不同钙水平日粮对云南半细毛羊泌乳期能量代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究不同钙水平日粮对泌乳期云南半细毛羊能量代谢的影响。选取50只年龄接近的经产二胎云南半细毛羊做同期发情处理,产羔前15 d按体重随机分为5个处理组,每组10只母羊,各组试验羊饲喂钙水平分别为0.35%、0.42%、0.61%、0.75%和0.96%,日粮其他营养成分保持一致。正试期90 d。结果表明:①消化能和代谢能:在泌乳前期、中期和后期,0.42%、0.75%和0.96%钙水平组显著或极显著高于0.35%和0.61%钙水平组(P0.05;P0.01)。②泌乳净能:泌乳前期不同钙水平组差异不显著(P0.05);中期0.42%和0.96%钙水平组显著高于0.35%钙水平组(P0.05);后期0.35%钙水平组最低,其余4个钙水平组间差异不显著(P0.05)。③总能消化率:泌乳前期0.35%和0.96%钙水平组显著高于0.42%钙水平组(P0.05);中期0.35%钙水平组显著高于0.42%和0.75%钙水平组(P0.05);后期不同钙水平组间无显著差异(P0.05)。④总能代谢率:泌乳前期和后期不同钙水平组差异均不显著(P0.05);中期0.35%钙水平组显著高于0.42%、0.61%和0.75%钙水平组(P0.05)。⑤消化能代谢率:泌乳前期0.75%钙水平组比0.61%和0.96%钙水平组显著增加(P0.05);中期0.35%钙水平组显著高于0.96%钙水平组(P0.05);后期不同钙水平日粮组间差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,无论在泌乳前期、中期还是后期,云南半细毛羊母羊的消化能和代谢能摄入量均以0.42%钙水平组最佳,泌乳中期泌乳净能以0.42%钙水平组最高,泌乳前期和中期总能消化率则以0.35%钙水平组最高,泌乳中期总能代谢率、消化能代谢率均以0.35%钙水平组最高。因此,日粮钙水平在0.35%～0.42%之间时有利于云南半细毛羊泌乳期母羊的有效能摄入量和能量的利用效率。     

日粮钙水平对云南半细毛羊乳成分的影响

为研究日粮钙水平对云南半细毛羊乳成分的影响，试验选用50只云南半细毛羊妊娠后期的母羊，母羊预产期前14 d随机分为5个组（每组10只羊），分别饲喂钙水平为0.35%、0.42%、0.61%、0.75%和0.96%的试验日粮。母羊产羔后进入正试期（90 d），每30 d为1个阶段，分别为泌乳前期、中期和后期。每个阶段中间5 d，从每组选择5只母羊测定产奶量和乳成分。结果表明：（1）泌乳期各组的产奶量、羊乳的磷、能量、脂肪、蛋白、总固体、非脂乳固体含量均无显著差异（P > 0.05）。（2）乳钙含量随日粮钙水平的提高而提高，并且在泌乳前期和后期0.35%钙水平组的乳钙含量显著低于0.61%、0.75%和0.96%钙水平组（P < 0.05）。（3）泌乳中期0.61%、0.75%和0.96%钙水平组的乳糖显著高于0.35%钙水平组，分别提高3.32%（P < 0.05）、3.69%（P < 0.05）和4.43%（P < 0.01）。泌乳后期0.35%钙水平组乳糖含量最低，较0.42%、0.61%、0.75%和0.96%钙水平组分别低4.55%（P < 0.05）、8%（P < 0.01）、8%（P < 0.01）和8.70%（P < 0.01）。综上，日粮钙水平影响乳钙含量且两者成正比|在泌乳中期和后期，当日粮钙水平提高到0.61%和0.42%后可提高乳糖含量。 [关键词] 钙|云南半细毛羊|乳成分     

不同钙水平饲粮对云南半细毛羊妊娠期能量代谢的影响

试验旨在研究不同钙水平饲粮对云南半细毛羊妊娠期能量代谢的影响,为综合考虑云南半细毛羊妊娠期钙营养和能量需要提供理论依据。选取50只经产妊娠期云南半细毛羊按饲粮不同钙水平随机分为5组,每组10个重复,即妊娠前期(妊娠61～90 d)和中期(妊娠91～120 d)分为0.42%、0.45%、0.56%、0.65%和0.82%钙水平组,妊娠后期(妊娠121～150 d)分为0.40%、0.50%、0.60%、0.69%和0.87%钙水平组,日粮其它营养成分保持一致,进行104 d饲养试验。分别在妊娠71、101 d和131 d时从各组中随机挑选5只羊进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:①在妊娠前期,除0.42%钙水平组消化能代谢率极显著高于0.56%钙水平组外(P0.01),总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率在不同钙水平饲粮下差异均不显著(P0.05)。②在妊娠中期,与0.45%和0.56%钙水平组相比,0.82%钙水平组总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率显著增加(P0.05),但0.42%、0.65%和0.82%钙水平组间差异不显著(P0.05)。③在妊娠后期,0.40%钙水平组总能消化率和总能代谢率显著高于0.50%和0.87%钙水平组(P0.05),但0.40%、0.60%和0.69%钙水平组间差异不显著(P0.05)。④随着妊娠天数的增加,母羊DE、ME、总能消化率、总能代谢率及消化能代谢率呈不断上升的趋势。综上所述,饲粮钙水平显著影响云南半细毛羊妊娠期能量的消化代谢,当妊娠前期、中期、后期饲粮分别含0.42%、0.82%、0.40%钙水平时母羊能量利用率最佳。     

云南半细毛羊泌乳期钙需要量的研究

试验旨在研究云南半细毛羊泌乳期的钙需要量.选择50只40月龄云南半细毛羊妊娠母羊,分为5组,分别饲喂钙水平为0.35％、0.42％、0.61％、0.75％和0.96％的饲粮.试验自母羊产羔后开始,分为泌乳前、中、后期(每30 d为1个阶段),共90 d.每阶段从每组中选择5只母羊进行一次消化代谢试验.结果表明:泌乳各阶...     

妊娠前期和中期云南半细毛羊的钙需要量

为确定妊娠前期和中期云南半细毛羊的钙需要量,选用体况良好、年龄一致、体重(45.14±3.94) kg、配种日期一致的经产2胎妊娠期云南半细毛羊50只,随机分成5个组(每组10只),分别饲喂钙水平为0.42%、0.45%、0.56%、0.65%和0.82%的试验饲粮。从妊娠第46天算起,试验期共74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d。在妊娠前期(妊娠第70～75天)和中期(妊娠第100～105天)分别从各组中选择5只羊进行为期5 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明:1)饲粮钙水平对妊娠前期和中期云南半细毛羊的干物质采食量、总增重、平均日增重及料重比均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)随饲粮钙水平的升高,妊娠前期和中期云南半细毛羊进食钙和排泄钙显著增加(P0.05)。钙表观消化率在妊娠前期表现为0.82%组显著高于0.45%、0.56%组(P0.05),在妊娠中期表现为0.82%组显著高于0.42%、0.45%、0.56%组(P0.05),0.65%组显著高于0.42%、0.45%组(P0.05)。妊娠前期0.82%组沉积钙显著高于其他组(P0.05),0.65%组显著高于0.42%、0.45%、0.56%组(P0.05),妊娠中期0.82%组沉积钙显著高于其他组(P0.05),0.65%组显著高于0.42%、0.45%组(P0.05)。在钙沉积率方面,妊娠前期0.82%组显著高于0.45%和0.56%组(P0.05),妊娠中期0.82%组显著高于其他组各组(P0.05),0.65%组显著高于0.42%、0.45%组(P0.05)。综上可知,在本试验条件下,饲粮钙水平不影响妊娠前期和中期云南半细毛羊的生长性能,但显著影响钙的进食量、排泄量、沉积量、表观消化率及沉积率。妊娠前期和中期云南半细毛羊的钙维持需要量分别为0.108 7和0.131 0 g/(kg W0.75·d),钙总需要量分别为0.490、0.508 g/(kg W0.75·d)。     

日粮不同钴水平对奶牛泌乳性能、营养物质消化率和血液生化指标的影响

本研究旨在确定日粮中添加不同水平碳酸钴对奶牛泌乳性能、营养物质消化率和血液生化参数的影响。试验选用30头泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为5组,分别饲喂基础日粮（对照组）和试验日粮（4个试验组）,试验日粮为在基础日粮中以碳酸钴（CoCO₃）的形式,分别添加钴0.15、0.30、0.75和1.50 mg·kg^-1 DM。试验期56 d,其中适应期14 d,正试期42 d。测定每日采食量和产奶量,并采集奶样测定乳成分含量,采集饲料和粪样测定营养物质表观消化率,采集血样测定血液生化指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮中添加不同水平的碳酸钴后,奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）和乳成分含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。但添加钴0.30和0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM提高了产奶量（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,添加钴0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM组显著提高了酸性洗涤剂纤维（ADF）和粗蛋白（CP）的消化率（P<0.05）。此外,添加钴1.50 mg·kg^-1 DM组的血浆葡萄糖含量和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性降低（P<0.05）,日粮添加钴0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM降低了谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）的活性（P<0.05）;红细胞（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）含量和红细胞压积（HCT）随日粮碳酸钴水平升高而升高且呈二次曲线变化（P<0.05）。综上,泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛日粮Co水平推荐在0.30~0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM,最适添加水平是0.73 mg·kg^-1 DM。     

复合酶与复合酶菌制剂对日粮体外降解率及不同泌乳阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶及复合酶菌制剂对奶牛日粮体外降解率及不同阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响。在体外试验中,分别以基础日粮（Ⅰ组）及基础日粮中分别添加复合酶制剂（Ⅱ组）、复合酶菌制剂（Ⅲ组）的日粮作为发酵底物,体外培养72 h,测定不同时间点（6、12、24、36、48、72 h）日粮干物质降解率（DMD）和粗蛋白质降解率（CPD）。在饲养试验中,分别选取体重、胎次、体况相近的泌乳前期（30 d±5 d）、泌乳中期（100 d±5 d）和泌乳后期（250 d±5 d）奶牛各24头,平均分成3组,其中对照组（Ⅰ组）奶牛饲喂全混合日粮（TMR）,复合酶制剂组（Ⅱ组）和复合酶菌制剂组（Ⅲ组）奶牛在TMR中分别添加1 kg/t的复合酶制剂和复合酶菌制剂。每期试验持续74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d,每天记录产奶量。结果显示：①体外试验中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均随处理时间的延长而增加。在各个时间点,Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均高于Ⅱ组,其中DMD在6、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,CPD在36、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,在其他时间点差异均不显著（P>0.05）。②在泌乳前期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了3.68%和4.10%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳中期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.53%和10.66%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳后期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.06%和5.16%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,复合酶与复合酶菌制剂均能在一定程度上提高日粮体外DMD和CPD以及奶牛在不同时期的产奶量,其中,复合酶制剂对提高泌乳后期奶牛产奶量效果更好,复合酶菌制剂对提高泌乳中期奶牛产奶量效果更好。     

空怀期云南半细毛羊钙需要量研究

本研究旨在探讨日粮钙水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊各营养成分消化代谢的影响，为云南半细毛羊钙需要量的标准制定提供数据支撑。试验选取50只空怀期体况健康、体重接近、经产两胎的云南半细毛羊，随机分成5组，分别饲喂5种不同钙含量日粮（0.48%，0.67%，0.82%，1.00%和1.13%）。试验分为预试期（14 d）和正试期（30 d），在正式期第7天从每个试验组中随机选取5只羊，放入代谢笼进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验。试验结果表明，随着日粮钙含量的升高，空怀期云南半细毛羊的干物质采食量总体呈先下降后升高趋势（P>0.05）。各养分的表观消化率没有受到日粮钙含量的影响（P>0.05）。空怀期云南半细毛羊日粮钙水平越高，粪钙的排出量越大（P<0.05），排泄钙量也越大（P<0.05）。通过回归分析，由不同钙水平日粮对平均日增重的线性关系得出，空怀期云南半细毛羊的钙维持需要量为7.93 g/d（R²=0.5827）。摄入钙与沉积钙之间的线性回归分析表明，空怀期云南半细毛羊沉积钙最大值为3.64 g/d。综上所述，空怀期云南半细毛羊日粮钙水平的提高，对干物质采食量有一定的影响，而对各养分的表观消化率没有显著影响。空怀期云南半细毛羊粪钙和排泄钙随着日粮钙水平的提升而升高。不同日粮钙水平下空怀期云南半细毛羊摄入钙与日增重的相关性不大。     

饲粮精氨酸水平对肉仔鸡免疫功能及其抗FAdV-4影响的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮精氨酸水平对肉仔鸡免疫功能及其抗禽腺病毒I群4型（fowl adenovirus serotype 4,FAdV-4）的影响。选取1日龄罗斯（Ross）308肉仔鸡300只,随机分为5组（每组5个重复,每个重复12只）,设置5个饲粮精氨酸水平组,分别为0.96%、1.20%、1.44%、1.68%和1.92%,试验鸡饲养至21日龄,各重复随机选取4只测定血清免疫指标和免疫相对器官指数。随后各重复再次随机选取6只,并分为感染组和对照组,感染组肌肉注射FAdV-4 NP毒株0.2 mL（TCID₅₀=10^-6.23/0.01 mL）,对照组肌肉注射等量灭菌生理盐水,感染2 d后,统计死亡率、发病率,ELISA测定肝组织iNOS水平、qPCR测定肝iNOS mRNA表达量及病毒载量。结果表明：1）饲粮精氨酸水平为1.44%、1.68%和1.92%时,均能显著提高脾脏指数（P<0.05）且精氨酸水平为1.68%能显著提高胸腺指数（P<0.05）,而精氨酸水平为0.96%会显著降低脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊指数（P<0.05）。2）1.68%精氨酸水平组能显著提高血清球蛋白（GLO）、IgG水平和球蛋白/白蛋白（G/A）比值（P<0.05）;精氨酸水平为0.96%显著降低血清球蛋白和IgG水平（P<0.05）。3）精氨酸水平为0.96%可显著降低肉仔鸡血清中IL-1β、TNF-α、iNOS和NO水平（P<0.05）,而1.68%和1.92%精氨酸水平组均能显著提高肉仔鸡血清中IL-1β、TNF-α、IFN-γ和iNOS水平（P<0.05）。4）肉鸡感染FAdV-4后,0.96%精氨酸水平组的死亡率会显著高于1.20%、1.44%、1.68%和1.92%组（P<0.05）。5）ELISA测定结果显示,1.44%、1.68%和1.92%精氨酸水平组能显著提高感染后的肝组织iNOS水平。6）1.44%、1.68%和1.92%精氨酸水平组均能显著提高肝iNOS mRNA表达水平（P<0.05）;肉鸡感染FAdV-4,iNOS mRNA水平均会显著降低（P<0.05）,1.44%、1.68%和1.92%精氨酸水平组能提高感染FAdV-4后肝iNOS mRNA水平（P<0.05）并显著降低肝的病毒载量（P<0.05）。由此可见,肉仔鸡饲粮中精氨酸的不足会降低其机体的免疫功能及抗FAdV-4病毒能力。提高肉仔鸡饲粮中精氨酸水平不仅能提高免疫器官指数、血清免疫因子水平及肝iNOS mRNA表达水平,降低肝的病毒载量,从而提高机体免疫功能和抗病毒能力。     

13~17周龄雄性雉鸡饲粮适宜代谢能水平研究

【目的】试验旨在研究饲粮代谢能水平对13~17周龄雄性雉鸡生长性能、营养物质表观代谢率、能量利用和血清生化指标的影响,明确该时期雉鸡适宜的饲粮代谢能水平。【方法】选取13周龄、体重相近(734.63 g±18.03 g)的健康雄性雉鸡240只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只雉鸡。采用单因素试验设计,各组饲粮代谢能水平分别设定为11.30(Ⅰ组)、11.72(Ⅱ组)、12.14(Ⅲ组)和12.56(Ⅳ组) MJ/kg,预试期7 d,正试期35 d。【结果】①饲粮代谢能水平极显著影响平均日采食量(ADFI)(P<0.01),其中Ⅳ组ADFI极显著低于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P＜0.01)。料重比(F/G)在各组间无显著差异(P＞0.05),其中Ⅱ组最低。②饲粮代谢能水平对干物质(DM)表观代谢率和粗脂肪(EE)表观代谢率有极显著影响(P＜0.01)。粗蛋白质(CP)表观代谢率在各组间无显著差异(P＞0.05),其中Ⅱ组最高。③各组间摄入总能、排泄物总能和代谢能摄入量(MEI)均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组总能表观代谢率均极显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.01),其中Ⅱ组最高。④各组间血清胆固醇(CHO)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。Ⅲ组甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著高于其余各组(P＜0.01),Ⅱ组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.01)。Ⅱ和Ⅲ组血清中总蛋白(TP)含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组白蛋白(ALB)含量显著或极显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05;P＜0.01)。【结论】比较4个试验组,Ⅱ组雉鸡平均日增重(ADG)最高,F/G最低,且Ⅱ组雉鸡营养物质表观代谢率、摄入能量水平及能量利用率也较高,故Ⅱ组饲粮代谢能水平(实测值为12.30 MJ/kg)对13~17周龄雄性雉鸡较为适宜。     

Study on Calcium Requirement of Non-Pregnan Yunnan Semi-fine Wool Sheep

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary calcium levels on nutrient digestion and metabolism of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep during the empty pregnant period,and to provide basis for formulating the standard of calcium requirement of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep.Fifty Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep with healthy body condition,close body weight and 2 births were randomly allocated to 5 groups,which were groupsⅠ (0.44% calcium),Ⅱ (0.67% calcium),Ⅲ (0.82% calcium),Ⅳ (1.00% calcium) and Ⅴ (1.13% calcium).The experiment was divided into pre-trial period (14 days) and formal period (30 days).On the 7th day of the formal period,five sheep were randomly selected from each experimental group and placed in separate metabolic cages for digestive and metabolic tests.The experimental results showed that:With the increase of dietary calcium content,the dry matter intake of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period decreased at first and then increasing (P>0.05).The higher the dietary calcium level of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period,the greater the excretion of fecal calcium (P<0.05),and the greater the excretion of calcium (P<0.05).Regression analysis showed that the calcium maintenance requirement of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period was 7.93 g/d and R²=0.5827 according to the linear relationship between different calcium levels of diets and average daily gain.Linear regression analysis between calcium intake and deposited calcium showed that the maximum deposited calcium of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep during empty pregnant period was 3.64 g/d.In conclusion,the increase of dietary calcium level of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep during empty pregnant period had a certain effect on dry matter intake,but had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of each nutrient.Fecal calcium and excreted calcium of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period increased with the increase of dietary calcium level.Under different dietary calcium levels,the calcium intake level had little correlation with the daily gain of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period.     

不同钙和非植酸磷水平对快大型黄羽肉鸡生长性能和胫骨性状的影响

[目的] 试验旨在研究饲粮钙（Ca）和非植酸磷（NPP）水平对快大型黄羽肉鸡生长性能和胫骨性状的影响。[方法] 选取1日龄快大型黄羽公鸡4 050只,随机分为9组,每组6个重复,每个重复75只。采用3（Ca水平）×3（NPP水平）双因素设计,试验期63 d。小鸡阶段（1~21日龄）,Ca水平为1.00%、0.90%、0.85%,NPP水平为0.46%、0.38%、0.30%;中鸡阶段（22~42日龄）,Ca水平为0.90%、0.75%、0.65%,NPP水平为0.42%、0.35%、0.28%;大鸡阶段（43~63日龄）,Ca水平为0.80%、0.70%、0.60%,NPP水平为0.39%、0.31%、0.23%。利用采食量和体增重计算0~21、22~42、43~63和0~63 d料重比。试验第63天,每个重复随机挑选肉鸡2只,屠宰后取胫骨和血清,测定肉鸡胫骨性状和血液Ca、磷（P）水平。[结果] 随着饲粮中Ca水平降低,肉鸡生长性能并未出现显著变化（P>0.05）。饲粮中NPP水平降低对整个生长周期肉鸡生长性能没有显著影响（P>0.05）。但在小鸡阶段,NPP水平降低,料重比显著增加（P<0.05）。Ca水平对63日龄肉鸡胫骨性状、血P和血Ca均无显著影响（P>0.05）。NPP水平降低,63日龄肉鸡胫骨灰分和P含量均降低,且差异显著（P<0.05）,同时63日龄肉鸡血P水平显著降低（P<0.05）。饲粮中Ca和NPP水平之间对肉鸡生长性能和胫骨性状没有显著交互作用（P>0.05）。[结论] 总体来看,黄羽肉鸡对钙的需求低于黄羽肉鸡推荐营养标准,黄羽肉鸡标准中小、中、大鸡阶段Ca水平可以下调20%~30%,分别设定为0.85%、0.65%和0.60%,对肉鸡生长性能和胫骨性状无任何负面影响。黄羽肉鸡标准中NPP水平下调影响小鸡阶段生长性能,降低肉鸡胫骨Ca、P沉积,建议保持目前水平,分别设定为0.46%、0.42%和0.39%。     

Effects of Four Kinds of Diets on Nutrient Digestion,Metabolism and Blood Biochemical Indexes of One-year-old Yili Horse

Effects of four kinds of diets on nutrient digestion and metabolism and blood biochemical indexes of one-year-old Yili horse were studied in this experiment.16 health horses(all males) with an average body weight of (227.38±16.48)kg and similar age (one-year old) were used in a staging and grouping experiment design.First stage had groupsⅠ and Ⅱ,second stage had groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ.The horses of group Ⅰ were fed with alfalfa 8 kg/d,pelleted concentrate 0 kg/d; The horses of group Ⅱ were fed with alfalfa 7 kg/d,pelleted concentrate 1 kg/d;The horses of group Ⅲ were fed with alfalfa 6.3 kg/d,pelleted concentrate 1.7 kg/d;The horses of group Ⅳ were fed with alfalfa 5.6 kg/d,pelleted concentrate 2.4 kg/d.Each stage lasted for 21 d (15 d pretrial period and 6 d trial period).The results showed that the digestibility of DM,OM,CP and P were increased with increasing of feed levels of pelleted concentrate,while the digestibility of NDF,ADF and Ca showed downtrend.DE and ME were significantly increased with increasing of feed levels of pelleted concentrate (P > 0.05).N retention and retention rate showed an increasing tendency,N retention and retention rate of groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ were extremely significant higher than those in group Ⅰ (P < 0.01).Ca retention and retention rate decreased with increasing of feed levels of pelleted concentrate,and Ca retention and retention rate of group Ⅰ were extremely significant higher than those in groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ (P < 0.01).P retention was extremely significant increased with increasing of feed levels of pelleted concentrate (P < 0.01).There were no significant difference in the content of TP among all trial groups (P > 0.05),but the content of BUN in groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were lower than those in group Ⅰ (P > 0.05).Thus,comprehensive nutrient digestion and metabolism,blood biochemical indicators of four of kinds diets in one-year-old Yili horse,the requirement of crude protein,digestible protein,metabolizable energy,digestible energy were 14.28,9.16 g/(kg·BW) and 1.74,1.41 MJ/(kg·BW),respectively.     

4种日粮对1岁伊犁马消化代谢、血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究4种日粮对1岁伊犁马消化代谢、血液生化指标的影响。选用平均体重为(227.38± 16.48)kg的1岁伊犁马16匹,随机分为2组,每组8匹,采用分期分组的试验方法,分别为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组。试验Ⅰ组每匹马饲喂苜蓿干草8 kg/d、颗粒精料0 kg/d;试验Ⅱ组每匹马饲喂苜蓿干草7 kg/d、颗粒精料1 kg/d;试验Ⅲ组每匹马饲喂苜蓿干草6.3 kg/d、颗粒精料1.7 kg/d;试验Ⅳ组每匹马饲喂苜蓿干草5.6 kg/d、颗粒精料2.4 kg/d。进行21 d的消化代谢试验,其中预试期15 d,正试期6 d。结果表明,1岁伊犁马对干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、磷的消化率随日粮中颗粒精料水平的增加呈增长趋势,而中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙的消化率呈下降趋势;消化能、代谢能随日粮中颗粒精料水平的增加呈增长趋势(P > 0.05);氮沉积量、氮沉积率随日粮中颗粒精料水平的增加而增长,其中试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组氮沉积量、氮沉积率极显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P < 0.01);钙沉积量、钙沉积率随日粮中颗粒精料水平的增加而降低,且试验Ⅰ组极显著高于试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P < 0.01);磷沉积量随日粮中颗粒精料水平的增加而极显著增加(P < 0.01);各组血浆中总蛋白含量差异不显著(P > 0.05),但试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血浆尿素氮含量均低于试验Ⅰ组(P > 0.05)。综合1岁伊犁马对4种日粮的消化代谢情况及血液生化指标,1岁伊犁马粗蛋白质适宜需要量为14.28 g/kg代谢体重,可消化蛋白适宜需要量为9.16 g/kg代谢体重,代谢能适宜需要量为1.74 MJ/kg代谢体重,消化能适宜需要量为1.41 MJ/kg代谢体重。     

Effect of Dietary Monensin on Production Performance and Nutrient Digestion of Lactating Dairy Cows

Twelve lactating Holstein dairy cows were selected via a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design to determine the effect of feeding different levels of monensin on the production performance and nutrient digestion of lactating dairy cows.The test was divided into 4 period and each period was 28 d (7 d for preliminary feeding and 21 d for formal feeding).The cows in control group were fed with the basal diet (TMR,group A),and the diets of the three experimental groups were added with different levels of monensin (300 mg/d,group B;400 mg/d,group C;500 mg/d,group D) on the basis of the TMR diet,respectively.The results showed that the diets containing monensin increased the milk yield and lactose percentage,and reduced milk fat percentage.Compared with control group,the milk yield of group C and D were significantly increased by 4.08% and 4.57% (P < 0.05) respectively,the lactose of group D was significantly increased by 1.99% (P < 0.05),and milk fat of group D was significantly reduced by 7.45% (P < 0.05).However,adding monensin had no effect on 4% fat corrected milk (FCM),solids-non-fat (SNF) and milk protein (P > 0.05).In addition,adding monensin also significantly increased body weight gain (BWG),digestibility of crude protein (CP),neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in diet.The BWG of group D was significantly increased by 34.62% (P < 0.05),and the digestibility of CP in three experimental groups were respectively increased by 3.73%,4.35%,5.35% (P < 0.01),and the digestibility of NDF and ADF in group D was respectively increased by 7.24% (P < 0.05)and 9.08% (P < 0.05) compared to the control group.Moreover,the dry matter intake (DMI) and the digestibility of ether extract (EE),calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were not significantly changed by monension (P > 0.05).The results suggested that supplementing 400 to 500 mg/d monensin with diet per cow was optimal for production performance,nutrient digestion and economic benefit of lactating dairy cows.     

日粮中添加莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛生产性能及养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛生产性能和养分消化率的影响。选取泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛12头,采用重复4×4拉丁方试验设计,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮(A组),试验组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加300 (B组)、400 (C组)、500 (D组)mg/(头·d)莫能菌素。试验分为4期,每期28 d (7 d预饲期,21 d正饲期)。结果表明,日粮中添加莫能菌素可以提高泌乳期奶牛产奶量和乳糖率,降低乳脂率,其中C组和D组的平均日产奶量分别较对照组提高4.08%和4.57%(P < 0.05),D组的乳糖率较对照组提高1.99% (P < 0.05),D组的乳脂率较对照组降低7.45% (P < 0.05),但对4%乳脂校正乳(FCM)、乳中非脂固型物(SNF)比例和乳蛋白率的影响不显著(P > 0.05)。莫能菌素会提高奶牛的体增重(BWG)及粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率,其中D组的BWG较对照组提高34.62% (P < 0.05),3个试验组的CP消化率分别较对照组提高3.73%、4.35%和5.35% (P < 0.01),D组的NDF和ADF消化率分别较对照组提高7.24%和9.08% (P < 0.05),另外,莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛的粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)的消化率及干物质采食量(DMI)影响不显著(P > 0.05)。综上所述,在泌乳期奶牛日粮中添加莫能菌素可以促进奶牛机体代谢,提高奶牛养分消化率和经济效益,其适宜添加量为400~500 mg/(头·d)。     

Effects of Phytooestrogens Supplementation on Blood Biochemical Indexes and Antioxidant Capacity of Lactating Yili Mare

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytooestrogens supplementation on blood biochemical indexes and antioxidant capacity of Yili maria during lactation.A total of 24 Yili maria during lactation were divided into four groups with similar age,parity,lactation months,i.e.groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and control group.The control group and trial groups fed with the same based diet,groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were supplemented with 0.7 g soybean isoflavone,0.7 g genistein,0.35 g soybean isoflavone and 0.35 g genistein respectively.The total duration of the experiment was 90 d,the first 10 d of the experiment was the preliminary period and the formal experiment lasted for 80 d.The blood samples were collected by jugular vein in the experiment of 0,20,40,60,80 days,respectively,3 500 r/min centrifuged 15 min separate plasma and -20 ℃ saved for later use.The results showed that compared with control group,total protein,albumin content and GSH-Px,SOD,CAT activity of blood in trail groups were no significant difference (P >0.05);But CAT,T-AOC activity of blood in trail groups had a upward trend.GLB,BUN content of blood in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than control group and group Ⅰ (P< 0.05);no significant difference was observed among other groups (P >0.05).Compared with control group,the MDA content of blood in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were trends to decrease,and group Ⅰ reached significant level (P< 0.05).Therefore,phytooestrogens supplementation had enhanced immune function,improved the body's antioxidant capacity of Yili maria during lactation,when supplementary feeding 0.7 g soybean isoflavone on antioxidant capacity of Yili maria during lactation was more obvious effect.     

补饲植物雌激素对泌乳期伊犁母马血液生化指标及抗氧化力的影响

试验旨在研究补饲植物雌激素对泌乳期伊犁母马血液生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响。根据年龄、胎次、泌乳月龄相近的原则选择泌乳期伊犁母马24匹,随机分为4组,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在饲喂基础日粮的基础上分别补饲0.7 g大豆异黄酮、0.7 g染料木素、0.35 g大豆异黄酮和0.35 g染料木素。预试期10 d,正试期80 d,分别于试验的第0、20、40、60、80天颈静脉采集血液样品,3 500 r/min离心15 min,分离血浆,－20 ℃保存备用。结果表明,与对照组相比,补饲植物雌激素对泌乳期伊犁母马血液中总蛋白、白蛋白含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响均不显著(P >0.05);但试验组过氧化氢酶活性、总抗氧化能力均有不同程度的提高;试验Ⅱ组血液中球蛋白、尿素氮含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),其余各组间差异均不显著(P >0.05);与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血液中丙二醛含量均呈降低趋势,且试验Ⅰ组达到显著水平(P<0.05)。因此,补饲植物雌激素对泌乳期母马增强免疫机能,提高机体抗氧化能力起到了一定作用,且补饲0.7 g大豆异黄酮时对机体抗氧化能力效果较为明显。