Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

垄沟覆盖种植对晚播夏玉米生长和产量的补偿效应

针对晚播对夏玉米生长发育造成的不利影响,采用垄覆膜沟不覆盖（LN）、垄覆膜沟覆秸秆（LJ）和垄沟全覆膜（LM）3种垄沟种植方式,以常规播期平作不覆盖（CK1）和晚播平作不覆盖（CK2）为对照,分析了不同垄沟种植方式对晚播夏玉米农田土壤水分、土壤温度及玉米生长和产量的影响,对比不同垄沟覆盖种植方式对晚播玉米生长的补偿效应。结果表明：垄沟种植显著提升了夏玉米0~25 cm土层土壤温度,促进了晚播夏玉米生长;生育期内多雨导致各处理0~200 cm土层土壤含水率一直在18%（75%田间持水率）或更高水平,覆膜对土壤水分的影响不明显;垄沟种植夏玉米整体生长状态在8月中下旬（抽雄~灌浆阶段）与CK1处理达到相同水平;地上部干物质量在成熟期达到或超过CK1处理水平;低温多雨导致晚播夏玉米生育期延长了8~9 d;垄沟种植处理倒伏率较低,最高值仅为3%,平作处理倒伏严重,CK1和CK2处理倒伏率分别达73.1%和20.1%;CK2处理全生育期各项生长及产量指标均较低,LJ处理前期生长状态差,后期贪长,最终相对CK1处理减产7.9%;LN处理产量9 783.8 kg·hm^-2,与CK1处理持平,LM处理达到最高产量11 101.7 kg·hm^-2,相对CK1处理增产12.2%。综合考虑土壤水热、夏玉米生长、产量等各方面因素,多雨条件下垄沟全覆膜方式对晚播玉米生长达到了最好的补偿效果。     

大青山区油松人工林降雨分配特征研究

以大青山区30 a生油松人工林为研究对象,系统观测了林分对降雨的再分配作用,根据2006年的观测结果显示,油松人工林林冠穿透雨量、林冠截留、树干茎流所占降雨的比例分别为65.83%、33.04%、1.13%,枯枝落叶层有效拦蓄量为0.62mm,截留率为8.9%,地表径流率为2.6%;林冠穿透雨量、树干茎流量与林外降雨量均呈显著的线性正相关,而林冠截留量与降雨量呈幂函数关系。     

Canopy interception loss in a Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest of Northeast China

Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is one of the main species to be afforested in deserts of China. But little work has been carried out on the canopy interception loss of this plant species. For researching the canopy interception loss of a natural P. sylvestris forest, we observed the gross precipitation, gross snowfall, throughfall and stemflow in a sample plot at the Forest Ecosystem Research Station of Mohe in the Great Khingan Mountains of Northeast China from July 2012 to September 2013. Considering the spatial variability of the throughfall, we increased the area rather than the number of collector and randomly relocated them once a week. The results demonstrated that the throughfall, stemflow, and derived estimates of rainfall and snowfall interception loss during the main rainy and snowy seasons were 77.12%±5.70%, 0.80%, 22.08%±5.51% and 21.39%±1.21% of the incident rainfall or snowfall, respectively. The stemflow didn't occur unless the accumulated rainfall reached up to 4.8 mm. And when the gross precipitation became rich enough, the stemflow increased with increasing tree diameters. Our analysis revealed that throughfall was not observed when rainfall was no more than 0.99 mm, indicating that the canopy storage capacity at saturation was 0.99 mm for P. sylvestris forest.     

Changes in rainfall partitioning caused by the replacement of native dry forests of Lithraea molleoides by exotic plantations of Pinus elliottii in the dry Chaco mountain forests,central Argentina

The replacement of native dry forests by commercial (exotic) tree plantations could generate changes in rainfall partitioning, which further affects the water cycle. In this study, we determined (i) the rainfall partitioning into interception, throughfall and stemflow, (ii) the role of rainfall event size on rainfall partitioning, (iii) the pH of water channelized as throughfall and stemflow, and (iv) the runoff in Lithraea molleoides (a native species) and Pinus elliottii (an exotic species) stands in the dry Chaco mountain forests, central Argentina. On average, interception, throughfall and stemflow accounted for 19.3%, 79.5% and 1.2% of the gross rainfall in L. molleoides stand, and 32.6%, 66.7% and 0.7% of the gross rainfall in P. elliottii stand, respectively. Amounts of interception, throughfall and stemflow presented positive linear relationships with the increment of rainfall event size for both tree species (P<0.01 in all cases). Percentages of interception, throughfall and stemflow were all related to the increment of rainfall event size, showing different patterns. With increasing rainfall event size, interception exponentially decreased, throughfall asymptotically increased and stemflow linearly increased. Both P. elliottii and L. molleoides stands presented significant differences in the pH values of water channelized as throughfall (6.3 vs. 6.7, respectively; P<0.01) and stemflow (4.5 vs. 5.8, respectively; P<0.01). Runoff occupied only 0.3% of the gross rainfall in P. elliottii stand and was zero in L. molleoides stand. Our results showed that the native species L. molleoides presented 13.6% more water reaching the topsoil (i.e., net rainfall; net rainfall=gross rainfall-interception-runoff) than the exotic species P. elliottii. This study improves our understanding of the effects of native vegetation replacement on the local water balance in the dry forest ecosystems.     

不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对甘肃陇东旱作区年降水量少、季节分布不均,特别是玉米生产春旱严重等问题,以露地平播为对照(CK),研究了双垄面全膜覆盖沟播,双垄面半膜覆盖沟播,宽膜覆盖平播,窄膜覆盖平播,全地面覆盖平播,膜侧播种等6种覆膜种植方式对旱作玉米出苗率、干物质积累量、株高、叶面积指数、生育时期、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全膜双垄沟提高了玉米出苗率和出苗速度,提早成熟,整个生育期玉米株高、叶面积指数和干物质积累量始终大于其它处理,显著提高了产量和水分利用效率,是旱作区进一步挖掘降水潜力和高产田创建的有效途径。     

科尔沁沙地人工固沙植被优化配置模式试验研究

通过对科尔沁沙地7种人工固沙植被配置模式在植物生长季节土壤水分含量、蒸散量和植被盖度的综合分析,优选出可以维持较好的土壤水分状况、形成有效的植被盖度和保障稳定固沙效果的人工固沙植被建立初期的配置模式。结果表明：7种人工固沙配置模式处于人工固沙林定植初级阶段,沙地土壤含水量维持在2.32%～3.41%,基本满足固沙植被水分需求。但在降雨量较低的月份,部分固沙模式土壤含水量表现出较低水平,影响固沙植物的正常生长需求。7种人工固沙植被配置模式蒸散量占同期降雨量94%以上,基本能够维持土壤水量平衡。柠条纯林(525株/hm2)、山竹岩黄芪+沙蒿混交(沙蒿2 800株/hm²、山竹岩黄芪500株/hm²)、山竹岩黄芪（3 300株/hm²)的人工固沙配置模式适合初期建立的固沙工程应用。虽然山竹岩黄芪纯林(3 300株/hm²)固沙模式盖度较高,防风固沙效果好,但由于土壤耗水大,应采取措施,降低其密度。由于小叶杨纯林(1 350株/hm²)的固沙模式土壤耗水较高、植被盖度低,在固沙初级阶段,相对其他6种固沙模式,综合效果较差。     

沟覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植土壤水分和玉米根系分布的影响

为寻求半干旱地区垄沟集雨环保沟覆盖材料,探究垄沟集雨种植增产机理,在半干旱黄土高原区通过大田试验,以传统平作为对照,研究不同沟覆盖方式(无覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖)对土壤含水量、玉米根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积的影响。结果表明:垄沟集雨种植沟中的土壤含水量、玉米根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积明显大于垄中;与平作相比,无覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖耕层沟中作物生育期平均土壤含水量分别增加6.9%、10.6%和9.3%,垄中平均土壤含水量分别降低13.8%、10.9%和5.6%;玉米总根干重(沟中+垄中)分别降低15.9%、6.1%和16.8%,总根长分别增加37.6%、43.7%和34.8%,总根表面积分别增加10.5%、33.6%和15.0%。无覆盖和秸秆覆盖玉米总根体积分别降低34.5%和16.3%,生物可降解地膜覆盖玉米总根体积增加13.2%。与传统平作相比,垄沟集雨种植增加土壤水分、玉米根长和根表面积,降低玉米根干重。在不同沟覆盖方式中,生物可降解地膜覆盖具有较高土壤含水量、根长、根表面积和根体积。     

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭和白梭梭树干茎流特征

通过对古尔班通古特沙漠2个主要建群种梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)和白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)树干茎流的野外实验观测,分析植株冠层和降雨特征对树干茎流形成的影响,并明确了树干茎流量在降雨再分配中的比例。结果表明：当降雨量≥2.4 mm时,梭梭和白梭梭开始有树干茎流产生。梭梭、白梭梭的树干茎流量随树冠体积的增大而增加,但是,当梭梭树冠体积大于4 m³,白梭梭树冠体积大于1.5 m³时,树干茎流量随树冠体积的增加不再增大,甚至有下降趋势。梭梭和白梭梭的树干茎流量和降雨量之间存在显著正相关,累计树干茎流量分别占降雨总量的9.1%和6.4%。梭梭和白梭梭的集流率均随降雨量增加而增大,能够有效地将树干茎流汇聚到树干基部, 梭梭表现出更强的汇集树干茎流的潜力。     

不同密度膜侧沟播油菜的植株性状表现及产量效应

为进一步完善油菜膜侧沟播栽培技术体系,本试验研究了不同密度膜侧沟播油菜的植株性状表现及产量效应。结果表明:稀植虽有利于改善油菜部分性状指标的增加,并最终表现出单株产量优势,但随着油菜生长期的延长,不同密度处理间差异逐渐缩小。适宜密度种植油菜的分枝数、叶面积以及部分生理指标等均优于低密度或高密度种植。种植密度与单位面积产量的灰色关联度高于单株产量。我国西北沿山干旱区膜侧沟播种植油菜的适宜密度以4.5万株/667m2最为适宜,可比当前生产上推行的密度(3.0万株/667m2)增产39%以上。     

垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响

采用大田试验,设置垄作覆膜(A1B1)、平作覆膜(A1B2)、垄作不覆膜(A2B1)、平作不覆膜(A2B2)4个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对川中丘区春玉米田土壤物理性状和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖显著提高了丘陵旱地玉米生育前期耕层土壤水分和温度;垄作栽培显著降低耕层土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度;垄作与覆膜措施相结合可有效改善土壤水热状况和物理结构。从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜显著提高玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重,降低秃尖长,产量较不覆膜处理平均增加20.2%。垄作对玉米穗部性状和产量的影响因覆膜与否而异。覆膜下,垄作较平作显著提高了穗粒数,降低了秃尖长,产量较平作增加7.7%;不覆膜下,垄作则显著降低穗粒数、百粒重,产量较平作降低12.6%。相关分析表明玉米产量与生育前期土壤温度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。垄作覆膜通过提高玉米生育前期土壤温度和含水量,改善了耕层土壤物理性状,最终提高了玉米产量。     

垄作和灌水量对河西绿洲灌区啤酒大麦的影响

在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,通过田间试验研究了不同栽培模式与灌溉量组合对啤酒大麦产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:当灌溉量为330 mm时,垄作沟内覆草模式产量较对照增产695 kg/hm2,增产率为10.2%;在灌溉量为270 mm时,垄作和垄作沟内覆草处理较对照没有减产,可节水60 mm;不同栽培模式...     

柠条秸秆和地膜覆盖措施对玉米生长光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

以甘农118玉米为试验材料,于2013年和2014年在宁夏盐池进行了大田试验,设置单膜平作(single film mulching and flat planting,SFP)、双膜平作(double film mulching and flat planting,DFP)、柠条粉沟覆平作(Caragana intermedia powder ditch mulching and flat planting,CPDP)和裸地(Uncovered and flat planting,CK)4个处理,比较了其对旱地玉米生长、光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在降雨量较多和玉米生长末期,各处理玉米的株高、茎粗和叶面积间无显著差异(P0.05);在降雨量较少时,覆膜处理(SFP和DFP)各生长特性间显著高于CK和CPDP处理(P0.05),而CPDP和CK处理间则无显著差异(P0.05)。在玉米建植后的中后期,覆膜处理(SFP和DFP)光合速率和蒸腾速率高于CPDP和CK处理处理。总体看来,CPDP处理的水分利用效率(叶片水平和产量水平)均低于SFP和DFP处理。因此,不建议在研究区采取CPDP处理措施。     

半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响

为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决春旱问题,在西北半干旱地区设置了秋季地膜全覆盖(PA)和秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖(RH)两种覆膜方式,以裸地不覆盖(CK)为对照,对土壤水分、春玉米功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,不同秋覆膜方式显著增加了春玉米播前0~100 cm土壤储水量,2013年春旱严重,PA和RH处理分别提高了26.15%和13.40%;2014年春季有雨雪,两种覆膜方式分别提高了10.44%和11.20%。不同秋覆膜处理的春玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/F_0)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)较对照有不同程度提高,且2014年增幅高于2013年。2013年PA和RH处理的籽粒产量较CK分别提高了40.98%和25.83%,水分利用效率增加了29.70%和22.87%;2014年两个处理春玉米籽粒产量分别提高了74.60%和48.64%,水分利用效率增加了64.87%和47.08%。试验表明,不同秋覆膜方式在西北半干旱地区均可提高春玉米叶片的光合性能,并显著提高春玉米籽粒产量及水分利用效率,在偏旱的年份效果尤为明显,且秋季地膜全覆盖优于秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖,是西北半干旱区春玉米一种高效的栽培模式。     

渭北高原旱地春玉米不同种植模式水温效应及增产效益研究

为了寻求渭北早地春玉米高产高效的种植方式，选择了几种不同的种植模式，对其蓄水、温度效应及增产效益进行了研究。结果表明，旱地春玉米冬闲期，地表采用秸秆整株压倒覆盖或秸秆粉碎覆盖，与翻耕裸地相比，土壤水分损耗明显减少。播种时采用的4种方式中，以倒秆覆盖膜侧种植的保水、增温效应最好，膜侧水温协调，植株生长健壮、增产增收效益十分显著，是旱地春玉米高产高效最佳的种植模式；碎秆覆盖露地种植、倒秆覆盖露地种植，前期园地温稍低，植株生长较弱，但中后期植株长势明显好于翻耕露地种植，亦有一定的保水、增产增收效果且易于操作，也是早地春玉米高产高效种植的较好方式。该种植模式适用于渭北高原及同类地区。     

黄土旱塬垄作覆膜栽培土壤水分及温度变化研究

黄土高原雨养农业区水分缺乏是制约农业生产的关键因子。本研究在黄土高原长武塬进行小区试验,通过垄作覆膜(RP)与平作不覆膜(FP)两种处理的对比研究,分析垄作覆膜下玉米生长时期土壤水分与温度的变化,以及降雨事件对于土壤水分的动态影响。结果表明,垄作覆膜在30~60 cm土层土壤水分显著高于平作不覆膜约8%,而平作不覆膜在深层(100~160 cm)土壤水分明显高于垄作覆膜,玉米生长季土体储水量变化垄作覆膜垄与沟在30~60 cm处均高出平作不覆膜20 mm,而在100~160 cm处垄作覆膜比平作不覆膜低25 mm。垄沟覆膜-垄(RPR)土壤表层10 cm处温度较垄沟覆膜-沟(RPF)与平作不覆膜分别高2.01℃和1.91℃。中雨情况下,垄作覆膜降雨土壤入渗深度可达30 cm,平作不覆膜下可以到10 cm,但强降雨事件中垄作覆膜土壤深层入渗受到抑制。降雨强度越大,土壤前期含水量越高,土壤水分峰值产生的时间越短;垄作覆膜由于土壤水分条件的改善使得土壤水分峰值出现时间较平作不覆膜早。垄作覆膜由于垄沟微地形改变使沟内具有集水效应,同时沟内集水对垄上水分存在侧向补充,但时间上存在滞后效应,滞后时间与降雨量和降雨前土壤含水量相关。垄作覆膜能够保水保墒,增加降雨入渗,抑制强降雨事件的深层入渗,抑制"自覆盖"现象的发生,从而对玉米生长具有重要的意义。     

基于i-Tree Eco模型的城市林冠雨水截留和径流削减效益研究——以北京建筑大学西城校区为例

乔木冠层雨水截留作用对降雨产流和径流削减有显著影响,而国内相关的模型研究较少。在现有城市截留效益模型比较和植被实地调查的基础上,利用i-Tree Eco模型评估2014~2018年北京建筑大学西城校区内21种乔木冠层的雨水截留和径流削减效益,推导计算径流削减量的校准方法,并结合相关性分析和回归分析探究城市林冠截留影响因素的作用规律。结果表明:近5年校区内乔木的年均截留体积1365.38m³,平均年截留率10.6%,年均径流削减量266.83m³,校准后较原结果平均增加14.5%;叶面积与年截留体积呈显著线性正相关关系;降雨因素在月尺度下对截留作用及其径流削减能力的影响更显著,月截留量与月降雨天数呈线性正相关关系;径流削减量在降雨较小时对林下不透水面占比更敏感。研究可为国内相关模型评估和城市提升绿地雨水消纳能力等提供参考。     

3种地膜在不同覆膜方式下的控草效果及对玉米生长发育的影响

在陇东旱塬区杂草严重发生条件下,试验测定了3种地膜在不同覆膜方式下的控草效果及对玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,化学除草地膜和黑色地膜以全膜双垄沟播、半膜平作和半膜垄作方式覆膜,对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效均在93%以上,对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效均在76%以上;白色地膜以半膜垄作和半膜平作方式覆膜对阔叶杂草有一定的控制作用,但对禾本科杂草作用微弱或无效,以全膜双垄沟播方式覆膜可引起杂草大量发生。化学除草地膜和黑色地膜以全膜双垄沟播方式覆膜,均可明显改善玉米主要农艺性状,显著提高玉米产量及效益,玉米产量较半膜垄作分别增产22.17%和24.78%、较半膜平作分别增产9.23%和5.74%,纯收益较半膜垄作分别增加3 553.13元/hm~2和3 828.78元/hm~2、较半膜平作分别增加1 343.46元/hm~2和736.30元/hm~2;白色地膜以全膜双垄沟播、半膜平作和半膜垄作方式覆膜,玉米主要农艺性状、产量及经济效益均较覆盖化学除草地膜和黑色地膜有明显下降。因此,在杂草严重或较重发生的地区,推荐采取化学除草地膜和黑色地膜全膜双垄沟播方式覆膜。     

作物冠层对喷灌水分分布影响的研究进展

喷灌水分到达冠层以后,经过冠层的截留和水分再分配过程,主要以两种方式到达地面,即穿过冠层直接落入土壤和通过叶片的集水,然后以茎秆为通道流入土壤.以不同方式进入土壤中的水量与作物的种类、冠层结构、种植密度,以及喷灌系统和喷灌时的农田小气候等因素有关.本文根据喷灌水分在农田的分布特点,把喷灌系统和作物结合起来,提出了喷灌有效灌水均匀系数的概念.该系数能综合反映灌溉水经过冠层再分配过程以后,田间水分的有效性.     

旱地玉米垄沟周年覆膜栽培增产效应研究

针对陇东旱作农业区年降水量少、季节分布不均,特别是玉米生产中干旱和苗期低温等问题,从改善旱地玉米生长环境和栽培条件、提高降水利用率入手,将小垄沟集水和覆膜增温保墒技术有机地结合在一起,进行了旱地玉米垄沟周年覆膜栽培新模式试验研究。结果使旱地玉米水热条件明显改善,增产效果显著,是陇东旱地玉米自然降水高效利用,实现高产稳产的最佳栽培方式。