不同类群九孔鲍免疫防御机能的比较

对不同类群的九孔鲍细胞与体液免疫机能进行比较,结果表明,不同类群的九孔鲍免疫机能具有显著的差异性,复壮鲍(养殖10个月,个体大小为51.8～59.2mm)细胞与体液免疫机能都明显高于退化鲍(养殖20个月,个体大小为37.4～43.1mm)(P<0.01),与野生九孔鲍(个体大小为67.7～76.7mm)相比,复壮鲍细胞免疫机能略高于野生鲍,体液免疫机能则明显低于野生鲍。九孔鲍血细胞在吞噬活动中具有呼吸爆发产生活性氧的功能与特点,活性氧的产生与九孔鲍自身生理、环境温度以及异物数量等因素有显著的相关性(P<0.01)。环境温度由25℃下降至18℃,九孔鲍的细胞与体液免疫机能都有明显的下降。退化鲍在25℃和18℃条件下血淋巴液的抗菌活力水平差异性不明显。酚氧化酶存在于九孔鲍血淋巴液中,但其活性水平不高,在各类九孔鲍之间的差异性也不明显,不能确认为九孔鲍的主要体液免疫因子。     

杂色鲍与九孔鲍种质资源研究进展

杂色鲍和九孔鲍是我国南方鲍养殖业的主要对象,九孔鲍与杂色鲍的分类关系,学术界一直存在着不同看法。文章综述了我国杂色鲍和九孔鲍在形态学、染色体核型、生化遗传学及分子遗传学方面种质研究的主要进展,得出二者间差异属于种群差异,台湾的九孔鲍和大陆的杂色鲍的种质差异达不到亚种水平的结论。提出了自己的观点,并提出了合理引种及保护原种的建议。     

九孔鲍胚胎发育过程及工厂化育苗技术

九孔鲍（Haliotisdiversicolorsupertexta）是杂色鲍（H．diversicolor）的一个亚种,1993年从台湾“亚农中心”引入福建省,杂色鲍在福建省沿海有分布。目前我国人工养鲍北方主要是在大连、青岛一带以养皱纹盘鲍（Hdiscushannai）和日本黑鲍（Hdiscus）为主,东南沿海以养九孔鲍为主。本文介绍了一套行之有效、方法简便、生产上易于采用的九孔鲍工厂化育苗简易方法,以便在生产中推广应用。一、育苗基本东件鲍鱼养殖对水质要求较高,因此,九孔鲍育苗养殖场地的选择要特别注意,九孔鲍属我国南方鲍种,对温度要求较高,一般冬季水温不应…     

杂色鲍与九孔鲍消化酶活力的比较

对人工养殖的、不同体长的杂色鲍与九孔鲍消化酶活力大小进行了研究。酶学分析表明，无论是杂色鲍还是九孔鲍，其纤维素酶随着鲍的体长的增大活性逐渐增强；淀粉酶随着其体长的增大活性逐渐减弱；脂肪酶活性均很小；九孔鲍的纤维素酶活力和淀粉酶活力均大于相同体长的杂色鲍。     

九孔鲍人工育苗关键技术

九孔鲍属软体动物门，前鳃亚纲，鲍科，鲍属。九孔鲍已是我国南方海域、台湾省以及东南沿海鲍科中最重要的养殖种类。近几年随着南方地区的养殖规模和消费群体的不断扩大，九孔鲍市场需求量逐年增加，推进了人工育苗规模的不断拓展。但是由于受到海水水质及病害的影响，九孔鲍在南方育苗的成活率越来越低，而在北方育苗成活率却逐步提高，所以逐渐形成了一股南鲍北育的热潮。为此，我们于2004～2006年在北方进行了九孔鲍的生产开发和科技研究。现将九孔鲍人工育苗的关键技术及经验总结如下。     

盐度对九孔鲍胚胎发育的影响

本文采用单因素试验方法研究了盐度对九孔鲍胚胎发育的影响.结果表明九孔鲍胚胎发育的最低和最高临界盐度分别是20和38,适宜盐度范围为26～36,最适盐度范围为30～32.实验说明,在适宜盐度范围内,盐度对九孔鲍胚胎发育的影响是十分显著的.     

九孔鲍新品系筏式养殖技术

正九孔鲍(H.diversicolor aquatilis)俗称鲍鱼、九孔螺,为优质食用贝类。我国养殖九孔鲍一直缺乏良种,遗传漂变及多代的近亲繁殖导致我国现有九孔鲍养殖群体的种质衰退,这严重影响了我国南方鲍鱼养殖产业的发展。针对以上问题,课题组以生长速度与成活率为选育指标,进行九孔鲍的多性状复合育种,历时6年经过5代选育,培育出生长速度快、养殖成活率高、经济性状遗     

九孔鲍性腺发育过程中消化酶活力的变化

用酶学方法研究了性腺发育过程中九孔鲍肝胰腺和消化道中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力的变化。试验结果表明,雌、雄九孔鲍各消化酶活力均随着性腺发育呈先升后降的变化趋势。在性腺发育早期和晚期酶活力较低,在性腺发育中期酶活力显著升高,且均在成熟前期达到最高值。九孔鲍繁殖期各消化酶的活力分布存在器官特异性和性别差异,九孔鲍的淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力在各性腺发育期均表现为肝胰腺消化道,雌鲍雄鲍。同种消化器官内各消化酶的活力也存在差异,雌、雄九孔鲍繁殖期肝胰腺和消化道内各消化酶的最大活力均为:纤维素酶淀粉酶蛋白酶。     

九孔鲍繁殖期性腺的组织学观察

通过采集不同性腺成熟阶段的九孔鲍,运用性腺外部形态观察,判断性腺发育的成熟度;通过性腺组织细胞切片的显微观察,发现九孔鲍性腺发育的不同步性,同一九孔鲍个体的性腺,靠近角状部的比较早成熟,后端的比较迟成熟;结合性腺外部形态和性腺组织细胞切片,分析外观形态与性腺细胞成熟之间的关系.本文并探讨了亲鲍性腺成熟度与催产、保证卵质和提高鲍的育苗效果等问题.     

引起九孔鲍大量死亡的一种球状病毒

对１９９９年初春福建省东山县工厂化养殖九孔鲍中发生的流行性死亡,开展了九孔鲍的病理学研究,电镜下发现病鲍的肝脏细胞质中有大量具被膜２０面体、大小约为１００ｎｍ的病毒粒子。通过感染实验,推断该病毒是造成此次九孔鲍大量死亡的病原体;由于肝脏细胞的大量病变和坏死引起九孢鲍的大量死亡。该病毒的种类和分类有待进一步研究。     

Effect of dietary substitution of sea tangle (ST), Laminaria japonica with rice bran (RB) on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus)

Dietary substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with rice bran (RB) on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) was determined. Juvenile abalone was acclimated to the experimental conditions for 4 weeks. Seventy juvenile abalone averaging 0.43 g were randomly distributed into each of the 18, 70 L plastic rectangular containers. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at a satiation level with a little leftover. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. Survival of abalone was not affected by dietary substitution of ST with RB. However, weight gain of abalone fed the RB40 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the all other diets except for the RB0 diet. No significant difference in weight gain was found in abalone fed between the RB0 and RB100 diets. SGR of abalone fed the RB40 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the all other diets. Also SGR of abalone fed the RB0 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the RB100 diet, but not different from that of abalone fed the RB20, RB60 and RB80 diets. Moisture, crude protein and ash content of the soft body of abalone were affected by dietary substitution of ST with RB. In conclusion, the 100% ST could be substituted with RB without a retardation of weight gain of abalone when the 20% ST was included into the experimental diet. However, the best growth performance was obtained in abalone fed the RB40 diet substituting 40% ST with RB.     

Feasibility of Offshore Co‐culture of Abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,and Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,in a Temperate Zone

Feasibility of offshore co‐culture of abalone and sea cucumber was investigated in Northern China. Survival and growth of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, and sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, co‐cultured in abalone cages from suspended longlines, in the offshore area, were examined. Abalone and sea cucumbers were co‐cultured at density ratios of both 3:1 and 6:1 for 1 yr. Abalone were fed with fresh kelp and no additional feed was given to sea cucumbers. Survival of abalone and sea cucumber was 100% for all treatments. Abalone and sea cucumber grew well; the body weight (BW) of abalone and sea cucumber was nearly doubled and had reached a commercial size. There were no significant differences in the growth rates for both abalone and sea cucumber between the two density treatments. The specific growth rate of BW of abalone (SGRbw) was highest in June, with a value of 0.536%/d. Growth rate of sea cucumber (SGRsc) was highest in December, reached 1.84%/d, with an annual average SGRsc of 0.182%/d. Results suggested that the offshore co‐culture of abalone and sea cucumber was feasible offshore. The co‐culture of abalone with sea cucumbers may provide an additional valuable crop without additional financial input.     

Effect of proline‐enriched abalone feed on selected metabolite levels of slow‐growing adult Haliotis midae

Abalone is currently considered South Africa's most successfully produced aquaculture export product, with a 76% share of the total value generated by the aquaculture sector. A major risk factor for this sector is slow growth rates experienced during farming. Abalone feeds are often supplemented with amino acids in an attempt to enhance abalone growth. This is a first investigation of the effect of added proline to standard abalone feed, on the metabolite profile of slow‐growing abalone. A targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics research approach was followed to recognise the metabolic response of abalone showing slower growth performance. The addition of proline to the standard abalone diet was found to serve as a substrate for amino acid catabolism in slower growing abalone, by means of proline breakdown to assist with energy production via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Other amino acids and urea cycle intermediates, that is, arginine, asparagine, ornithine and creatine further support energy production via the action of protein catabolism in slow‐growing abalone. Additionally, the importance of understanding how abalone respond metabolically to modified feed highlights the use of metabolomics to answer abalone aquaculture farming questions.     

Effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry microalgae,Nannochloropsis oceanica (NO) biomass residue and casein on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus)

The effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry Nannochloropsis oceanica (NO) biomass residue and casein on growth performance and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand two hundred and sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into the 18 L plastic rectangular containers. Five experimental diets in triplicate were prepared. The 28% fishmeal was included into the control (Con) diet. The 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% fishmeal were substituted with the combination of graded levels of dry NO biomass residue and casein, referred to as the NO25, NO50, NO75 and NO100 diets respectively. Finally, the salted sea tangle (ST), Laminaria japonica was prepared to compare the effect of the experimental diets on performance of abalone. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine tended to increase with dietary substitution of fishmeal with NO biomass residue in the experimental diets. Arginine tended to decrease with dietary substitution of fishmeal with NO biomass residue. Survival of abalone fed the experimental diets was higher than that of abalone fed the ST diet for 16 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the NO100 diet were higher than those of abalone fed the all other diets. Weight gain and SGR of abalone linearly increased with dietary substation of fishmeal with NO. Shell length of abalone tended to increase with dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry NO biomass residue and casein. The chemical composition of the soft body of abalone was different among treatments except for moisture content. In conclusion, fishmeal in the diets for abalone could be completely replaced with the combined dry NO biomass residue and casein when the 28% fishmeal was included.     

Molecular cloning,expression and functional analysis of a predicted HdiQM gene in small abalone,Haliotis diversicolor

The small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) is a mollusc and was cultured in south of china. Problems such as the decreasing pathogen‐resistance and their mass mortality during the summer. The increased immunity of small abalone populations is a key factor in resolving these problems. Thus, the study of immunity‐related genes in small abalone has become important. In this study, three bacterial species were initially isolated from small abalone carcasses. The regression of infection was analysed, which revealed that the bacteria species could cause rapid morbidity in small abalone. A QM‐like gene (HdiQM) was found and bacterial challenge tests showed that HdiQM gene expression was induced by the bacterial isolates from small abalone carcasses. Therefore, our results implied that HdiQM was found to be an inflammatory stress‐inducible gene associated with pathogen infection, with important functions in small abalone immunity.     

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) (Laminaria japonica) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) (Halocynthia roretzi) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand four hundred and seventy abalones were distributed into 21 containers. Six formulated diets in triplicate were prepared. A 200 g/kg ST was included into the ST0 diet. The 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg of ST were substituted with the same amount of tunic of SS, referred to as the ST200, ST400, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets, respectively. Finally, Undaria was prepared to compare effect of the formulated diets on performance of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks. Weight gain of abalone fed the ST400 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the ST0, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets and Undaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria. The chemical composition of the carcass of abalone was affected by dietary substitution of ST with tunic of SS. In conclusion, ST could be completely substituted with tunic of SS without retardation in performance of abalone. Abalone fed the ST400 diet substituting 400 g/kg ST with tunic of SS achieved the best growth.     

Growth and feeding in juvenile triploid and diploid blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814), at two temperatures

Growth and feeding of juvenile triploid and diploid blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814) were investigated at two temperatures of 17 and 21 °C over a 50‐day period. There were no differences in growth between triploid and diploid abalone as measured by shell length and body weight. Both triploid and diploid abalone increased in length but not in weight at 21 °C. Condition indices were similar for triploid abalone maintained at both temperatures; however, those for diploid abalone were significantly higher at 17 °C than at 21 °C. Food intake was significantly greater yet feed conversion efficiency was significantly lower in triploid than in diploid abalone. Both the feeding variables were independent of temperature. On average, diploid abalone were able to convert 1 g of dry food ingested to 0.58 g of body weight, but triploid abalone only 0.44 g.     

莆田市鲍增养殖现状、问题与发展对策

莆田市1993年开展鲍工厂化育苗与养殖工作，养殖规模达到50万粒，年育苗种100万粒，由于工厂化养殖投资高，养殖周期长，生产单位出现亏损，鲍养殖生产随后滑坡。1998年在南日岛开展皱纹盘鲍海区筏式吊养技术，取得了83．53％高的成活率，从而又推动鲍养殖的发展。但从2000年至今，鲍养殖过程中出现大量死亡现象，有的成活率仅为25％，给养殖者带来严重的损失。作者对死亡的原因进行分析，并对今后的发展提出了一些设想。     

Effects of Feed Type and Temperature on Growth of Juvenile Abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino

Effects of feed type and temperature on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, were determined. A 2 (feed types: formulated diet and dry sea tangle) × 3 (temperature conditions: 20, 23 and 26 C) factorial design with triplicate was used. Seventy juvenile abalone averaging 4.7 g were randomly distributed into each of 18, 50‐L plastic rectangular containers. Six containers were placed into each temperature condition of three 1.3 ton concrete flow‐through raceway systems. Abalone were daily fed with either the formulated diet or dry sea tangle once a day to satiation level. Survival was affected by feed type, but not by temperature. Weight gain of abalone was affected by both feed type and temperature. Regardless of temperature, weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diet was better than that of abalone fed the dry sea tangle. Shell length and width were affected by feed type, but not by temperature. In conclusion, weight gain of abalone was affected by both feed type and temperature, but feed type had a stronger effect than temperature. The formulated diet achieved better growth of abalone than the dry sea tangle regardless of temperature and 20 C seemed to be recommendable for abalone among temperature tested.     

Ability of salmon growth hormone to accelerate somatic growth of juvenil abalone Haliotis discus hannai

ABSTRACT:   The ability of salmon growth hormone (sGH) to accelerate the somatic growth of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai by immersion was examined. After immersion for one hour into a sGH-rich solution at a concentration of 30 mg/L, the sGH immunoreactivity in the body fluid of abalone was maximal after one day, and levels were still detectable at two days. No immunoreactivity was observed in the control group. Following immersion for one hour at one or two-week intervals for 120 weeks into the sGH-rich solution at 30 mg/L, the sGH-immersed abalone exhibited a significant increase in shell length and body weight. On the other hand, abalone immersed into a salmon prolactin (sPRL)-rich solution at 30 mg/L for one hour showed a lower increase in both shell length and body weight than the sGH-immersed abalone. No increases in shell length and body weight were observed in either the bovine serum albumin-immersed abalone or untreated controls. These results provide evidence that sGH can be transported from ambient water into the circulatory system of abalone, and can subsequently improve the somatic growth of juveniles.