Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

密度和品种对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

本试验旨在研究品种和密度对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,通过品种选择和密度优化为玉米节水高产提供依据。试验材料选择郑单958、屯玉808、先玉335、先玉1266、浚单29、陕单226、陕单609、延科288、西农211和华农138共10个玉米品种,设置6.75×104、7.5×104、8.25×104株·hm-2共3个种植密度,采用裂区设计进行田间试验,研究夏玉米产量、生物量、耗水量及水分利用效率随密度和品种的变化规律。结果表明:种植密度的增加会影响夏玉米的产量及水分利用效率,不同密度下以8.25×104株·hm-2的产量和水分利用效率最高,平均产量为7 954 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率为22.1 kg·hm-2·mm-1;不同品种夏玉米产量和水分利用效率对密度的响应存在差异,屯玉808的耐密性最好,西农211耐密性最差;产量越高的品种水分利用效率越高。因此在关中平原,适当提高种植密度,并选用耐密型高产品种是实现玉米种植节水高产的有效途径。本试验条件下,以8.25×104株·hm-2密度水平种植屯玉808、华农138、先玉1266和陕单609,以7.5×104株·hm-2密度种植郑单958,可同时获得产量和水分利用效率最高。     

不同种植密度对玉米田杂草发生及玉米产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同种植密度39 000~63 000株/hm~2对春玉米和夏玉米田间杂草数量和生物量、玉米株高、产量构成因素及产量的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度增加,春玉米田总杂草的数量,春玉米田和夏玉米田总杂草的生物量、穗粒数和千粒质量均呈逐渐降低趋势;春玉米的株高随种植密度的增大而增高,夏玉米的株高变化不明显;随着种植密度增加,玉米的产量呈现增加趋势,尤其是种植密度较低时,春玉米的产量增幅明显。因此,在四川省适当提高玉米的种植密度既可以降低田间杂草发生量,又可以增加玉米产量,但春玉米种植密度不宜高于57 000株/hm~2,夏玉米最高可达63 000株/hm~2。     

关中灌区冬小麦混种的产量及农田土壤水分利用效率

为探明不同冬小麦品种混种对产量和水分利用效率的影响。选用冬小麦西农979、小偃22、矮抗58和西农889,于2013—2014和2014—2015两年在西北农林科技大学斗口试验站开展田间试验,设置4个水平:单播(1L)、2个品种混种(2L)、3个品种混种(3L)和4个品种混种(4L),系统测定并比较不同混种水平群体生物量、子粒产量和农田土壤水分利用效率等。结果表明,灌浆期的混种群体光截获率、旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率和瞬时水分利用效率均显著大于单作群体。混种群体子粒产量和地上生物量均高于单作群体,子粒产量增幅随混种品种数量的增加逐渐降低,两年平均增幅为7.92%(2L)、7.15%(3L)和2.73%(4L),其中2L和3L达显著水平,地上生物量增幅随混种品种数量的增加逐渐升高,两年平均增幅为1.08%(2L)、4.78%(3L)和7.24%(4L),3L和4L达显著水平,通径分析表明混播下子粒产量的增加得益于单位面积穗数和穗粒数增加。混种增加了群体浅层土壤含水量和深层土壤中的根系分布,显著降低群体耗水量,并显著提高群体水分利用效率(WUE),子粒WUE两年平均提高11.93%(2L)、12.39%(3L)和8.72%(4L),地上干物质WUE两年平均提高3.3%(2L)、8.66%(3L)和11.75%(4L)。不同品种冬小麦混种可以提高水分利用效率,增加子粒产量。     

Mulching mode and planting density affect canopy interception loss of rainfall and water use efficiency of dryland maize on the Loess Plateau of China

High and efficient use of limited rainwater resources is of crucial importance for the crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the effects of different soil and crop management practices(i.e., mulching mode treatments: flat cultivation with non-mulching, flat cultivation with straw mulching, plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow and plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow; and planting density treatments: low planting density of 45,000 plants/hm~2, medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and high planting density of 90,000 plants/hm~2) on rainfall partitioning by dryland maize canopy, especially the resulted net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, we measured the gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow at different growth stages of dryland maize in 2015 and 2016 on the Loess Plateau of China. The canopy interception loss was estimated by the water balance method. Soil water storage, leaf area index, grain yield(as well as it components) and water use efficiency of dryland maize were measured or calculated. Results showed that the cumulative throughfall, cumulative stemflow and cumulative canopy interception loss during the whole growing season accounted for 42.3%–77.5%, 15.1%–36.3% and 7.4%–21.4% of the total gross rainfall under different treatments, respectively. Soil mulching could promote the growth and development of dryland maize and enhance the capability of stemflow production and canopy interception loss, thereby increasing the relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss and reducing the relative throughfall. The relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss generally increased with increasing planting density, while the relative throughfall decreased with increasing planting density. During the two experimental years, mulching mode had no significant influence on net rainfall due to the compensation between throughfall and stemflow, whereas planting density significantly affected net rainfall. The highest grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize were obtained under the combination of medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and mulching mode of plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow. Soil mulching can reduce soil evaporation and retain more soil water for dryland maize without reducing the net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, which may alleviate the contradiction between high soil water consumption and insufficient rainfall input of the soil. In conclusion, the application of medium planting density(67,500 plants/hm~2) under plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow is recommended for increasing dryland maize production on the Loess Plateau of China.     

不同密度与施氮量对干旱区玉米产量及其构成因素的影响研究

为确定甘肃中部干旱区玉米种植的最佳密度和施氮量,采用田间试验方法,选用适宜性玉米新品种福地201和高玉811为试验材料,研究了不同密度与不同施氮量对其产量及产量构成性状的影响,分析其产量表现及综合性状以确定最佳增产配方,为提高甘肃中部旱作农业区全膜双垄沟播玉米增产潜力提供理论支持。结果表明:(1)在全膜双垄沟播栽培技术条件下,通过分析密度和施氮量对玉米产量相关因素关系的影响得出,高产稳产最佳种植密度为7.2万株·hm~(-2),施氮量675 kg·hm~(-2),果穗干物质产量达13 792.35 kg·hm~(-2);(2)产量随施氮量增加明显,茎粗则随追氮肥量增加先缓增后明显下降;(3)密度增加,产量下降不明显,但茎粗减小极显著,抗倒性降低,稳产性减弱,低密度增施氮肥,增产效果明显;(4)不同密度与施氮量处理下各性状与产量相关系数达到0.7977,通过0.001信度检验,达到极显著相关水平。     

沟垄集雨种植模式下谷子种植密度对土壤水分及产量的影响

为探索半干旱地区沟垄集雨种植模式下不同种植密度对旱地谷子降雨生产潜力的影响,以谷子品种大同29为试材,设置低、中、高三种留苗密度,于2013—2014年在宁南半干旱区进行了大田试验。结果表明,在两种降雨年型下,集雨各密度产量和总耗水量均随密度的升高而增加,在雨水偏少的2014年谷子总耗水量较少,中、高密度产量亦无显著差异(P0.05);高密度处理两年平均产量较低密度增加26.41%,总耗水量平均增加10.40%;谷子抽穗期土壤含水率、各时期0~200 cm土壤储水量及收获期供水能力在两种降雨年型下均随密度的升高而降低。WUE在多雨的2013年随留苗密度的增加而升高,在少雨的2014年则以中密度WUE最高,达到24.35 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2),且该年WUE平均较2013年高10.37 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2)。     

肥密组合对寒地半干旱区膜下滴灌玉米产量的影响

为揭示黑龙江西部半干旱区膜下滴灌栽培方式下玉米高产措施,以郑单958为材料,选取氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和密度四因素作为试验因素,每个试验因素设计5个水平,按照二次通用旋转组合设计(1/2实施)统计分析方法建立回归模型,分析不同肥料和密度组合对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:四因素各单因子对籽粒产量有较明显的影响,均呈开口向下的抛物线趋势变化,影响顺序为施氮密度施钾施磷,且单位水平施入量引起边际产量的减少量为施磷密度施钾施氮;氮肥与磷肥之间的配合对产量的增加具有相互促进作用;要获得≥12231.97 kg·hm~(-2)的产量,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥及种植密度的最优组合取值范围为:氮肥246.24~279.59 kg·hm~(-2),磷肥133.77~151.52 kg·hm~(-2),钾肥82.85~97.16 kg·hm~(-2),种植密度79 676~85 324株·hm~(-2)。     

不同灌溉方式下制种玉米叶面积指数、干物质累积与产量研究

通过田间试验,研究了畦灌、常规沟灌、隔沟交替灌3种灌溉方式对制种玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质累积及产量的影响。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下制种玉米苗期LAI与产量呈显著正相关关系,抽穗后期LAI与产量呈显著负相关关系,表明在生殖生长后期,应适当采取控水、控肥措施降低植株的生长冗余。隔沟交替灌方式使作物根区土壤保持湿润和干燥区域交替出现,能诱导作物的补偿生长效应。隔沟交替灌(AFI)方式下制种玉米进入干物质快速累积期的时间早于传统沟灌(CFI)与小畦灌(SBI)。制种玉米抽穗期干物质累积量与产量呈显著正相关关系(R~2=0.77)。隔沟交替灌溉方式下,制种玉米全生育期灌水8次,灌溉定额为2 250 m~3·hm~(-2)的灌溉制度能稳定提高经济产量,具有较好的灌水效果,但在抽穗期~灌浆期应考虑适当增加灌水频率或灌水定额。     

种植密度与缩节胺用量对76 cm等行距棉花株型结构及产量的影响

于2021—2022年在76 cm等行距种植方式下,采用裂区设计,设种植密度为主因素,分别为15.00(M1)、20.25(M2)、25.50万株·hm^-2(M3);缩节胺用量为副因素,分别为195 (D1)、390 (D2)、585 g·hm^-2(D3),研究不同种植密度与缩节胺用量对棉花株型结构、籽棉产量及其构成因素的影响,以筛选适宜76 cm等行距种植模式棉花产量提高的种植密度与缩节胺用量组合。结果表明：缩节胺用量相同时,降低种植密度会提高棉花株高7.09%～21.66%、茎粗4.36%～13.02%、株宽5.76%～18.69%,增加果枝始节高度、主茎节间长度、果枝数和果枝长度;种植密度对果枝始节位与果枝夹角影响不显著。种植密度相同时,降低缩节胺用量会增加棉花株高7.01%～21.83%、株宽4.61%～9.01%、果枝数1～2台,并有效增加果枝始节高度、果枝始节位、主茎节间长度、果枝长度与果枝夹角,但会降低棉花茎粗3.39%～8.30%。籽棉产量随密度与缩节胺用量的增加呈先增后减的变化趋势,M2D2处理籽棉产量最高,两年分别为6 6...     

奶花芸豆群体冠层结构特征及产量性状研究

研究了在高产条件下,不同行距配置、密度对奶花芸豆群体冠层结构、光能分布与利用特性及产量构成的影响。结果表明在适宜的群体密度下,通过扩大行距,减小株距,有利于优化群体结构。冠层结构各指标的变化表现为:随密度增加,平均叶簇倾角变大,群体直射辐射透过系数降低,消光系数增大,株型变紧凑。但密度过大,群体直射辐射透过系数过小,冠层结构不良,造成生育后期群体叶面积较快下降。随着行距加大,叶片横向生长速度加快,叶倾角变大,群体直射辐射透过系数增加,消光系数下降。合理的密度与株行距配置可改善个体生育状况和群体通风透光条件,使产量构成因素实现最佳配置,充分利用地力和空间,从而获得最佳产量。     

肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响

为探究肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响,在玉米、大豆单作及二者间作下施以标准肥料750 kg/hm~2和减半肥料375 kg/hm~2,于作物生长期调查田间昆虫群落组成及多样性,并在收获期对玉米和大豆进行测产。结果表明:与单作玉米相比,间作玉米在施用标准肥料下的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著增加78.33%、85.35%和38.71%,而在施用减半肥料下则分别显著增加90.91%、135.73%和33.33%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使单作玉米百株籽粒重显著降低22.45%。与单作大豆相比,在施用标准肥料下,间作大豆的百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低49.47%和11.54%,在施用减半肥料下,间作大豆的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低73.94%、50.51%和17.39%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使大豆在单作和间作下的百株籽粒重分别显著降低65.02%和65.73%,使间作下大豆的百株生物量和千粒重分别显著降低73.14%和17.39%。与单作相比,间作均显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米和大豆害虫群落的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,还显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米天敌昆虫群落的物种数和优势度指数以及大豆天敌昆虫群落的物种数和均匀度指数。表明玉米-大豆间作能有效提高玉米产量,降低虫害发生,但对大豆生产不利,而间作条件下减施肥料对玉米产量的影响更小。建议在田间生产中可将夏玉米和大豆间作种植,更有利于通过生态学方法控制田间害虫发生和增加作物总体产量。     

水肥调控下糯玉米生长、产量和水分利用效率研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了7个不同生育期亏水组合和4种施肥水平对糯玉米生长、总干物质量、干子粒产量和水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。结果表明,与正常灌水相比,中肥水平时拔节前期～孕穗期中度亏水明显降低总耗水量而不显著影响糯玉米总干物质量、干子粒产量和WUE,但是该处理WUE稍高于其它亏水处理。与不施肥相比,施肥明显增加糯玉米孕穗期和开花期叶面积、总干物质量和WUE,并缩短玉米开花至吐丝天数为0.7～1.0 d,其中中肥水平时总干物质量、干子粒产量、WUE_t（以干物质为基础）和WUE_s（以干子粒产量为基础）分别提高37.7%、50.0%、33.1%和45.1%。因此,中肥水平时（N、P₂O₅、K₂O分别为0.25、0.10、0.25 g·kg^-1）糯玉米拔节前期～孕穗期进行中度亏水效果较好。     

不同灌溉模式下夏玉米产量形成特点

为了筛选限水灌溉条件下较优的灌溉集成模式, 挖掘夏玉米高产潜力, 明确其高产的生理特性, 2015—2016年在河北藁城采用灌溉施肥方式（微喷灌和管灌）×密度（6.3×10⁴、7.8×10⁴株·hm^-2）×收获期（9月25日和10月3日）再裂区试验, 研究了微喷灌和管灌为主的两种集成模式对夏玉米郑单958产量形成的影响。结果表明:微喷灌水肥一体化三次灌水施肥技术,改善了浅层土壤水分状况,土壤水分含量较管灌模式高5.9%～20.2%;其拔节期叶面积指数(LAI)较管灌高30.2%~44.2%, 生育后期SPAD值降低缓慢,较管灌高4.9%～5.9%,且作物生长速率（CGR）高9.0%～26.3%,这是其提高玉米千粒重和产量的主要原因, 并且收获越晚玉米微喷灌模式的增产效应越大,早收和晚收分别增产5.1%～6.0%和7.2%～10.8%。微喷灌模式高密度处理基部茎节抗倒伏指数、叶片SPAD值和CGR大多优于管灌低密度处理或与之相当,三者分别较管灌高4.0%～27.3%、-1.0%～3.7%和24.3%～37.7%。说明微喷灌模式优于管灌模式,且在此模式下增加种植密度是可行的。研究结果表明,微喷灌+增密+推迟收获时间3种技术综合应用可充分发挥玉米的增产潜力, 实现增产23.3%。     

地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米产量及水分生产效率的影响

利用排水式蒸渗仪,通过设置6种地下水位控制处理(地下水位埋深分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 m和3.0 m)试验,探讨了太原盆地不同地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米生长指标、产量、产量构成因素及水分生产效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米千粒重的影响较小,对冬小麦干.物质重影响显著(P=0...     

新疆鹰嘴豆不同种植密度对其生长发育产量和品质的影响

以阿瓦提1号为材料,研究新疆地区不同种植密度对鹰嘴豆植株性状、干物质积累量、产量与品质的影响。结果表明,随密度的增加,生育期提前,株高增高,叶面积指数上升,单株干物质积累量减少。单株荚数随着密度增大极显著减少。每荚粒数、粒重等与密度的关系不大。蛋白质含量、亚麻酸含量和廿碳烯酸含量都呈现增加的趋势。种植密度对鹰嘴豆维生素B1和油酸含量的影响不显著。在本试验条件下,以44.5万株/hm2处理的表现最佳,产量达5946.09 kg/hm2,品质较好。     

Film-mulched continuous ridge-furrow planting improves soil temperature,nutrient content and enzymatic activity in a winter oilseed rape field,Northwest China

Film mulching system is a widely employed agricultural practice worldwide. However, the effects of different planting and mulching patterns on soil nutrient content and enzymatic activity have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the impact of four planting and mulching patterns(including control, flat planting without mulching; M1, flat planting with film mulching; M2, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on both ridges and furrows; and M3, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges) on the seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil organic carbon(SOC) content, soil nutrient content, and soil enzymatic activity over three growing seasons from 2012 to 2015 in a winter oilseed rape field in the semi-arid area of Northwest China. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, enzymatic activities, and contents of nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were all significantly higher in mulching treatments(M1, M2 and M3) than in control treatment over the three growing seasons, whereas SOC content was significantly lower in mulching treatments than in control treatment during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. Among the three mulching treatments(M1, M2 and M3), the M3 treatment showed consistently higher seed yield, SOC content, nutrient contents, and enzymatic activities than the other two treatments. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape was 41.1% and 15.0% higher in M3 than in M1 and M2, respectively. SOC content and soil enzymatic activities in the top 0–20 cm soil layers and nitrate-nitrogen content in the top 0–30 cm soil layers were all significantly higher in M3 than in M1 and M2. Therefore, we advise the ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges(i.e., M3) as an efficient planting and mulching pattern for sustainably improving the seed yield of winter oilseed rape and preserving soil fertility in the semi-arid area of Northwest China.     

高密度条件下种植方式对夏玉米叶绿素、荧光特性及其产量的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,采用裂裂区设计,分别在75 000,90 000,105 000株·hm-23个种植密度下,研究了密度与种植方式对夏玉米郑单958叶绿素、荧光及其产量的影响。结果表明,展开叶叶面积指数,穗位叶叶绿素含量均随着密度的增加呈现单峰曲线变化的趋势。在密度一定的条件下,种植方式的改变,增加了光能的利用效率;高密度条件下,宽窄行双株种植改善群体结构,明显增加光合作用面积,提高群体光能利用率,有效增加高密度下玉米产量的潜力。     

杂草稻对水稻生长及产量的影响

通过室内试验和田间试验明确了杂草稻对水稻生长、产量构成因子和产量的影响。水稻营养生长期,不同杂草稻密度对水稻基本苗、株高、单株鲜重、分蘖、倒二叶长与宽均没有影响。而水稻株高、有效穗数、穗长、一次枝梗数、穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、实际产量等均随杂草稻密度的增加而呈现下降趋势。杂草稻密度为1株/m2可导致水稻产量损失9.15%,当杂草稻密度达7株/m2时可导致水稻产量损失50%以上,杂草稻密度达到12株/m2时水稻产量损失可高达72.29%。     

Competition of sorghum cultivars and densities with Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta)

Field studies were conducted at two locations in southern Queensland, Australia during the 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons to determine the differential competitiveness of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars and crop densities against weeds and the sorghum yield loss due to weeds. Weed competition was investigated by growing sorghum in the presence or absence of a model grass weed, Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta). The correlation analyses showed that the early growth traits (height, shoot biomass, and daily growth rate of the shoot biomass) of sorghum adversely affected the height, biomass, and seed production of millet, as measured at maturity. “MR Goldrush” and “Bonus MR” were the most competitive cultivars, resulting in reduced weed biomass, weed density, and weed seed production. The density of sorghum also had a significant effect on the crop's ability to compete with millet. When compared to the density of 4.5 plants per m², sorghum that was planted at 7.5 plants per m² suppressed the density, biomass, and seed production of millet by 22%, 27% and 38%, respectively. Millet caused a significant yield loss in comparison with the weed‐free plots. The combined weed‐suppressive effects of the competitive cultivars, such as MR Goldrush, and high crop densities minimized the yield losses from the weeds. These results indicate that sorghum competition against grass weeds can be improved by choosing competitive cultivars and by using a high crop density of >7.5 plants per m². These non‐chemical options should be included in an integrated weed management program for better weed management, particularly where the control options are limited by the evolution of herbicide resistance.