垄膜沟播与平膜侧播对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为了探索我国西北半湿润易旱区合理覆膜种植方式,为该区作物生产及覆膜种植制度的建立提供参考,本研究以传统平作为对照,设两种覆膜方式:垄膜沟播(R)与平膜侧播(F).结果表明,与传统平作(CK)相比,垄沟宽均为40 cm(R40)和60 cm(R60)的沟播处理全生育期0-200 cm土壤平均含水量分别提高8.82％(P ＜0.05)和10.84％ (P＜ 0.01),膜宽为40 cm(F40)和60 cm(F60)的侧播处理提高4.40％和3.96％,沟播处理较侧播处理平均提高了5.42％(P＜0.05).不同覆膜方式处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均较传统平作(CK)显著增加,同宽度的沟播处理较对应的侧播处理提高幅度明显,但胞间CO2浓度显著低于传统平作(CK).不同覆膜方式处理的小麦经济产量和水分利用效率均较传统平作(CK)显著提高,平均提高幅度达21.52％和30.97％,同宽度沟播处理的生物产量、经济产量和作物水分利用效率显著(P＜0.05)高于对应的侧播处理.试验表明,在半湿润旱作区冬小麦垄膜沟播是一种高效栽培模式.     

Film-mulched continuous ridge-furrow planting improves soil temperature,nutrient content and enzymatic activity in a winter oilseed rape field,Northwest China

Film mulching system is a widely employed agricultural practice worldwide. However, the effects of different planting and mulching patterns on soil nutrient content and enzymatic activity have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the impact of four planting and mulching patterns(including control, flat planting without mulching; M1, flat planting with film mulching; M2, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on both ridges and furrows; and M3, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges) on the seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil organic carbon(SOC) content, soil nutrient content, and soil enzymatic activity over three growing seasons from 2012 to 2015 in a winter oilseed rape field in the semi-arid area of Northwest China. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, enzymatic activities, and contents of nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were all significantly higher in mulching treatments(M1, M2 and M3) than in control treatment over the three growing seasons, whereas SOC content was significantly lower in mulching treatments than in control treatment during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. Among the three mulching treatments(M1, M2 and M3), the M3 treatment showed consistently higher seed yield, SOC content, nutrient contents, and enzymatic activities than the other two treatments. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape was 41.1% and 15.0% higher in M3 than in M1 and M2, respectively. SOC content and soil enzymatic activities in the top 0–20 cm soil layers and nitrate-nitrogen content in the top 0–30 cm soil layers were all significantly higher in M3 than in M1 and M2. Therefore, we advise the ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges(i.e., M3) as an efficient planting and mulching pattern for sustainably improving the seed yield of winter oilseed rape and preserving soil fertility in the semi-arid area of Northwest China.     

半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响

为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决春旱问题,在西北半干旱地区设置了秋季地膜全覆盖(PA)和秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖(RH)两种覆膜方式,以裸地不覆盖(CK)为对照,对土壤水分、春玉米功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,不同秋覆膜方式显著增加了春玉米播前0~100 cm土壤储水量,2013年春旱严重,PA和RH处理分别提高了26.15%和13.40%;2014年春季有雨雪,两种覆膜方式分别提高了10.44%和11.20%。不同秋覆膜处理的春玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/F_0)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)较对照有不同程度提高,且2014年增幅高于2013年。2013年PA和RH处理的籽粒产量较CK分别提高了40.98%和25.83%,水分利用效率增加了29.70%和22.87%;2014年两个处理春玉米籽粒产量分别提高了74.60%和48.64%,水分利用效率增加了64.87%和47.08%。试验表明,不同秋覆膜方式在西北半干旱地区均可提高春玉米叶片的光合性能,并显著提高春玉米籽粒产量及水分利用效率,在偏旱的年份效果尤为明显,且秋季地膜全覆盖优于秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖,是西北半干旱区春玉米一种高效的栽培模式。     

不同种植方式对棉田土壤温度、棉花耗水 和生长的影响

通过2010-2011年大田试验,研究了平作、沟播和地膜覆盖(沟播+地膜覆盖)下棉花生长、水分消耗以及棉田地温变化情况.结果表明:地膜覆盖对棉花苗期和现蕾期地温日变化、最高温影响最大,通过提高土壤温度的最高值来影响土壤温度变化,开花结铃期以后种植方式对地温的影响不明显;不同种植方式对土壤水分也产生了一定影响,覆膜处理的土壤含水量高于其他2种处理,2010年覆膜和沟播处理比平作处理下的水分利用效率分别提高62.4％和25.3％,2011年为26.1％和10.3％;覆膜处理下的棉花净光合速率、生物量和籽棉产量都高于平作和沟播处理,而沟播与平作间的差异不明显;与平作相比,2010和2011年覆膜和沟播处理下的棉花水分利用效率分别提高了0.17、0.10 kg·m-3和0.10、0.03 kg·m-3.覆膜处理与沟播和平作处理相比,能够提高棉花生育前期的地温,有效地保持土壤水分,有利于棉花增产,最终提高了水分利用效率.     

黄土旱塬垄作覆膜栽培土壤水分及温度变化研究

黄土高原雨养农业区水分缺乏是制约农业生产的关键因子。本研究在黄土高原长武塬进行小区试验,通过垄作覆膜(RP)与平作不覆膜(FP)两种处理的对比研究,分析垄作覆膜下玉米生长时期土壤水分与温度的变化,以及降雨事件对于土壤水分的动态影响。结果表明,垄作覆膜在30~60 cm土层土壤水分显著高于平作不覆膜约8%,而平作不覆膜在深层(100~160 cm)土壤水分明显高于垄作覆膜,玉米生长季土体储水量变化垄作覆膜垄与沟在30~60 cm处均高出平作不覆膜20 mm,而在100~160 cm处垄作覆膜比平作不覆膜低25 mm。垄沟覆膜-垄(RPR)土壤表层10 cm处温度较垄沟覆膜-沟(RPF)与平作不覆膜分别高2.01℃和1.91℃。中雨情况下,垄作覆膜降雨土壤入渗深度可达30 cm,平作不覆膜下可以到10 cm,但强降雨事件中垄作覆膜土壤深层入渗受到抑制。降雨强度越大,土壤前期含水量越高,土壤水分峰值产生的时间越短;垄作覆膜由于土壤水分条件的改善使得土壤水分峰值出现时间较平作不覆膜早。垄作覆膜由于垄沟微地形改变使沟内具有集水效应,同时沟内集水对垄上水分存在侧向补充,但时间上存在滞后效应,滞后时间与降雨量和降雨前土壤含水量相关。垄作覆膜能够保水保墒,增加降雨入渗,抑制强降雨事件的深层入渗,抑制"自覆盖"现象的发生,从而对玉米生长具有重要的意义。     

垄沟覆盖种植对晚播夏玉米生长和产量的补偿效应

针对晚播对夏玉米生长发育造成的不利影响,采用垄覆膜沟不覆盖（LN）、垄覆膜沟覆秸秆（LJ）和垄沟全覆膜（LM）3种垄沟种植方式,以常规播期平作不覆盖（CK1）和晚播平作不覆盖（CK2）为对照,分析了不同垄沟种植方式对晚播夏玉米农田土壤水分、土壤温度及玉米生长和产量的影响,对比不同垄沟覆盖种植方式对晚播玉米生长的补偿效应。结果表明：垄沟种植显著提升了夏玉米0~25 cm土层土壤温度,促进了晚播夏玉米生长;生育期内多雨导致各处理0~200 cm土层土壤含水率一直在18%（75%田间持水率）或更高水平,覆膜对土壤水分的影响不明显;垄沟种植夏玉米整体生长状态在8月中下旬（抽雄~灌浆阶段）与CK1处理达到相同水平;地上部干物质量在成熟期达到或超过CK1处理水平;低温多雨导致晚播夏玉米生育期延长了8~9 d;垄沟种植处理倒伏率较低,最高值仅为3%,平作处理倒伏严重,CK1和CK2处理倒伏率分别达73.1%和20.1%;CK2处理全生育期各项生长及产量指标均较低,LJ处理前期生长状态差,后期贪长,最终相对CK1处理减产7.9%;LN处理产量9 783.8 kg·hm^-2,与CK1处理持平,LM处理达到最高产量11 101.7 kg·hm^-2,相对CK1处理增产12.2%。综合考虑土壤水热、夏玉米生长、产量等各方面因素,多雨条件下垄沟全覆膜方式对晚播玉米生长达到了最好的补偿效果。     

模拟降雨量下微集水种植对玉米光合速率及水分利用效率的影响

利用人工模拟降雨装置,设置平作和垄作两种种植方式,以平作为对照组,研究了玉米在垄沟集雨下光合特性和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明,在230 mm3、40 mm的降雨量下,沟垄集雨种植玉米的光合速率显著高于对照组,分别提高了41.1%和10.5%,在440 mm的降雨量下,两者的差异不显著;在3个雨量下,沟垄集雨种植玉米的叶片瞬时水分利用效率比对照组均有提高,分别提高了20.5%、18.9%和10.7%;沟垄集雨种植玉米和对照组的光合速率日变化均呈"单峰型"曲线,对照组水分利用效率在230 mm、340 mm降雨量下呈"单峰型"曲线,在440 mm降雨量下呈现逐渐下降的趋势,沟垄集雨种植的玉米水分利用效率均呈"单峰型"曲线。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分利用及春玉米产量的影响

为了探明半干旱区秸秆覆盖栽培中适宜的秸秆覆盖量,在宁南旱区进行了春玉米栽培试验。试验设1.35、0.9、0.45和0万kg/hm24个覆盖量处理,分析了不同覆盖量对土壤水分、玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,4年玉米生育期覆盖量从高到低0～200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别较CK(无覆盖)高15.47、10.79 mm和6.26 mm(P<0.05)。试验期间,2009年玉米生育期降雨量最低(为266.1 mm),各处理依次较CK增产13.10%、17.37%和5.40%(P<0.05);2010年玉米生育期降雨量最高(为433.6 mm),各处理依次较CK增产3.91%、7.58%(P<0.05)和1.70%。0.9～1.35万kg/hm2覆盖量增产效果明显,4年平均比CK增产14.23%～12.03%,水分利用效率提高了10.64%～8.87%。宁南旱区,0.9万kg/hm2秸秆覆盖量能更好地蓄水保墒,促进农田土壤水分良性循环,且对提高玉米产量和水分利用效率有显著效果。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区川地和梯田茄子光合特性比较

采用Li-6400便携式光合系统仪,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区川地和梯田茄子在覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培方式下的光合特性日变化进行了测定。结果表明:(1)茄子在川地与梯田不同栽培模式下光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化均表现为"双峰"曲线,都具有明显的"午休"现象;引起川地茄子产生光合"午休"现象的主要原因是气孔因素;引起梯田茄子产生光合"午休"现象的一个重要原因是非气孔因素;(2)梯田茄子在不同栽培方式下的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度日均值均显著高于川地茄子(P<0.01),而叶片水平水分利用效率日均值却显著低于川地茄子(P<0.01);(3)茄子在覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培方式下的光合特性日变化参数没有显著性差别(P>0.05)。     

不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对甘肃陇东旱作区年降水量少、季节分布不均,特别是玉米生产春旱严重等问题,以露地平播为对照(CK),研究了双垄面全膜覆盖沟播,双垄面半膜覆盖沟播,宽膜覆盖平播,窄膜覆盖平播,全地面覆盖平播,膜侧播种等6种覆膜种植方式对旱作玉米出苗率、干物质积累量、株高、叶面积指数、生育时期、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全膜双垄沟提高了玉米出苗率和出苗速度,提早成熟,整个生育期玉米株高、叶面积指数和干物质积累量始终大于其它处理,显著提高了产量和水分利用效率,是旱作区进一步挖掘降水潜力和高产田创建的有效途径。     

旧膜及秸秆覆盖对西北旱地马铃薯 产量及土壤水热的影响

为了探究旧膜二茬及秸秆带状覆盖条件下，马铃薯田的土壤水热特征及增产机制，设置旧膜直播(T1)、秸秆带状覆盖种植带不旋耕（T2）、秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕（T3）、新覆膜（T4）和露地平作（CK）5个处理进行田间试验。结果表明：各覆盖处理较CK提高产量14.24%~56.33%、商品薯率1.21%~22.60%及水分利用效率8.28%~55.39%（P<0.05）;产量与块茎形成期的单株薯干重正相关（r=0.744），覆盖处理在块茎形成期较CK提高单株薯干重118.0%~720.0%（P<0.05），以T4最高;覆盖处理对马铃薯水热特征有显著影响（P<0.05），T1、T2的降温效应显著小于T3，T3的蓄水保墒效应与T4差异不显著，但显著大于T1、T2及CK。可见，在本试验条件下，秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕的产量高于旧膜直播、略低于新覆膜，但蓄水保墒效应与新覆膜相近，同时秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕较其余覆盖处理具有较明显的降温增墒效应，有利于促进马铃薯块茎的形成及膨大。     

覆盖措施对夏玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

田间试验地表覆膜和覆草对夏玉米生长、物质分配和养分吸收利用的影响.结果表明:在夏玉米全生育期降雨量大(但玉米生育初期降雨量相对小)的年份,采用秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖措施能提高夏玉米各时期干物质累积量,具有显著的增产效果,氮肥利用率明显提高.氮携出量比常规对照增加,但叶片氮素残留量较大,覆盖措施对夏玉米干物质的分配和收获指数无显著影响.     

Mulching mode and planting density affect canopy interception loss of rainfall and water use efficiency of dryland maize on the Loess Plateau of China

High and efficient use of limited rainwater resources is of crucial importance for the crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the effects of different soil and crop management practices(i.e., mulching mode treatments: flat cultivation with non-mulching, flat cultivation with straw mulching, plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow and plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow; and planting density treatments: low planting density of 45,000 plants/hm~2, medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and high planting density of 90,000 plants/hm~2) on rainfall partitioning by dryland maize canopy, especially the resulted net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, we measured the gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow at different growth stages of dryland maize in 2015 and 2016 on the Loess Plateau of China. The canopy interception loss was estimated by the water balance method. Soil water storage, leaf area index, grain yield(as well as it components) and water use efficiency of dryland maize were measured or calculated. Results showed that the cumulative throughfall, cumulative stemflow and cumulative canopy interception loss during the whole growing season accounted for 42.3%–77.5%, 15.1%–36.3% and 7.4%–21.4% of the total gross rainfall under different treatments, respectively. Soil mulching could promote the growth and development of dryland maize and enhance the capability of stemflow production and canopy interception loss, thereby increasing the relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss and reducing the relative throughfall. The relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss generally increased with increasing planting density, while the relative throughfall decreased with increasing planting density. During the two experimental years, mulching mode had no significant influence on net rainfall due to the compensation between throughfall and stemflow, whereas planting density significantly affected net rainfall. The highest grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize were obtained under the combination of medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and mulching mode of plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow. Soil mulching can reduce soil evaporation and retain more soil water for dryland maize without reducing the net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, which may alleviate the contradiction between high soil water consumption and insufficient rainfall input of the soil. In conclusion, the application of medium planting density(67,500 plants/hm~2) under plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow is recommended for increasing dryland maize production on the Loess Plateau of China.     

垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响

采用大田试验,设置垄作覆膜(A1B1)、平作覆膜(A1B2)、垄作不覆膜(A2B1)、平作不覆膜(A2B2)4个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对川中丘区春玉米田土壤物理性状和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖显著提高了丘陵旱地玉米生育前期耕层土壤水分和温度;垄作栽培显著降低耕层土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度;垄作与覆膜措施相结合可有效改善土壤水热状况和物理结构。从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜显著提高玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重,降低秃尖长,产量较不覆膜处理平均增加20.2%。垄作对玉米穗部性状和产量的影响因覆膜与否而异。覆膜下,垄作较平作显著提高了穗粒数,降低了秃尖长,产量较平作增加7.7%;不覆膜下,垄作则显著降低穗粒数、百粒重,产量较平作降低12.6%。相关分析表明玉米产量与生育前期土壤温度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。垄作覆膜通过提高玉米生育前期土壤温度和含水量,改善了耕层土壤物理性状,最终提高了玉米产量。     

秋覆盖的保水效应及对春玉米生长的影响

设置高(9000 kg·hm^-2)、中(6000 kg·hm^-2)、低(3000 kg·hm^-2)3种不同量秸秆覆盖和平覆、垄覆2种不同方式的地膜覆盖,以全程不覆盖为对照,研究了秋季雨后覆盖(休闲期加生育期全程覆盖)对土壤水分及春玉米生长状况的影响。结果表明：在冬闲期,各覆盖处理(除秸秆覆盖3 000 kg·hm^-2处理)的土壤蓄水量分别较不覆盖处理(CK)增加了21.22 mm、20.49 mm、18.37mm和19.5mm,使玉米出苗较CK至少提前了3 d。在播种期~大喇叭口期(播后70 d),平覆地膜和垄覆地膜平均土壤蓄水量分别较对照增加15.57 mm和15.73 mm;秸秆覆盖6 000 kg·hm^-2和9 000 kg hm^-2处理平均土壤蓄水量分别较对照增加12.05 mm和12.03 mm。秸秆覆盖处理在玉米生长后期土壤蓄水量较对照增加不显著。秋覆盖处理均可促进春玉米个体的生长,地膜覆盖处理可以显著提高春玉米生长前期的单株干重、株高和叶面积,秸秆覆盖在生育后期较对照显著提高。平覆地膜、垄覆地膜两个处理的玉米籽粒产量和水分生产效率分别较对照增加14.6%、13.9%和11.0%、11.1%(P<0.05),秸秆覆盖处理增产均不显著。     

不同覆盖材料下土壤水温效应对玉米前期生长的影响

本研究旨在比较盆栽与大田试验条件下不同覆盖材料的土壤调温保湿效果,为选择农业环保型覆盖材料提供理论依据。2014和2015年分别设置盆栽试验和大田试验,覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、液体地膜(YM)、麻地膜(MM)及秸秆(JM)等4种材料,以不覆盖处理为对照(CK),分析了不同覆盖材料对土壤水温状况及玉米前期生长的影响。结果表明:麻地膜覆盖对玉米生育前期0~20 cm土层土壤的保水保墒效果最好,秸秆覆盖处理次之,麻地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖处理玉米出苗至大喇叭口期平均土壤贮水量分别较对照显著提高29.0%和26.6%。覆盖不同材料的调温作用:2014年盆栽试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为MMDMJMYMCK,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为MMJMCKDMYM;2015年大田试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为CKDMMMYMJM,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为CKDMMMJMYM。麻地膜覆盖处理促进了玉米前期的生长,比不覆盖处理提前10~11 d进入大喇叭口期,玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积及生物量分别较对照显著提高48.3%、27.5%、158.2%和63.5%。