法采伐及相关贸易问题,更好地保护森林资源和促进国际林产品贸易的健康与可持续性发展,中国政府积极同其他国家进行广泛的合作,共同开展木材合法性研究与实践。根据"国际合作——中英木材合法性认定体系项目"的要求,2011年3月24日至4月2日,由国家林业局林产     

国家林业局联合国家发改委赴巴布亚新几内亚考察木材合法来源认定情况

为解决全球木材非法采伐及相关贸易问题,更好地保护森林资源和促进国际林产品贸易的健康与可持续发展,积极开展木材合法性认定体系研究与实践,与重点资源国开展广泛的交流与技术合作,2011年9月24日至9月30日,由国家林业局发展规划与资金管理司、国家发改委农经司、中国林业产业联合会、国家林业局林产品     

Forest product trade,wood consumption,and forest conservation—the case of 61 countries

Trade barriers of forest products are often advocated in the name of protecting forest resources. Whether the promoting of trade of forest products will increase or decrease the global forest resources is still a matter of debate. We offer an assessment of how forest product trade helps shape observed forest change, by relating wood consumption change to trade of forest products based on cross-section data from 61 countries in 2010. The result shows that wood outputs have positive effects on wood consumption. Compared to domestic production, the result suggests that imports of forest products can help reduce wood consumption. This may indicate that trade liberalization can promote the allocation efficiency of timber resources across the global, which can improve the utilization efficiency and reduce the wood consumption in the world to protect the global forest resources. It is suggested that the high-efficient harvest and wood-processing technological transfer should be advocated in the international community to contribute to global forest conservation.     

An assessment of gains and losses from international trade in the forest sector

The importance of international trade for the welfare of actors in the forest sector was estimated by comparing the current state of the world with a world in pure autarky with zero imports and exports of roundwood and manufactured wood products. The analysis was done with a comparative statics application of the Global Forest Products Model. The model was first calibrated to replicate observations in the base year 2013, and then solved under autarky conditions. The results showed much variation in the effects of international trade on production, consumption, and prices across countries and sub sectors. Globally international trade did have a positive effect on the economic welfare of the sector. This was due mostly to the positive effect on the surplus of consumers, and to a lesser extent on the increase in value added in forest industries. But value added profited manufacturers in developed countries much more than in developing. Furthermore, while wood producers in developed countries increased their profits with trade, those in developing countries incurred heavy losses that negated any incentive to invest in forest conservation, management and new plantations.     

中美贸易摩擦对双边木质林产品贸易的影响

中美贸易摩擦是中美经济关系中的重要问题。2018年中美贸易摩擦爆发后,双边经贸关系曲折不断,木质林产品贸易面临极大考验。文中在梳理2015—2020年中美双边木质林产品贸易数据的基础上,分析贸易摩擦对双边木质林产品贸易的影响。结果显示,中美贸易摩擦对双边贸易规模具有较大影响,贸易总额、进口额和出口额均大幅下降;木家具和人造板等木质林产品贸易受到较大冲击,双方短期内均难以找到替代市场;中国从美国进口原木和锯材大幅下降,但中国木材供应和木材安全未受到威胁。未来,建议从增加国内木材供应、拓展替代市场、优化林业产业结构、建立国际国内双循环的林产品市场方面积极应对贸易摩擦。     

Status and trends in international trade of major wood products in China

Based on the current conditions, a forecast of trends in imports and exports of wood products and their demand and supply is presented in this paper for the years of 2005 and 2015. It is expected that imports will continue to exceed exports but that the trade deficit in wood products will decline. The form of trade will be changed from a condition of unilateral imports to one of exerting mutual advantage through imports and exports. The structure of trade in forest products will alter with changes in the forest resource base and with new developments in the forest industry.     

Determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade: application of the gravity model

ABSTRACT

This study applied a gravity model estimation using panel data in order to analyze the impact of the determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade from 2001 to 2016.The gravity estimates imply the importance of size of the economies, distance, level of openness of the economy, population, forest resource endowments of Vietnam’s trade partners, Vietnam’s logging restrictions policy, common border, free trade agreement, and exchange rates as determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade. These variables were found to have different effects on the export and import of wood products. Vietnam’s access to the WTO and APEC did not help either its imports or exports in wood products. The results of this study also indicate that the Government of Vietnam needs to implement policies to increase investment in the wood processing industry, develop high quality wood materials from domestic plantations, and take advantage of trade preferences from new free trade agreements in order to promote wood product trade. The results of this study have implications for trade policy, resource-based economic development, and Vietnam’s forest resource conservation.     

基于产业内贸易视角的中俄木质林产品贸易现状分析

文中首先从贸易规模和贸易结构2个方面分析中国与俄罗斯两国间木质林产品贸易现状, 然后运用产业内贸易GL指数和Bruelhart边际产业内贸易指数对1994—2013年20年间中俄两国不同种类木质林产品和整体木质林产品产业内贸易发展水平进行实证分析, 最后对两国间木质林产品产业内贸易类型进行划分和测算.结果表明, 尽管中俄木质林产品贸易规模在不断扩大, 但产业内贸易水平总体偏低, 贸易方式仍以产业间贸易为主, 中俄木质林产品贸易呈现出较强的互补性.     

China's role in the global forest sector: how will the US recovery and a diminished Chinese demand influence global wood markets?

Over the last decade, while the size of China's economy more than doubled, China has simultaneously become a major producer and exporter of forest products. Although China's domestic supply of wood is significantly constrained both by a limited natural supply and by conservation-oriented policies, the country is increasingly regarded as the world's “wood workshop.” Furthermore, China is the largest driver of demand for the trade in tropical logs and is becoming a significant driver of demand for trade in coniferous logs. In this paper, we describe a spatial equilibrium model adapted to study forest sector markets and policies that affect them. We present the model and the result of two alternative future scenarios. The first scenario analyzes the impact on global forest products markets of a US recovery in wood markets. The second scenario examines the effect on global forest products markets of decelerating growth in Chinese demand for wood products. Through these two scenarios, the modeling output sheds light on the role China's wood products markets have on resource supply and trade around the world. The trade model shows substantial potential changes in global prices, production, and trade activity associated with the recovery in domestic demand in the USA.     

Long-term effects of eliminating illegal logging on the world forest industries, trade, and inventory

We assessed the impact on the world forest sector of a progressive elimination of illegal logging. The analysis compared predictions from 2007 to 2020, with and without a gradual reduction of illegally logged industrial roundwood from 2007 to 2011. A large part of the curtailment of timber supply due to the stoppage of illegal logging would be compensated by increased legal production incited by higher prices. As a result, without illegal logging the world annual production of industrial roundwood would decrease by no more than 1%, even though it would decrease by up to 8% in developing countries. World prices would rise by 1.5 to 3.5% for industrial roundwood and by 0.5 to 2% for processed products, depending on the assumption on illegal logging rates. World consumer expenditures for wood products and producer revenues would rise by 1 to 2% without illegal logging. World value added in forest industries would remain the same. However, the changes in consumer expenditures would be more than double the changes in producer revenues in countries dependent on illegally logged timber of domestic or foreign origin such as Indonesia and China. Symmetrically, changes in producer revenues would be almost twice the changes in consumer expenditures in countries with little illegal logging and efficient industries, such as Canada, Germany and the United States. Value added in forest industries would decrease most in countries with heavy illegal logging (12% in Indonesia and up to 9% in Brazil), and it would increase most in Germany, Canada (4%), and the United States (2%). Without illegal logging, the world forest inventory would increase slightly, as the increase in developing countries would more than compensate the decrease in developed countries.     

森林认证对全球林产品贸易影响实证分析

文中基于贸易引力模型,以73个开展森林认证的国家（地区）2015—2020年林产品进出口贸易数据为被解释变量、森林认证证书数量为核心解释变量,结合经济规模、经济发展水平、地理距离、森林资源禀赋和加入WTO、自由贸易区协定签署情况等影响因素,对森林认证与林产品贸易间的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明:一国所拥有的森林认证证书数量增加能够显著促进林产品出口和进口;若贸易双方经济规模较大且经济发展水平相当,均加入WTO或签署自由贸易协定也会促进该国林产品出口和进口;本国森林资源丰富有助于林产品出口,同时会减少林产品进口;双边距离过远则会阻碍两国林产品出口和进口。建议我国完善顶层设计,持续推进森林认证,通过深化与国际组织和其他国家森林认证体系的交流与合作,保护森林、改善环境,实现可持续发展。     

中国与亚太地区主要国家木质林产品贸易竞争性与互补性分析

亚太地区拥有丰富的森林资源,中国与亚太地区主要国家林业经贸合作前景十分广阔。文中运用显性比较优势指数、贸易互补性指数和产业内贸易指数分别对2006—2015年中国与亚太主要国家木质林产品贸易的竞争性与互补性进行分析,结果表明:与亚太主要国家相比,中国木质林产品竞争力较弱,但与其贸易互补性很强。中国应积极加快木质林产品结构转型,提升产品质量以增强竞争力,并利用贸易互补性扩大与亚太主要国家的林产品贸易规模,实现区域互利共赢。