中英合作“中国木材合法性认定体系研究”项目在京启动

<正>去年12月,中英合作"中国木材合法性认定体系研究"项目在北京启动。该项目旨在建立适合中国林产品贸易的木材合法性认定体系。木材非法采伐及相关贸易已经成为人类可持续发展面临的热点和敏感问题。非法采伐会破坏合法来源木材及其他林     

木材合法性认证及其对中国木质林产品贸易的影响

木材非法采伐及其相关贸易是导致许多发展中国家毁林和森林退化的重要原因。森林破坏反过来导致约20%的全球碳排放。许多政府和私人部门以及国际社会纷纷采取措施确保木材的合法性。随之而来的木材合法性认证越来越普遍。文中概述木材合法性认证的概念及认证体系,归纳木材合法性认证的要点、局限性和启示,简要分析木材合法性认证对中国木质林产品贸易的影响。     

林业专家赴法国和加蓬开展中英合作项目木材合法性企业试点工作论证

为解决越来越受全球关注的木材非法采伐及相关贸易问题,更好地保护森林资源和促进国际林产品贸易的健康与可持续性发展,中国政府积极同其他国家进行广泛的合作,共同开展木材合法性研究与实践。根据"国际合作——中英木材合法性认定体系项目"的要求,2011年3月24日至4月2日,由国家林业局林产     

虱家林业局联合国家发改委赴巴布亚新几内亚考察木材合法来源认定情况

为解决全球木材非法采伐及相关贸易问题．更好地保护森林资源和促进国际林产品贸易的健康与可持续发展．积极开展木材合法性认定体系研究与实践．与重点资源国开展广泛的交流与技术合作。2011年9月24日至9月30日,由国家林业局发展规划与资金管理司、国家发改委农经司,     

推动合法可持续木材采伐及林产品可持续贸易TNC中国部绿色采购与森林可持续经营项目

世界范围的森林状况,尤其是原始森林的非法采伐及相关贸易,引起了国际社会的极大关注。非法采伐及相关贸易存在于全球森林利用与国际林产品贸易链中。有专家推测全球非法采伐木材的贸易每年超过5,000万     

国家林业局联合国家发改委赴巴布亚新几内亚考察木材合法来源认定情况

为解决全球木材非法采伐及相关贸易问题,更好地保护森林资源和促进国际林产品贸易的健康与可持续发展,积极开展木材合法性认定体系研究与实践,与重点资源国开展广泛的交流与技术合作,2011年9月24日至9月30日,由国家林业局发展规划与资金管理司、国家发改委农经司、中国林业产业联合会、国家林业局林产品     

中国加强进口木材合法性管理的经济影响分析

非法采伐及相关贸易被认为是导致毁林和全球气候变暖的主要原因之一,对全世界的经济、社会和环境带来了负面影响。中国是全球第1大林产品贸易国,进口木材已占我国木材来源的50%以上,而其中很多来自非伐采伐风险比较高的热带国家/地区,倍受国际舆论压力。在此背景下,中国政府正在不断完善相关法规政策以加强对进口木材合法性的管理。文中采用静态GTAP模型模拟了出台进口材合法性管理政策法规背景下企业选取不同合规机制对中国和全球林产品贸易的影响。结果表明,中国加强进口材合法性的管理将改变中国木材进口格局,其产生的主要福利损失由中国和被判定为非法采伐高风险的国家/地区承担,而低风险国家/地区则实现了福利增加。     

符合国际市场要求的中国木材合法性尽职调查体系构建

为打击非法采伐及相关贸易, 欧盟、美国和澳大利亚等经济体纷纷出台贸易法规, 要求企业开展尽职调查, 促进合法木材贸易。文中从标准要求、程序、风险评估及结论、运行机制、企业接受程度、满足法案要求程度等方面对现行木材合法性尽职调查体系现状进行比较分析; 在此基础上, 提出中国木材合法性尽职调查体系构建的目标和宗旨及主体框架, 并讨论体系实施的潜在问题与对策。     

多部门联合对马来西亚自愿合作伙伴关系协议谈判和木材合法性情况进行考察

本刊讯为落实中欧打击木材非法采伐及相关贸易双边协调机制第四次会议成果,加深了解欧盟开展自愿合作伙伴关系协议谈判国家中木材合法性验证体系的作用,经中欧双方同意,国家林业局、     

中国应对木材非法采伐的法规及制度

近年来,木材非法采伐和相关贸易问题引起了国际社会的广泛关注。作为林产品消费主要市场,美国于2008年颁布《雷斯法修正案》,禁止非法来源于美国或其它国家的林产品贸易;欧盟于2010年10月颁布《欧盟木材法案》,要求贸易商开展木材来源合法性的尽职调查,从而使非法木材投放市场的风险降到最低。澳大利亚于2011年出台了木材非法采伐禁令。我国作为全球第二大林产品生产和消费国,受到国际社会的误会和指责。美国和欧盟是我国林产品出口重要市场,占林产品出口总额的40%左右。欧美及澳大利亚出台的法规将对我国林产品国际贸易产生重大影响。为了在国际谈判中更好地保护发展中国家和我国的利益,应对国际上针对中国利用非法木材的诉讼,实施全球林业战略,提高我国在世界林业发展中的地位和作用,在国家林业局资助下,国家林业局林产品国际贸易研究中心组织开展了《应对木材非法采伐策略研究》项目。本栏目将对该研究部分成果作系列报道,以飨读者。     

The legally allowable versus the informally practicable in Bolivia’s domestic timber market

We analyze legality in the forest sector in Bolivia, focusing particularly on the domestic timber value chain in the northern Bolivian Amazon. Bolivia adopted wide-reaching forest, land and democratic regulatory changes since the mid-1990s that were partly intended to reduce illegal logging and related practices. The new forest regulations, in turn, led to new illegal practices because implementation and sanctioning were poor, but also because new forest and land regulations were inadequate and often contradictory. In response, the government and various forest agencies adopted new measures to address the new illegal practices. These forest regulatory and forest policy renovations and modifications of the last two decades are, for instance, reflected in the domestic timber market of the northern Bolivian Amazon, a region that relies heavily on the forest sector. The paper analyzes Bolivia’s regulatory changes that were relevant for legality in the forest sector and the multiple modifications that were made to address shortcomings of these reforms. It also analyses legality in the domestic timber value chain in northern Bolivia. The new actors involved in especially the domestic timber value chain have moved away from formal and legal mechanisms to benefit from timber that grows on their land and forests to practices that were not considered or actually shunned in the law and that appear difficult to regulate. Unless these new practices are recognized adequately in a new forestry law, some of the production and trade of the timber value chain will likely continue to operate at the margin of legality.     

The policy analysis of governing illegal logging: A game theory approach

Illegal logging has attracted worldwide attention, and some measures, such as timber procurement policies and timber regulations, have been taken. However, there are no studies that examine the governance of illegal logging using game theory. This paper applies game theory to analyze the subsidy policy for governing illegal logging as well as the effects of the subsidy on the benefits of suppliers and operators of forest products. The results show that controlling illegal logging has an impact on exporting enterprises, and the effects produced by subsidies and non-subsidies are different for enterprise. Enterprises that receive subsidies will occupy foreign markets and gain additional profits, while enterprises that are not subsidized will exit foreign markets. The amount of subsidies is related to enterprise’s governance cost. The benefit for operators and suppliers depend on the combination of supervision level and forest products’ legality. The critical point of regulation of operators is related to regulatory costs, the additional benefits of weak supervision of suppliers, and penalties for regulatory failure. The critical point for suppliers to select legal raw materials is related to suppliers’ operating costs, gray income, and the degree of punishment.     

Countermeasure Strategy for China’s Wood Enterprises to Meet Timber Legality Requirements

As the global forest issues and illegal logging have increasingly aroused the concerns of the international community,the US Lacey Act Amendment and the EU Timber Regulation poses requirements for the legality of timber.The paper described the background of timber legality issue,analyzed the specific requirements of the US and the EU for timber legality,and pointed out their negative impacts on China’s wood enterprises.Based on the analyses,the authors came up with the approaches that China’ s wood enterprises could adopt to meet legality requirements,and proposed the specific suggestions on how enterprises respond to the requirements for legality with an eye for the difficulties that they are confronting with.     

国际木材非法采伐讨论及其我国对策

在介绍了木材产品国际贸易现状、贸易与环境问题背景的前提下,评述了国际上针对非法采伐问题的主要观点,并分析了国际上打击非法采伐的实质。我国在非法采伐问题上需要认清非法采伐问题的性质、摆正利益、阐明观点和立场,并在此前提下积极参与,争取主导权。     

中国促进木材贸易可持续发展的政策建设与实践

当前, 国际社会对木材贸易中存在的非法采伐问题十分关注, 对木材贸易的不可持续性存在着一定的担忧。作为世界木材进口大国和加工大国, 中国受到国际社会的高度关注。从政策层面出发, 首先从资源培育政策、贸易政策和跨国经营政策等方面分析了中国政府在木材贸易可持续发展方面的政策建设; 紧接着分析了中国在推进木材贸易可持续发展方面的国际合作实践; 最后, 提出了相应的研究结论。     

Choosing timber legality verification as a policy instrument to combat illegal logging in Indonesia

The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) of Indonesia has recently started to implement legality verification as a policy instrument to combat illegal logging. Using theories of policy instrument choice, this paper attempted to shed light on the conditions under which the instrument choice takes place. Over the past few years, there has been a significant change in political perception on illegal logging. In fact, the problem has been brought forward as one of the most chronic forest problems in the country. At the same time, there has been growing dissatisfaction on the previous range of instruments and measures. In addition, MoEF decision to use legality verification heavily interacts with the trend on import legislations in a number of countries. In fact, the trend is still “more friendly” for Indonesian timber products than boycotts. Legality verification was also preferred due to its streamlined requirements, compared to the more comprehensive standards of sustainability certification.     

木材追踪技术的新进展及其应用

近年来, 打击非法采伐及其贸易已经成为国际社会的广泛共识。木材的追踪识别技术是检测木材合法性的重要手段。文中介绍了射频识别技术、DNA标记、稳定同位素技术等木材追踪识别新技术的发展、应用前景及其优缺点。