关中平原小麦粉鲜面条制作适宜性研究

针对餐饮业连锁经营和向食品制造转化的背景下,食品生产企业对小麦品种质量特性、原料质量稳定性,特别是面条制作适宜性提出新的要求,对关中平原大面积种植的小麦品种籽粒质量性状进行分析,并通过训练的专业感官评价人员对以其为原料、由面点师实验室制作的鲜面条的烹饪特性进行评价,同时统计分析小麦籽粒性状、面粉理化特性和面条感官评价结果之间的关系。结果表明,关中平原小麦千粒重、容重和硬度较高,面粉湿面筋含量高,面团延展性能良好,优质强筋小麦品种的比例明显提高。面粉的黏度参数,特别是峰值黏度,对面条的感官评价总分,面条质量要素中的色泽、硬度和黏性有较大影响,是评价鲜面条专用粉的重要参考指标。面条感官评价总分与峰值黏度呈显著正相关,与籽粒硬度、破损淀粉含量和面粉吸水率呈显著或极显著负相关。小麦品种（面粉）百农207、F50、F20、中麦578、西农583和郑麦366适宜制作优质鲜面条。     

面条品质评价指标及评价方法的研究

为了全面科学地评价小麦品种的面条加工特性,测定了29个北方小麦品种的面粉品质和鲜湿面条的制作品质,采用相关分析和多元回归分析方法,分析了面粉品质指标与鲜面条加工品质之间的关系.结果表明,面条的蒸煮损失率、拉伸强度、拉断力、延伸率与面条综合得分间的相关系数分别为-0.429、0.944、0.796和0.398,相关性很强,可以用作面条品质的辅助评价指标,即辅助综合得分来评价面条品质;面团的形成时间、稳定时间及弱化度与面条的综合得分和蒸煮损失率均呈极显著相关,面粉中的总淀粉含量与面条的综合得分呈显著相关,并且面粉白度、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度、总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支直链淀粉比等12项指标都不同程度地进入了面条的上述5个品质评价指标的回归方程,进一步说明用这5个指标来综合评价面条品质是可取的.根据面条各品质指标的相关性推出各品质指标在面条综合评价中所占的权重,再将利用回归方程算出的5个面条品质评价指标的数据进行标准化处理以消除量纲的影响后,即可计算出某个小麦品种所生产面条的综合评价分数.本研究即通过这一方法从29个供试小麦品种中优选出了6个优质面条用小麦品种,它们分别是洛展1号、泰山23、温麦4号、太空6号、淮麦16、温麦8号.     

河北省主推中筋小麦品种面条加工适应性研究

为了解河北省主推中筋小麦品种的面条加工适应性、筛选优质面条小麦品种,对河北省19个主推中筋小麦品种的籽粒、面粉品质性状及面条加工品质特性进行了系统检测与分析。结果表明,河北省中筋小麦品种大部分品质性状的遗传多样性较为丰富;适宜制作面条加工的小麦品种有16个,占河北主推中筋小麦品种的84.21%,其中适宜制作优质面条的小麦品种有6个;面条感官总分与中筋小麦面粉的湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关,与拉伸长度呈显著正相关,与弱化度呈显著负相关,与面条质构参数(TPA)的粘聚性和回复性均呈极显著正相关,与面条TPA的弹性、胶着性、咀嚼度和拉伸距离均呈显著正相关;面条TPA指标参数可间接反映面条的感官品质。     

山西主栽小麦品种蒸煮食品加工性比较

为了解近年山西主栽小麦品种的品质性状及蒸煮面食制品加工适宜性、筛选优质面条和馒头小麦品种,以晋麦95号为对照,对山西省近五年21个主推小麦品种的籽粒、面粉品质性状及面条、馒头加工品质特性进行了系统检测与分析。结果表明,山西省近五年主推小麦品种多为中强筋品种,所占比例为 63.6%,大部分品质性状的遗传多样性较为丰富;适宜制作面条的小麦品种有15个,占所有品种的68.2％。21个主推小麦品种馒头综合评分平均为82.0分,变化范围77.0～88.5分;达到良好馒头标准（80～90分）的共有14个品种;晋麦92、晋麦47、运旱139-1、运旱805、济麦23、品育8012、运旱618、晋麦101的馒头感官评分均高于对照。面条、馒头感官评分与小麦面粉的形成时间、稳定时间呈极显著正相关( P<0.01 ),与弱化度呈显著负相关( P<0.05 ),与质构参数（TPA）的内聚性、胶黏性和咀嚼度均呈极显著正相关( P<0.01 )。山西近五年主推小麦品种有较好的蒸煮加工品质特性。     

小偃22小麦粉馒头加工技术研究

为了提高馒头的加工品质,满足中国馒头加工业的迫切要求,以小偃22小麦粉为材料,研究其馒头加工的加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、小麦胚芽、卵磷脂对馒头品质的影响.结果表明,加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、小麦胚芽、卵磷脂的添加量对馒头回复性、内聚性和咀嚼性影响显著或极显著.随加水量增加,馒头的内聚性和回复性先增后减,咀嚼性呈减小趋势;随和面时间与大豆蛋白添加量的增加,馒头内聚性和回复性均减小,咀嚼性均先减后增;随小麦胚芽添加量的增加,馒头的内聚性与回复性先减后增,咀嚼性先减后增;随卵磷脂添加量的增加,内聚性先增后减,咀嚼性先减后增,回复性减小.优质馒头制作的适宜加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、卵磷脂和小麦胚芽添加量分别为粉质吸水率的80%、4 min、2%、0.4%、8%.     

几个黑小麦品种(系)蛋白质品质特性及其与面条蒸煮品质的关系

为给黑小麦加工品质评价及相关加工企业的原料选择与质量控制提供参考依据,选用国内推广的10个黑小麦品种为原料,对其蛋白质品质、粉质参数、面条蒸煮品质及其关系进行了分析.结果表明,黑小麦的蛋白质含量、谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)、谷蛋白溶涨指数(SIG)及蛋白组分中的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均低于对照小偃6号;湿面筋含量、面筋指数、沉淀值及粉质参数均优于小偃6号.黑小麦的沉淀值、SIG值和GMP含量、评价值与面条蒸煮干物质失落率呈极显著或显著负相关,逐步回归分析表明,SIG值和GMP与面条蒸煮干物质失落率的关系最为密切,是黑小麦面条品质评价的有效预测指标.黑小麦76、黑宝石、黑小麦、ZL97(6)和贞选1号具有较好的面条加工适用性.     

高产优质面包用春小麦新品种甘春20号配麦特性研究

为了了解高产、优质、面包用春小麦新品种甘春 2 0号的配麦特性 ,为面粉加工企业通过配麦技术生产成本较低的专用面粉提供科学依据 ,将甘春 2 0号 (蛋白质和湿、干面筋含量依次为 12 .5 %、34.8%、11.8% ,属强筋小麦 )与宁春 18号 (蛋白质和湿、干面筋含量依次为 10 .9%、2 8.6 %、10 .5 % ,属中筋小麦 )和高台麦 (蛋白质和湿、干面筋含量依次为 9.3%、2 5 .2 %、8.7% ,属弱筋小麦 )的籽粒按不同比例 (重量比 )进行搭配后 ,测定蛋白质品质、面团流变学特性和面包、馒头、面条加工品质。结果表明 ,在甘春 2 0号中搭配 10 %～ 4 0 %的宁春 18号或 10 %的高台麦后 ,蛋白质和湿、干面筋含量仍然较高 ,依次在 11.8%、2 9.7%、10 .3%以上 ,并且仍具有较高的面包评分 (>87.2分 ) ,同时可显著改善宁春 18号和高台麦的面条品质 (搭配后的面条评分在 86 .7分以上 ,分别比宁春 18号和高台麦的面条评分高出 9.3和 2 0 .0分以上 ) ;在甘春 2 0号中搭配 10 %～ 30 %的宁春 18号 ,可显著改善甘春 2 0号和宁春 18号的馒头品质 (搭配后的馒头评分在 88.5分以上 ,分别比甘春 2 0号和宁春 18号的馒头评分高出 5 .2和 2 .7分以上 )。甘春 2 0号为面包、馒头、面条兼用型品种 ,宁春 18号是优质馒头小麦 ,而高台麦只能作为搭配     

拉面制作过程和产品感官评价方法的评估

为给拉面质量评价、拉面用粉标准的制定提供感官评价方法,采用走访询问、现场调查和网络交流等方式,收集拉面师傅对实验室制定的拉面制作过程感官评价方法的意见和建议;以餐饮市场常用小麦粉为样品原料,在兰州市和北京市分别开展消费者对拉面产品感官评价要素重视程度的问卷调查,分析、评估和确定了拉面制作过程和产品感官评价方法。88.89%的拉面师傅认为,所制定的拉面制作过程和感官评价方法可以概括拉面制作的整个过程,其对评价指标的重视程度依次为"和面难易程度及面团软硬程度""断条扣数及均匀性""跐面力度及黏手程度""醒发后面团色泽"="拉伸力大小";制定的拉面制作工艺可使大多数小麦粉满足加工工艺要求。消费者对产品感官评价要素的重视程度由高到低为弹性色泽硬度光滑性表观黏性;消费者完全可以区分出拉面用小麦粉的质量优劣。本研究制定的方法可用于拉面制作过程和产品感官质量的评价。在百分制评价体系中,拉面制作过程感官评价赋值分别为"和面难易程度及面团软硬程度"35分、"断条扣数及均匀性"20分、"跐面力度及黏手程度"15分、"醒发后面团色泽"15分、"拉伸力大小"15分;拉面产品消费者感官评价赋值分别为"弹性"30分、"硬度"20分、"色泽"20分、"表观性状"10分、"光滑性"10分、"黏性"5分、"食味"5分。     

面包面条兼用型强筋小麦主要品质性状分析与评价

为明确面包面条兼用型强筋小麦主要品质水平,对32份集聚Ax2^*/Bx7+By8或By9/Dx5+Dy10亚基和 wx-B1b基因的春小麦品种(系)进行面粉品质相关指标分析。结果表明,供试品种(系)面筋指数平均为94.4%,能量平均为122 cm²,延伸性平均为146 mm,最大拉伸阻力平均为654 EU;糊化温度平均为63.7℃,峰值粘度平均为1 125 BU,峰值温度平均为87.4℃,各品质指标表现优良。对近年审定的4个品种进行面制品评分发现,面包评分平均为84.3,面条评分平均为86.2,饺子皮评分平均为84.3,均属于优质面包面条兼用型品种。对品质指标进行相关性分析发现,面筋指数、拉伸参数等与淀粉糊化特性相关不显著,面筋质量与淀粉特性可实现同步改良。Ax2^*/Bx7+By8或By9/Dx5+Dy10/ wx-B1b可作为兼用型强筋小麦优质基因集聚类型之一,在品质改良中加以利用。本研究中,龙19-9859、龙19-9876、龙19-9878、龙18H2305、龙蒙麦9030、龙麦77、龙麦86及龙麦94为优异面包面条...     

油用亚麻品种比较试验及分析评价

以现代农业产业技术体系为平台,对不同省(区)14个油用亚麻品种进行品种比较试验,以当地品种坝亚7号为对照,筛选适宜当地种植的优良品种.通过分析评价,筛选出的陇亚10号、坝选三号、轮选2号、坝亚12号、晋亚9号、坝亚11号6个品种比对照增产13.46%～16.03%,适宜在当地不同生态区种植,可加速品种的更新换代;同时选出分枝数、单株果数、单株粒重、抗病性等性状较优异的品种定亚21号、轮选1号和宁亚17号,可作为育种资源.     

Effects of potato/wheat flours ratio on mixing properties of dough and quality of noodles

The effects of potato flour/wheat flour (PF/WF) ratio on the mixing properties of dough and the quality of noodles were investigated. Substitution of wheat flour with potato flour caused the increases in the water absorption and the protein weakening value (C1-C2) of formulated flours, as well as the decrease in the corresponding dough mixing parameters including dough development time (DDT), dough stable time (DST), initial mixing time (C2), maximum torque during heating (C3), minimum torque of hot paste (C4) and the amount of retrogradation (C5-C4), indicating that the addition of PF weakened dough strength but improved degradation resistance. The textural, cooking, sensory characteristics and microstructure of noodle samples were evaluated. The results indicate that adhesiveness, springiness, broken ratio and cooking lose increased progressively with increasing PF content while the score of sensory evaluation continued to decrease. However, hardness, cooking yield and optimum cooked time for the samples of PF content range from 10% to 20% showed a distinctive variation. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) confirmed changes in noodle microstructure as PF addition affected gluten network development. In general, noodles with PF content below 40% were acceptable.     

Effects of vacuum mixing and mixing time on the processing quality of noodle dough with high oat flour content

The effects of different mixing parameters (vacuum mixing and mixing time) on oat (70% oat flour) and wheat noodle dough were investigated on the basis of textural properties and gluten formation. The results showed that at a vacuum degree of −0.06 MPa and mixing time of 10 min, oat and wheat dough sheets exhibited the highest resistance to extension and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content, and had the most compact and uniform gluten network. Compared with wheat noodle dough, oat dough had lower resistance to extension, lower tightly bound water content, and higher GMP content. Microstructural examination showed that oat noodle dough had a more aggregated distribution of gluten protein compared with wheat noodle dough under the optimum mixing parameters. Furthermore, the poor binding ability of vital wheat gluten with water molecules caused the indexes of oat noodle dough to be more strongly affected by the changes in mixing parameters than wheat noodle dough.     

中麦175馒头和面条品质稳定性分析

为给优质小麦育种和生产提供参考依据,以优质小麦新品种中麦175于2010-2011年度在河北和北京14个地点的样品为材料,分析了磨粉品质、面粉和面片颜色、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性、馒头和面条加工品质。结果表明,中麦175为馒头和面条兼用型优质品种,特点是软质、中偏弱的面筋强度、面粉颜色白,多数品质性状较稳定,籽粒硬度、PPO活性、面片a*值、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力的变异系数较大,馒头加工品质地点间变异大于面条。磨粉品质和面团流变学参数对馒头加工品质有显著影响,籽粒硬度和出粉率对馒头表面颜色有显著负向影响,相关系数分别为-0.82(P<0.01)和-0.58(P<0.05);面粉L*值高,馒头加工品质好,二者相关系数为0.72(P<0.01);吸水率与馒头总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.84,P<0.01),稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力与馒头总分呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.85(P<0.01)、0.77(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.05)和0.70(P<0.01)。降低PPO活性和吸水率,提高蛋白质含量、出粉率和黄色素含量可以改善面粉和面片颜色的亮白度,增加部分黄度,形成消费者可接受的奶白色。淀粉糊化特性对馒头和面条加工品质无显著影响。上述信息对改良小麦品质的稳定性有重要意义。     

新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系

为了给优质面包、馒头、面条专用品种选育提供品质辅助选择指标,以30份新疆冬小麦品种(包括自育品种和引进品种)为材料,分析了新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系.回归分析结果表明,小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响;面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响.相关分析结果表明,千粒重、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、红度和黄度与面包总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.460、0.516、0.537、0.719、0.707、0.534和-0.403;籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白含量和湿面筋含量与馒头总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.397、-0.458和-0.552,面团延展度、稀懈值与面条总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.438和0.432.从以上结果可以看出,面包与面团流变学特性,馒头与蛋白质和面筋数量,面条与面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的关系更为密切,这些品质性状可以作为新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头、面条加工品质改良时的辅助选择指标.     

The Rate-Independence of the Mixing of Wheat Flour Dough to Peak Dough Development

When examining quantitatively the material properties of wheat flour dough, the need arises to model the mixing of the dough in terms of some constitutive relationship which simulates the changing rheology of the dough during the mixing. In formulating a mathematical model of the mixing one key issue is the extent to which the mixing of the dough displays, at least with respect to certain mixers, rate-independent characteristics. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that, at least to first order, the evolving rheology, resulting from the mixing of a wheat flour dough in a Mixograph^TM, (but not necessarily in some other recording or commercial mixers), has a clear rate-independent character. When mixed on a variable speed 35 gm Mixograph^TM, flour water dough of constant moisture content, prepared from seven flours of widely differing protein contents, showed statistically significant differences in the number of mixer revolutions required to reach peak dough development and in their resistance at peak dough development. For each of the flours, the number of revolutions was essentially constant at the five different speeds examined, whereas the resistance increased gradually (and steadily) as the mixer speed increased.     

超绿活性茶粉对不同筋度小麦粉面团流变学特性的影响

将超绿活性茶粉(Ultra-green Active Tea Powder,UGA-TP)添加到低筋粉、中筋粉、高筋粉中,加水形成小麦粉面团,利用粉质仪、拉伸仪测定含超绿活性茶粉的不同筋度小麦粉面团流变学特性。研究结果表明:超绿活性茶粉的添加可以提高小麦粉面团吸水率、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间,含茶低筋粉和中筋粉面团与空白面团样品相比,在醒发时间45、90、135 min时,拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、拉伸比例显著增加,延伸度显著下降;其中超绿活性茶粉对低筋粉的影响最大,主要表现为添加超绿活性茶粉后,低筋粉面团吸水率显著增大2.9%,面团形成时间显著增加8.7 min,面团稳定时间显著增加19.2 min;以醒发45 min为例,拉伸曲线面积从76 cm2显著增大到134 cm2,拉伸阻力从300 BU显著增大到645 BU,拉伸比例从2.1显著增大到4.9,延伸度从142显著下降到131。综合得出超绿活性茶粉的添加对不同筋度小麦粉的加工性能均有改善效果,其中对低筋小麦粉改善的效果最大。     

A rapid extensigraph protocol for measuring dough viscoelasticity and mixing requirement

The extensigraph is particularly useful in characterizing dough viscoelastic properties; however, testing throughput for standard method is low due to the prerequisite for farinograph water absorption, long dough resting and milling to prepare large amounts of flour. Therefore, a rapid extensigraph method was developed that reduced sample size (165 g wheat) for milling and more than tripled throughput. Wheat is milled in Quadrumat Junior mill with a modified sieving system. The resulting flour (100 g) was mixed with a pin mixer at constant water absorption to allow the evaluation of wheat genotypes at the absorption level they are expected to perform. Dough was subsequently stretched by an extensigraph after 15 min of floor time and 30 min resting. Strong correlations for extensigram R_max (r > 0.93), extensibility (r > 0.64) and area (r > 0.88) were found for the proposed method compared to the standard method. Mixing parameters (time and energy) obtained during dough preparation provided further information about dough strength and mixing requirement. By significantly reducing sample size requirement and increasing testing throughput, this rapid extensigraph method can be widely adopted in milling and baking industry and meets the need for a fast evaluation of dough strength in breeding trials.     

Mixing behaviour of a zero-developed dough compared to a flour–water mixture

The Z-blade mixing behaviour of zero-developed (ZD) doughs from the flours of two wheat cultivars of different gluten strength was compared to that of conventionally mixed dough made from the same flours. In farinograph experiments, use of ZD dough led to shorter development time (with less energy requirement), less stability time, and consequently earlier breakdown compared to conventional mixing of the corresponding flour–water mixture. Mixing of ZD doughs led to an almost similar decrease of glutenin macro-polymer (GMP) wet weight as that of doughs prepared from flour–water mixtures. However, comparison of wet weight of re-assembled GMP revealed that until time-to-peak (TTP) mixing, there was no difference in GMP recovery with respect to the starting material used in the z-blade mixing experiments. Beyond TTP, recovery of GMP in doughs prepared from both starting materials was reduced. The results of large-strain deformation rheology showed strong visco-elastic behaviour as characterised by the highest values of fracture properties (except ε_H), followed by a decline in those properties upon further mixing for doughs mixed from both flour–water mixture and ZD dough from both types of wheat cultivars. It was concluded that at mixing regimes before TTP, there was no difference between ZD doughs and flour–water mixtures in the mixer. When ZD dough is used as a starting material for dough preparation instead of flour, extra care should be taken not to over-mix the developing dough.