日粮中添加莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛生产性能及养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛生产性能和养分消化率的影响。选取泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛12头,采用重复4×4拉丁方试验设计,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮(A组),试验组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加300 (B组)、400 (C组)、500 (D组)mg/(头·d)莫能菌素。试验分为4期,每期28 d (7 d预饲期,21 d正饲期)。结果表明,日粮中添加莫能菌素可以提高泌乳期奶牛产奶量和乳糖率,降低乳脂率,其中C组和D组的平均日产奶量分别较对照组提高4.08%和4.57%(P < 0.05),D组的乳糖率较对照组提高1.99% (P < 0.05),D组的乳脂率较对照组降低7.45% (P < 0.05),但对4%乳脂校正乳(FCM)、乳中非脂固型物(SNF)比例和乳蛋白率的影响不显著(P > 0.05)。莫能菌素会提高奶牛的体增重(BWG)及粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率,其中D组的BWG较对照组提高34.62% (P < 0.05),3个试验组的CP消化率分别较对照组提高3.73%、4.35%和5.35% (P < 0.01),D组的NDF和ADF消化率分别较对照组提高7.24%和9.08% (P < 0.05),另外,莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛的粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)的消化率及干物质采食量(DMI)影响不显著(P > 0.05)。综上所述,在泌乳期奶牛日粮中添加莫能菌素可以促进奶牛机体代谢,提高奶牛养分消化率和经济效益,其适宜添加量为400~500 mg/(头·d)。     

日粮不同钴水平对奶牛泌乳性能、营养物质消化率和血液生化指标的影响

本研究旨在确定日粮中添加不同水平碳酸钴对奶牛泌乳性能、营养物质消化率和血液生化参数的影响。试验选用30头泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为5组,分别饲喂基础日粮（对照组）和试验日粮（4个试验组）,试验日粮为在基础日粮中以碳酸钴（CoCO₃）的形式,分别添加钴0.15、0.30、0.75和1.50 mg·kg^-1 DM。试验期56 d,其中适应期14 d,正试期42 d。测定每日采食量和产奶量,并采集奶样测定乳成分含量,采集饲料和粪样测定营养物质表观消化率,采集血样测定血液生化指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮中添加不同水平的碳酸钴后,奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）和乳成分含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。但添加钴0.30和0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM提高了产奶量（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,添加钴0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM组显著提高了酸性洗涤剂纤维（ADF）和粗蛋白（CP）的消化率（P<0.05）。此外,添加钴1.50 mg·kg^-1 DM组的血浆葡萄糖含量和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性降低（P<0.05）,日粮添加钴0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM降低了谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）的活性（P<0.05）;红细胞（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）含量和红细胞压积（HCT）随日粮碳酸钴水平升高而升高且呈二次曲线变化（P<0.05）。综上,泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛日粮Co水平推荐在0.30~0.75 mg·kg^-1 DM,最适添加水平是0.73 mg·kg^-1 DM。     

Effect of Supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait on Production Performance and Blood Biochemical Indices in Dairy Cows

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait on production performance and blood biochemical indices in dairy cows.Forty eight mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to four groups with twelve individuals in each group.The control group was fed a TMR diet,groups N1 to N3 were fed the TMR diets supplemented with 150,300,450 g/d Ligustrum lucidum Ait,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 1 week and the trial period lasted for 7 weeks.The results showed that compared with control group,the supplementation of 450 g/d Ligustrum lucidum Ait significantly increased 4% FCM (P<0.05),the supplementation of 150 g/d Ligustrum lucidum Ait significantly increased milk fat content (P<0.05).Dietary supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait had no effects on DMI,milk yield,milk protein,total solids (TS) and somatic cell counts (SCC) (P>0.05).Compared with control group,the supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait significantly decreased blood TG content (P<0.05),and had no effects on other blood biochemical indices (P>0.05).In conclusion,dietary supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum Ait could improve milk quality and yield,and the lipid metabolism of dairy cows.     

补饲女贞子对泌乳奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究补饲女贞子对泌乳奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。选择48头健康的泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成4组,每个处理组12头奶牛,对照组饲喂全混合日粮(TMR),N1、N2、N3组分别在饲喂TMR日粮的基础上补饲150、300、450 g/d女贞子。预试期1周,正试期7周。结果表明,与对照组相比,补饲450 g/d女贞子可显著提高泌乳奶牛4%校正乳产量(P<0.05),补饲150 g/d女贞子可显著提高泌乳奶牛乳脂含量(P<0.05),而对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量及乳蛋白、总固形物含量和体细胞数均无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,补饲女贞子可显著降低泌乳奶牛血液中甘油三酯含量(P<0.05),而对其他血液生化指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,补饲女贞子具有提高泌乳中期奶牛生产性能、改善机体脂类代谢的作用。     

糊化阴离子盐和过瘤胃氯化胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加糊化阴离子盐和过瘤胃氯化胆碱(RPC)对围产期奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。采用随机分组试验设计,选取20头健康荷斯坦奶牛,按胎次(2~4)、年龄、上一胎次泌乳量和预产期相似原则分为4组,每组5头。对照组饲喂TMR日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在饲喂TMR日粮＋200 g糊化阴离子盐基础上分别添加10、20、30 g/(头·d)RPC。预试期7 d,正试期从预产期前21 d饲喂至产犊结束。结果表明:①各试验组产前21 d大部分时间点的干物质采食量(DMI)均显著高于对照组(P< 0.05);各试验组营养物质表观消化率普遍高于对照组,其中添加20、30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率(P< 0.05),各试验组钙(Ca)表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P< 0.05),添加30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率(P< 0.05)。②各试验组产后90 d内的总泌乳量显著或极显著高于对照组(P< 0.05;P< 0.01);添加20、30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高饲料转化率(P< 0.05);添加30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高初乳中乳干物质率、乳蛋白率和乳脂率(P< 0.05)。③各试验组血清Ca²⁺含量显著高于对照组(P< 0.05);添加20、30 g/(头·d)RPC能显著提高部分时间点血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量(P< 0.05),显著降低部分时间点血浆总胆固醇(TCHO)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)和游离脂肪酸(NEFA)的含量(P< 0.05)。综上所述,围产前期添加阴离子盐和PRC能提高奶牛产前干物质采食量和部分营养物质表观消化率,改善围产期血钙和血脂代谢,提高生产性能和饲料转化率,围产期奶牛日粮在添加200 g糊化阴离子盐的基础上,PRC的最适添加量为30 g/(头·d)。     

Effects of Pasting Anionic Salt and RPC on Production Performance and Blood Biochemical Indexes of Perinatal Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of pasting anionic salt and RPC on production performance and blood biochemical indexes of perinatal dairy cows.Using randomized trial design, 20 healthy Holstein cows which according to the tire time (2 to 4), age, last time lactation quantity and parturition date were chosen.They were divided into four groups, 5 cows per group.The control group was fed TMR diet, Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ groups were fed the basal diet +200 g pasting anion salt and supplemented with 10, 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC, respectively.There were 7 days to pilot test, formal test was from antenatal 21 d to parturition.The results showed that:①DMI of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group during most of antenatal 21 days (P< 0.05);The nutrients apparent digestibility of all experimental groups were generally higher than that of control group;Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the apparent digestibility of CP, NDF, ADF (P< 0.05);The apparent digestibility of Ca of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05);Add 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the apparent digestibility of EE (P< 0.05).②Among postpartal 90 days, the total milk yield of all experimental groups were significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05;P< 0.01);Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly enhanced the feed conversion rate (P< 0.05);Add 30 g/(head·d) RPC was improved the percentage of milk dry matter, milk protein and milk fat of colostrum (P< 0.05).③Serum Ca²⁺ concentration of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05);Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the part time plasma TG levels (P< 0.05), significantly reduced the part time plasma contents of TCHO, BHBA and NEFA (P< 0.05).In conclusion, among the perinatal period added pasting anionic salt and RPC could improve early prenatal DMI and part nutrients apparent digestibility, improve perinatal blood calcium and blood lipid metabolism, and enhance the production performance and feed conversion rate, based on adding 200 g pasting anion salt among early perinatal, the best add amount of RPC was 30 g/(head·d).     

复合酶制剂对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率及生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同剂量的复合酶制剂对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血清指标及生产性能的影响。选择体重、胎次[(2.30±0.06)胎]、产奶量[(37.00±0.03)kg/d]、泌乳天数[(90±0.15)d]相近的9头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成3组,每组3头。采用3×3拉丁方设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组Ⅰ和试验组Ⅱ分别在基础饲粮基础上添加10和20 g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂,进行3期动物试验。每期21 d,其中14 d为预试期,7 d为采样期。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加10 g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂显著提高奶牛瘤胃液中丁酸的浓度(P0.05),而对总挥发性脂肪酸和其他挥发性脂肪酸的浓度无显著影响(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加10 g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂显著提高奶牛对干物质、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率(P0.05),对酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率也有一定的提高作用(P=0.06);3)饲粮中添加10和20 g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂显著提高了奶牛的产奶量(P0.05),且10 g/(头·d)组的4%校正乳(4%FCM)产量、乳脂产量和乳糖产量分别较对照组提高4.85(P0.05)、0.49(P0.05)和0.32 kg/d(P0.05);4)复合酶制剂的添加未对奶牛血清指标产生显著影响(P0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加10 g/(头·d)复合酶制剂能够显著提高泌乳奶牛的产奶量、乳脂产量和瘤胃液丁酸浓度,且饲喂效果优于添加量为20 g/(头·d)时。综合考虑,泌乳奶牛饲粮中复合酶制剂的推荐添加量为10 g/(头·d)。     

复合酶与复合酶菌制剂对日粮体外降解率及不同泌乳阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶及复合酶菌制剂对奶牛日粮体外降解率及不同阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响。在体外试验中,分别以基础日粮（Ⅰ组）及基础日粮中分别添加复合酶制剂（Ⅱ组）、复合酶菌制剂（Ⅲ组）的日粮作为发酵底物,体外培养72 h,测定不同时间点（6、12、24、36、48、72 h）日粮干物质降解率（DMD）和粗蛋白质降解率（CPD）。在饲养试验中,分别选取体重、胎次、体况相近的泌乳前期（30 d±5 d）、泌乳中期（100 d±5 d）和泌乳后期（250 d±5 d）奶牛各24头,平均分成3组,其中对照组（Ⅰ组）奶牛饲喂全混合日粮（TMR）,复合酶制剂组（Ⅱ组）和复合酶菌制剂组（Ⅲ组）奶牛在TMR中分别添加1 kg/t的复合酶制剂和复合酶菌制剂。每期试验持续74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d,每天记录产奶量。结果显示：①体外试验中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均随处理时间的延长而增加。在各个时间点,Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均高于Ⅱ组,其中DMD在6、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,CPD在36、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,在其他时间点差异均不显著（P>0.05）。②在泌乳前期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了3.68%和4.10%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳中期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.53%和10.66%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳后期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.06%和5.16%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,复合酶与复合酶菌制剂均能在一定程度上提高日粮体外DMD和CPD以及奶牛在不同时期的产奶量,其中,复合酶制剂对提高泌乳后期奶牛产奶量效果更好,复合酶菌制剂对提高泌乳中期奶牛产奶量效果更好。     

Effect of Compound Enzyme and Compound Enzyme Probiotics Preparation on Degradation Rate of Diet in vitro and Milk Production Performance of Dairy Cows at Different Lactation Stages

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of compound enzyme and compound enzyme bacteria preparation on the degradation rate of diet in vitro and milk production performance of dairy cows at different lactation stages.In in vitro experiment,the basic diet (group Ⅰ) and the basic diet added with compound enzyme (group Ⅱ) and compound enzyme probiotics preparation (group Ⅲ) were used as fermentation substrate respectively.After 72 h of culture in vitro,the dry matter degradation rate (DMD) and crude protein degradation rate (CPD) of the diet were measured at different time (6,12,24,36,48 and 72 h).In feeding experiment,24 dairy cows with similar body weight,parity and condition were divided into three groups at early lactation (30 d±5 d),middle lactation (100 d±5 d) and late lactation (250 d±5 d),respectively.The cows in control group (group Ⅰ) were fed with TMR,in compound enzyme group (group Ⅱ) and the compound enzyme probiotics group (group Ⅲ) were fed with the TMR added with 1 kg/t compound enzyme and compound enzyme probiotics respectively.The trial period was 74 days,including 14 days of pre trial period and 60 days of normal trial period.`The results showed that:①In vitro DMD and CPD of the two groups increased with the prolongation of treatment time.At each time point,the values of DMD and CPD in group Ⅲ were higher than those in group Ⅱ,the difference of DMD was significant at 6 and 72 h (P<0.05),CPD was significant at 36 and 72 h (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference at other time points (P>0.05).②In the early stage of lactation,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 3.68% and 4.10% respectively compared with group Ⅰ,the difference was significant (P<0.05),and the difference between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In mid-lactation,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 7.53% and 10.66% respectively compared with group Ⅰ (P<0.05),and the difference between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In the later stage,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 7.06% and 5.16% respectively compared with group Ⅰ (P<0.05),and the difference between group Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In conclusion,both compound enzymes and compound enzyme probiotics preparations could improve the in vitro DMD and CPD of the diet and the milk production of dairy cows in different periods to a certain extent.Among them,the compound enzyme preparation had a better effect on increasing milk production of dairy cows in the late lactation,while the compound enzyme probiotics preparation has a better effect on increasing milk production in mid-lactating dairy cows.     

The Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Whole Sugarcane for Dairy Cows and Its Application in Substituting Alfalfa,Oat Hay and Concentrate in Dairy Cows' Diets

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of whole sugarcane of dairy cows and its effects of using it replacing alfalfa, oat hay and concentrates in dairy cows' diet on the rumen fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility, blood biochemical indexes and production performance of dairy cows, in order to open up new ways to replace the increasing prices feedstuff such as alfalfa, oat hay and concentrate in dairy cows' diets with whole sugarcane. In experiment one, the in-situ test, namely the rumen nylon bag test was used to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of various nutrients of whole sugarcane, leymus chinensis and alfalfa. Experiment two was in vivo test,repeat 3 ⅹ 3 Latin square design was conducted and Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight, parities and milk yield and permanent rumen fistula were chosen to investigate the effect of using whole sugarcane replacing 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows. In experiment three, 60 Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, milk yield and milk in lactation were selected to perform production test, which aimed to explore the effects of using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate on the production performance, blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows and the economic benefits of dairy farms. The results showed that：1) The effective degradation rates of dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of whole sugarcane were significantly higher than leymus chinensis (P<0.05), and the effective degradation rates of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) were significantly higher than leymus chinensis and alfalfa (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant effect on rumen pH, NH₃-N (except 25% group at the 4 h time point) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of dairy cows when using 25% and 50% whole sugarcane to replace imported alfalfa from the Unites States in the diet. There was also no significant effect on DMI and digestibility of DM, CP, OM and ADF, while the digestibility of NDF in the 50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In 50% group, the content of serum urea nitrogen in 2 and 8 h was significantly lower than 25% group and control group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the blood content of β-hydroxybutyric acid, rumen VFA and total VFA in each group at different time points. 3) After using 50%, 30% and 10% of whole sugarcane to replace oat hay, alfalfa hay and concentrate, respectively, no significant difference was detected in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, the esterification of fatty acid (NEFA), and milk yield. Besides, combined with milk yield and feed cost, the economic benefits of each cow in the substitution groups increased by 3.28, 7.48 and 1.62 yuan per day. respectively, compared with control group. It can be seen that the whole sugarcane is a kind of high-quality roughage that can be used by dairy cows with high digestibility, and using it to replace 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet does not affect the rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen apparent digestibility of nutrients of dairy cows. And using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate will not affect the blood biochemical indicators and production performance of dairy cows, and will also increase the economic benefits of the dairy farm.     

全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮苜蓿、燕麦草及精料的应用研究

本试验旨在探究全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮中苜蓿、燕麦草及精料对奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及生产性能的影响,为其替代奶牛饲粮中价格日益攀升的苜蓿和精饲料,并用作奶牛粗饲料资源开辟新途径。试验一采用半体内试验即瘤胃尼龙袋技术,探究了全株甘蔗、国产羊草与国产苜蓿各营养成分的瘤胃降解特性;试验二采用重复3×3拉丁方试验设计,选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近并装有永久瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行消化试验,探究全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%的美国进口苜蓿对奶牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特性和血液生化指标的影响;试验三选取60头胎次、产奶量和泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛进行生产试验,探究了全株甘蔗分别替代饲粮30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料对奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和牧场经济效益的影响。结果发现：1）全株甘蔗干物质（DM）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草（P<0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和有机物（OM）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草和国产苜蓿（P<0.05）。2）用全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%美国进口苜蓿对奶牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）（除25%组4 h外）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）含量无显著影响;对奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）及饲粮DM、粗蛋白质（CP）、OM和ADF消化率无显著影响,而全株甘蔗替代饲粮50%美国进口苜蓿组的NDF消化率显著升高（P<0.05）;全株甘蔗替代饲粮中50%美国进口苜蓿组2和8 h血清尿素氮含量显著低于25%组和对照组（P<0.05）,且各处理组不同时间点血液β-羟丁酸含量、瘤胃各VFA和总VFA含量均无显著差异。3）用全株甘蔗替代高产奶牛饲粮中50%燕麦草、30%苜蓿干草或10%精料对奶牛血液中的葡萄糖、尿素氮、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）等含量及产奶量均无显著影响,且综合产奶量和饲料成本两方面的因素,各替代组分别比对照组每头奶牛的经济效益增加3.28、7.48和1.62元·d^-1。由此可知,全株甘蔗是一种可供奶牛食用的消化率较高的优质粗饲料,且用其替代饲粮中的25%或50%美国进口苜蓿不影响奶牛的瘤胃发酵特性和营养物质表观消化率;用其替代30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料不会影响奶牛的血液生化指标及生产性能,还会提高牧场的经济效益。     

Effect of feeding different levels of foliage of Moringa oleifera to creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and composition

An experiment was conducted in Nicaragua to determine the effect of feeding different levels of foliage from Moringa oleifera Lam (synonym: Moringa pterygosperma Gaertner) to dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and milk composition. The treatments were: Brachiaria brizantha hay ad libitum, either unsupplemented or supplemented with 2 kg or 3 kg of Moringa on a dry matter (DM) basis. Six Bos indicus cows of the Creole Reyna breed, with a mean body weight of 394 ± 24 kg were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Supplementation with Moringa increased (P < 0.05) DM intake from 8.5 to 10.2 and 11.0 kg DM day^− 1 and milk production from 3.1 to 4.9 and 5.1 kg day^− 1 for B. brizantha hay only and supplementation with 2 kg and 3 kg DM of Moringa, respectively. Milk fat, total solids and crude protein and organoleptic characteristics, smell, taste and colour, were not significantly different between the diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF increased (P < 0.05) in the diets supplemented with Moringa compared with B. brizantha hay alone. The results showed that the inclusion of Moringa as a protein supplement to low quality diets improved DM intake and digestibility of the diet and increased milk production but did not affect milk composition.     

短期添加高水平亚麻籽对奶牛生产性能、牛奶脂肪酸组成和瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究短期添加高水平亚麻籽对奶牛生产性能、牛奶脂肪酸组成和瘤胃发酵的影响。选取健康、体重相近的荷斯坦牛奶牛30头,随机分为3组,每组10头。分别饲喂牧场基础饲粮（CK组）、添加3 000 g/d （13.01% DM）完整亚麻籽饲粮（WF组）和添加3 000 g/d （13.01% DM）粉碎亚麻籽饲粮（GF组）。试验周期为7周,第1周为环境适应期,第2~6周为饲粮适应期,第7周为试验期,记录试验期日采食量和产奶量,于试验最后1天采集奶样和瘤胃液样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）测定乳和瘤胃液中脂肪酸组成。结果表明：①与CK组相比,添加3 000 g/d亚麻籽对奶牛干物质采食量和产奶量均无显著影响（P>0.05）,GF组乳脂率和乳蛋白率较CK组有降低的趋势（0.05<P<0.1）。②WF和GF组乳中α-亚麻酸（ALA）和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3 PUFA）的产量较CK组均显著提高（P<0.05）,且GF组ALA和ω-3 PUFA的产量显著高于WF组（P<0.05）。③WF组瘤胃pH显著低于CK和GF组（P<0.05）,氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度显著高于CK和GF组（P<0.05）。综上所述,饲粮中短期添加高水平完整亚麻籽和粉碎亚麻籽均不影响奶牛干物质采食量和产奶量,但提高了乳中ALA含量,GF组提高效果较WF组更明显。添加高水平粉碎亚麻籽有降低乳蛋白率和乳脂率的趋势,高水平完整亚麻籽影响了奶牛瘤胃内环境。在实际生产中,应控制亚麻籽的添加量及其饲喂形式,在提高乳中ALA含量的同时,减少亚麻籽对瘤胃发酵的影响。     

Effect of extruded linseed on productive and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows

A total of 356 early lactation multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design to determine the effects of feeding extruded linseed on milk production and composition, and reproductive performance. Forty of these cows were randomly selected to study the effects of extruded linseed on milk fatty acid (FA) profile, individual feed intake and prostaglandin secretion. Cows were fed a 40:60 forage to concentrate ratio diet (17.9% CP, 27.7% NDF and 6.0% EE) ad libitum that was similar in composition between treatments except for the protein supplements that differed and were control (CTR: 4.9% extruded soybean) and linseed (LIN: 5.5% extruded linseed). Individual DM intake measured at 40 (23.0 kg/d) and 90 (24.2 kg/d) days in milk, and milk yield (45.0 kg/d) were not affected by treatment, but the lower (P < 0.05) milk fat percentage in cows fed LIN (2.65%) compared with CTR (2.86%) resulted in lower (P < 0.05) 4.0% fat-corrected milk yield for cows fed LIN (35.4 kg/d) compared with CTR (37.7 kg/d). Milk protein content was higher (P < 0.05) in LIN (3.04%) than in CTR (3.00%). The concentration of saturated FA was lower (P < 0.05) in milk fat from LIN (56.2%) compared with CTR (60.2%). Monounsaturated FA (35.7 vs. 32.7%) and polyunsaturated FA (8.0 vs. 6.9%) were higher in LIN (P < 0.05) than in CTR. Supplementation with LIN also increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of vaccenic acid (2.21 vs. 1.55%), total conjugated linoleic acid (0.91 vs. 0.72%) and n-3 FA (1.21 vs. 0.54%) in milk compared with CTR. Plasma concentrations of prostaglandin metabolite were numerically lower in LIN (106 pg/ml) compared with CTR (120 pg/ml) (P = 0.16) but reproductive performance was similar between treatments. In summary, extruded linseed reduced milk fat percentage and 4.0% fat-corrected milk yield and increased milk protein percentage and the content of healthy FA in milk without modifying DM intake, milk yield and reproductive performance.     

灌服黄芪多糖对奶牛产奶量、免疫性能及抗氧化性能的影响

【目的】研究黄芪多糖(APS)对奶牛产奶量、免疫功能及抗氧化性能的影响。【方法】选取体况良好,体重、产奶量、泌乳天数、胎次接近的中国荷斯坦奶牛44头,随机分为对照组(CK)及APS20、APS55和APS90组,每组11头。所有试验牛均饲喂基础饲粮。对照组灌服温水200 mL,试验组分别灌服20、55、和90 g/d的APS溶液200 mL,预试期10 d,正试期60 d。正试期内,每10 d统计1次产奶量;于正试期的第0、30、60天采集乳样,测定乳中体细胞数(SCC);于正试期第0、30、60天晨饲前,采集奶牛尾根静脉血样,测定血清中相关免疫指标、抗氧化指标。【结果】在试验全期,各组产奶量均差异不显著(P＞0.05)。在体细胞数方面,与CK组相比,第30和60天时,APS55组体细胞评分(SCS)均显著降低(P＜0.05),APS20和APS90组SCS在各时间点均差异不显著(P＞0.05),且APS90组极显著高于APS55组(P＜0.01)。在免疫指标方面,与CK组相比,第30天时,APS20组血清中白细胞介素2(IL-2)含量显著增加(P＜0.05),APS55与APS90组血清中IL-2含量极显著增加(P＜0.01);第60天时,APS20、APS55和APS90组血清中IL-2含量均极显著增加(P＜0.01),且APS55与APS90组IL-2含量极显著高于APS20组(P＜0.01);第60天时,APS55组血清中IL-6含量显著增加(P＜0.05)。在抗氧化指标方面,与CK组相比,第30、60天时,APS20、APS55和APS90组血清中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均极显著增加(P＜0.01);第60天时,ASP90组血清中丙二醛(MDA)浓度显著降低(P＜0.05),APS20、APS55和APS90组血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均显著增加(P＜0.05),APS55和APS90组血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)极显著增加(P＜0.01),且显著高于APS20组(P＜0.05)。【结论】55 g/d APS可以提高奶牛免疫功能、抗氧化能力,并且降低乳中体细胞数,结果为APS在奶牛生产应用提供参考。     

Effect of Amino Acid Balance Diet on Production Performance,Serum Biochemical Indexes and Economic Benefits in Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of amino acid balance diet on production performance,serum biochemical indexes and economic benefits in dariy cows.36 healthy Holstein cows in the early lactation period were selected,the average number of lactation (DIM) was (39.69±12.48) d,the average parity was 3.02±0.64.Principle of experiments using single factor randomized experimental design accroding to age,milk yield,parity identical same or similar,the 36 Holstein cows were assigned by random block design to 3 groups,and each group were 12 cows.The control group cows were fed with TMR diets only adding rumen-protected methionine (HMBi);Diets of group 1 and 2 were on the basis of control group,respectively adding two kinds of rumen-protected lysine levels in order to balance the amino acid in diet.The results showed as follows:① Compared with control group,the feeding conversion ratio in groups 1 and 2 were increased by 10.60% and 11.26% (P>0.05),respectively,while the dry matter intake had no significantly changed (P>0.05),the 4% average daily milk yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly increased by 8.65% and 10.58% (P<0.05),respectively,and the milk fat and milk protein yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01),respectively.Adding amino acid balance diet had no significantly effects on reproductive performance and health conditions in dariy cows (P>0.05).② When feeding the amino acid balance diets for 60 days,the contents of GLU and TAA in serum of dairy cows were significantly increased (P<0.05),while the BUN content was significantly decreased (P<0.05).③ Compared with control group,the economic benefits of groups 1 and 2 were increased by 15.09 and 16.36 yuan/(head·d).The results indicated that feeding the amino acid balance diets could significantly improve production performance of dairy cows,and there was a tendency to improve metabolic conditions.     

氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响。选择36头体况良好的泌乳初期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,平均泌乳天数(DIM)为(39.69±12.48) d、平均胎次为(3.02±0.64)胎。采用单因素随机试验设计,按年龄、产奶量、胎次相同或相近的原则,将36头荷斯坦奶牛区组配对后随机分为3组,每组12头奶牛,其中对照组奶牛饲喂仅添加有瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸(HMBi)的TMR日粮;试验1、2组日粮在对照组的基础上分别添加2种水平的瘤胃保护性赖氨酸,以平衡日粮中的氨基酸。结果表明,①与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛饲料转化率分别提高10.60%和11.26%(P>0.05),而干物质采食量没有显著变化(P>0.05),平均每日4%校正乳产量分别显著提高了8.65%和10.58%(P<0.05),并可显著或极显著增加乳脂和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05;P<0.01);饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛繁殖性能、健康状况无显著影响(P>0.05)。②饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮60 d时,奶牛血清中葡萄糖、总氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛经济效益分别增加了15.09和16.36元/(头·d)。综上所述,饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮能显著提高奶牛的生产性能,具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。     

乳酸菌对饲喂黄曲霉毒素B1日粮的肉鸡生长性能、养分消化率和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)日粮添加乳酸菌(LAB)对肉鸡的生长性能、养分消化率及屠宰性能的影响。试验选用1日龄AA肉鸡公鸡240只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。正对照组:无AFB₁日粮;负对照组:1~21d:正对照组日粮＋40μg/kgAFB₁,22~42d:正对照组日粮＋80μg/kgAFB₁;LAB组:负对照组日粮＋1.5×10¹¹CFU/kgLAB;HSCAS组:负对照组日粮＋3g/kgHSCAS。试验期42d。试验结果显示,负对照组日粮显著降低了肉鸡平均日采食量和体增重(P<0.05),显著提高了料重比(P<0.05),添加LAB和HSCAS均明显改善了生产性能,且LAB组的效果优于HSCAS组。1~21d时,与负对照组相比,添加LAB干物质、能量、粗脂肪、钙和磷的表观消化率分别提高9.6%(P<0.05)、9.5%(P<0.05)、10.1%(P<0.05)、15.2%(P<0.05)和18.9%(P<0.05),添加HSCAS能将干物质、能量、粗脂肪和磷的表观消化率提高9.7%(P<0.05)、6.6%(P<0.05)、6.3%(P<0.05)和17.4%(P<0.05),且LAB组能量和钙的表观消化率显著高于HSCAS组(P<0.05)。LAB组的全净膛率和胸肌率也显著高于HSCAS组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在AFB₁污染日粮中添加LAB制剂,对肉鸡的生产性能、养分表观消化率和屠宰性能均具有显著的改善作用,其作用效果显著优于HSCAS脱霉剂。     

冀北寒区秋冬季节荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能及血液常规指标的变化规律研究

试验旨在探索奶牛对气候变化较为敏感的血液常规指标,为荷斯坦奶牛低温应激研究提供相关数据支撑及科学依据,并对该地区冬季奶牛饲养管理及耐应激个体选育提供理论依据。以河北省承德市围场县某规模化奶牛场的健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛为研究对象,连续监测了秋季（2018年10月24日至2018年10月30日）、初冬（2018年12月4日至2018年12月10日）和深冬（2018年12月25日至2018年12月31日）牛舍温湿指数（THI）,并分别采集了15头荷斯坦奶牛血液样本,测定了9种血液常规指标,同时收集了试验牛群的8项产奶性能数据,分析荷斯坦奶牛在秋冬季节产奶性能及血液常规指标的变化规律,筛选气候变化较为敏感的血液常规指标。结果显示：秋季,牛舍平均温度为8.0 ℃,平均THI为49.38,说明试验牛群在该时期处于非低温应激状态;初冬,牛舍平均温度为－6.4 ℃,平均THI达到23.56,在168 h监测期,有92 h －8≤THI < 25,76 h 25≤THI < 39,试验牛群在该时期大部分时间处于中度低温应激状态;深冬,牛舍平均温度为－7.59 ℃,平均THI达到21.86,有43 h 25≤THI < 39,117 h 8≤THI < 25,试验牛群在该时期绝大部分时间处于中度低温应激状态。随着温度下降,奶牛直肠温度、呼吸频率显著降低（P < 0.05）;冬季奶牛血中白细胞计数（WBC）、红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞压积（HCT）、血小板总数（PLT）、血小板压积（PCT）、单核细胞数（MO）、淋巴细胞数（LY）极显著或显著升高（P < 0.01;P < 0.05）;除红细胞压积（HCT）、白细胞计数外,其他各指标在初冬与深冬间差异不显著（P > 0.05）;红细胞平均体积（MCV）在各季节间变化不显著（P > 0.05）;与秋季相比,初冬、深冬奶牛平均日产奶量（AMY）分别下降0.71和1.17 kg/d（P < 0.01）;初冬乳脂率（FP）、乳蛋白率（PP）、脂蛋比（F/P）显著或极显著下降（P < 0.05;P<0.01）,深冬时期恢复至秋季水平（P > 0.05）;乳中非脂肪固体物质率（SP）在初冬显著下降,在深冬显著上升（P < 0.05）;初冬、深冬乳中体细胞数（SCC）分别比秋季高1.84×10⁵、1.63×10⁵ 个/mL（P < 0.05）;乳糖率（LP）及酸度在各时期均无显著差异（P > 0.05）。综合以上结果,冀北寒区荷斯坦奶牛在秋季处于非应激状态,在初冬和深冬处于中度低温应激状态,且牛群的生理指标和产奶性能受气候影响较为严重;奶牛血液红细胞、白细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞数为受气候影响变化较为灵敏的血液常规指标。     

不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、抗氧化性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、抗氧化性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取45头产奶量、胎次、泌乳日龄相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成3组,每组15头。对照组饲喂不添加硒的基础饲粮,无机硒(SS)组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 mg/kg亚硒酸钠,有机硒(SO)组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 mg/kg蛋氨酸硒羟基类似物。试验期91 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期84 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加硒对奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量及乳成分没有显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,SO组血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05),血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05),但SS组以上指标与对照组没有显著差异(P0.05)。3)各组中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和干物质的表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组相比,SO组有机物、粗蛋白质及粗脂肪的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);SS组有机物和粗蛋白质的表观消化率提高,但差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛的生产性能没有影响,但与对照组相比,硒添加组的抗氧化性能和营养物质的表观消化率提高,而且SO组的效果明显优于SS组。