不同鳊鲂鱼类群体微卫星DNA指纹图谱的构建和遗传结构分析

为对不同鳊鲂鱼类进行群体鉴定和遗传多样性分析,从60对微卫星标记中筛选出18对多态性高的引物,构建了6个鳊鲂鱼类群体的微卫星DNA指纹图谱。结果显示,东江三角鲂、钱塘江三角鲂、厚颌鲂、广东鲂、团头鲂和长春鳊6群体的平均等位基因数(N a)分别为5.17、6.11、3.50、6.56、5.22、5.22,平均期望杂合度(H e)分别为0.634 2、0.720 4、0.546 2、0.681 2、0.675 2、0.559 7,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.575 6、0.666 9、0.472 0、0.630 6、0.606 4、0.517 0,表明钱塘江三角鲂的遗传多样性最高,厚颌鲂的遗传多样性最低;聚类分析表明,钱塘江三角鲂和团头鲂首先聚为一支,遗传距离较近,为0.560 6;厚颌鲂与长春鳊的遗传距离最远,为1.759 2。引物Mam03和EST37产生的特异条带可将鲂属和鳊属鱼类区分,鉴定出鳊属鱼类长春鳊;引物TTF3、EST37、TTF2/TTF10、EST66依次组合可区分出鲂属东江三角鲂、厚颌鲂和广东鲂这3个群体。研究结果为我国鳊鲂鱼类种质资源保存、种群鉴定和良种选育奠定了基础。     

不同地理群体乌鳢线粒体DNA控制区结构分析及遗传多样性

为研究乌鳢群体的遗传多样性和控制区结构,实验采用PCR和DNA测序技术对其线粒体DNA控制区序列进行比较。结果显示,用于分析的线粒体DNA控制区全长序列为905~908 bp。104个序列中共发现了37个多态位点,定义了27种单倍型。同时对控制区结构进行分析,识别了其终止序列区(ETAS)、中央保守区(CD)和保守序列区(CSB)的关键序列。3个地理群体的单倍型多样性(Hd)、核苷酸多样性(Pi)和平均核苷酸差异数(k)分别为0.875、0.003 27和2.939。群体间的平均Kimura双参数遗传距离(Kimura 2-parameter distance,K 2-P)、遗传分化指数(Fst)、基因交流值(Nm)和分子方差分析(AMOVA)均表明,3个乌鳢群体具有较高的遗传分化,白洋淀群体和平原县群体间存在一定的基因交流。     

不同地理种群瓦氏马尾藻ITS序列特征及其系统进化分析

为研究不同地理种群瓦氏马尾藻ITS的序列变异,实验采用PCR扩增和序列测定方法,获得了3个不同地理种群15株瓦氏马尾藻的ITS全长序列,并进行序列分析。结果显示,15个个体共出现4种不同的ITS序列,它们相应的ITS1、5.8S、ITS2长度相同,均为762、158和507 bp,共有3个位点发生碱基变异。结合从GenBank中下载的马尾藻科3个属24种马尾藻的ITS序列,以羊栖菜属的羊栖菜,喇叭藻属的拟小叶喇叭藻和下延喇叭藻作为3个外群,采用邻位相连法构建分子系统进化树,结果显示,瓦氏马尾藻的ITS序列优先聚在一起然后以较高的置信度与南海马尾藻和球囊马尾藻聚为一支,在系统发生上显示出更近的亲缘关系。在选取的马尾藻中瓦氏马尾藻与南海马尾藻遗传距离最近为0.004,与拟小叶喇叭藻遗传距离最远为0.422。     

Genetic variability of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) in China based on microsatellites

The genetic diversity of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) from northern China was analysed using seven microsatellite markers. The microsatellite loci were polymorphic for all the populations, with an average of 8.7 alleles per locus (range 8.0–9.4). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.547 (range 0.500–0.596) and 0.774 (range 0.754–0.787) respectively. The allelic diversity in terms of number of alleles per locus was considerably lower than that previously found in wild populations (range 21.8–23.0), indicating that bottleneck effects occurred when each population was founded. Significant genetic differentiation among the five cultured populations was shown using F_st and R_st values, and pairwise comparison based on allelic distribution. A neighbour‐joining analysis of the genetic distance did not show a consistent relationship between the geographic and the genetic distances, suggesting the existence of exchanges of breeds and eggs between the hatcheries. The results obtained in this study are useful for a number of areas of interest for fisheries management and the aquaculture industry, especially with regard to breeding programmes.     

基于微卫星标记的地理群体仿刺参遗传结构判别分析模型的建立

通过主成因判别分析法(discriminant analysis of principal component,DAPC)建立仿刺参个体水平地理亚群体来源的判别模型。实验运用了20个微卫星引物,对俄罗斯海参崴(RS)和中国大连两个亚群(CN1、CN2)3个仿刺参地理群体进行了产物扩增和标记分型,获得3个地理群体分子标记表型数据。开创性地运用主成因分析和判别分析法建立判别模型,以研究不同群体仿刺参个体水平上遗传背景及其群体来源。结果显示,运用20对微卫星引物在仿刺参不同地理群体中稳定扩增的136个等位基因位点数据建立的判别模型可以准确判别刺参个体的群体来源。用75%的原有数据集建立模型,剩余的25%数据对模型的准确度进行验证,3个群体时模型准确率大于80%,2个群体时模型准确性超过90%。传统的遗传多样性和遗传结构分析显示,刺参的3个地理群体间存在中度的遗传分化,且遗传距离较近(D1=0.18,D2=0.159)。传统分析方法和新方法结果良好的一致性表明,利用DAPC和微卫星等位基因信息建立的刺参地理群体判别模型,可以很好地用于未知遗传背景刺参种质的来源鉴别。     

Genetic population structure of the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis and the yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares in the North Pacific Ocean

The genetic population structure of the Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) Thunnus orientalis and the yellowfin tuna (YFT) T. albacares in the North Pacific Ocean was investigated. The polymorphism of microsatellite (SSR) loci and sequences of mitochondrial DNA control region (mtCR) were analyzed for 71 samples of PBF from Japan and Mexico and 45 samples of YFT from Japan and Panama. In the SSR analyses, both single-locus (?0.010 to 0.008 in PBF and ?0.023 to 0.020 in YFT) and global multilocus (0.003 in PBF and ?0.002 in YFT) F _ST values among the geographic populations were low and not significant in these species. In the mtCR analyses, neither the neighbor-joining tree nor the minimum spanning network showed genetic differentiation among the geographic populations in each species. The pairwise F _ST values among the geographic populations of them (?0.005 in PBF and ?0.020 to ?0.014 in YFT) were low and not significant. Our SSR and mtCR data suggested that genetic differentiations were not evident among the eastern and western populations in the North Pacific Ocean either in PBF or in YFT. Mismatch distributions, demographic parameters, and neutrality tests suggested that sudden population expansion of PBF and YFT in the North Pacific Ocean occurred 628,000–731,000 and 450,000–525,000 years ago, respectively.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of the veined rapa whelk <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rapana venosa</Emphasis> along the coast of China based on microsatellites

Knowledge of the genetic diversity and population structure of marine species across their distribution range is essential for the formulation of effective management and conservation strategies. The veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa is a commercially important fisheries resource in East Asia. To provide basic information for fisheries management and artificial breeding, research on the genetic diversity and population structure of R. venosa across the species’ range in China was carried out using 11 microsatellite loci. All of the 11 populations showed high levels of genetic diversity. Shallow, but significant genetic divergences were detected among these populations, suggesting two geographic subdivision groups of R. venosa along the Chinese coast, with nine populations in northern China forming one group and the other two populations (Rizhao and Zhoushan) forming another. A significant isolation by distance pattern was observed in this species (r = 0.412, P = 0.012), indicating that isolation by geographic distance may play an important role in population differentiation. These results could provide valuable genetic information for the fishery management of R. venosa.     

Population genetics of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea: fisheries management implications

Population genetics has been recognized as a key component of policy development for fisheries and conservation management and aquaculture development. This study aims to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of native cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea, establishing the existing population distributions and contributing information to aid in the development of policy, prior to extensive aquaculture development. Microsatellite analysis of natural cobia populations in these two ocean basins shows similar levels of gene diversity at 0.844 and 0.837, respectively. All populations and almost all microsatellite loci studied show significant heterozygote deficiency. Genetic differentiation between local populations is low and mostly not significant (R _ST = ?0.0109 to 0.0066). The population shows no marked structure over the long geographic barrier of the Thai–Malay peninsula, either when analyzed using pairwise genetic differences or evaluated without predefined populations using STRUCTURE. Additionally, a Mantel test shows no evidence of isolation by distance between the population samples. The significant heterozygote deficiency at most of the loci studied could be explained by the possibility of null alleles. Alternatively, given the behavior of forming small spawning aggregations, seasonal migration, and hitchhiking on large marine animals, the population genetics could be complex. The population of cobia at each location in Thai waters may be inbred, as a result of breeding between relatives, which would reduce heterozygosity relative to Hardy–Weinberg frequencies, while some of these populations could be making long distance migrations followed by admixture between resident and transient groups. This migration would cause population homogeneity in allele frequencies on a larger geographic scale. The results suggest that fisheries management for this species should be considered at both national and international levels, and until the possibility of local adaptation is fully investigated, policy development should apply the precautionary principle to ensure the preservation of genetic diversity and the sustainability of local and regional fisheries.     

棘头梅童鱼七个野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

为研究中国沿海地区棘头梅童鱼群体的遗传多样性,利用微卫星标记技术,采用9对微卫星引物对中国连云港(LYG)、大丰(DF)、崇明(CM)、舟山(ZS)、温州(WZ)、宁德(ND)、厦门(XM)棘头梅童鱼7个野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,实验检测到63个等位基因,各位点等位基因数为3~13个,有效等位基因数为1.7510~8.0317;各位点的观测杂合度(Ho)为0.3596~0.7854,期望杂合度(He)为0.4300~0.8780;多态信息含量(PIC)为0.3604~0.8631,其中有2个位点表现为中度多态(0.25PIC0.5),7个位点表现为高度多态(PIC0.5),具有较丰富的遗传多样性水平。Hardy-Weinber平衡分析显示,7个群体的大部分位点未偏离平衡。基于群体间Nei氏标准遗传距离构建的7个野生群体UPGMA系统进化树结果显示,ND和WZ群体遗传关系最近,ZS和WZ群体遗传关系最远,WZ和ND聚为一支,但总体上没有显著的遗传分化。     

Genetic relationship between Litopenaeus setiferus (L.) and L. schmitti (Burkenroad) determined by using 16S mitochondrial sequences and enzymatic analysis

Genetic differentiation and variability data of two populations of two species of shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus (L.) and L. schmitti (Burkenroad)) have been obtained by electrophoretic analysis and by analysis of 16S mitochondrial DNA. Using eight polymorphic enzymes, the genetic distance (GD) between the two species was 0.165. The GD between L. setiferus populations was 0.0057 and between L. schmitti populations it was 0.0034. The greatest differentiation was found within, rather than between, populations, although the differentiation value between Mexican and Cuban populations varied in accordance with the geographic distance and ecological characteristic of each. We found a high similarity between these two species with a bimodal distribution of the loci with respect to genetic identity. The homology percentages for gene 16S fragments were compared with those from six different shrimp species (L. vannamei, L. stylirostris, Farfantepenaeus notialis, Metapeneopsis lamellata) and Artemia salina. Ninety‐seven percent of identity was found by analysis of a 409 bp of 16S mitochondrial DNA. With these values a phylogenetic tree was made using parsimony criteria. The GDs obtained with this method confirm the classification proposed by Pérez‐Farfante & Kensley (1997) .     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的黄鳍马面鲀种群分析

采用线粒体细胞色素b(cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因片段为遗传标记,分析了南海北部陆架和南沙西南部陆架海域5个黄鳍马面鲀群体的遗传结构,以判定南海北部不同海域之间及南海北部与南沙西南部陆架海域黄鳍马面鲀的种群归属。结果表明,在156个个体的779 bp Cyt b同源序列中共检测到56个变异位点和58种单倍型,5个群体间遗传距离为0.002 95~0.004 15,遗传分化性呈现出高单倍型多样性(0.820 1~0.980 4)和低核苷酸多样性(0.002 62~0.004 69)的特点;分子方差分析和遗传分化指数显示,黄鳍马面鲀的遗传变异来自群体内个体间,群体间无显著遗传分化;单倍型网络结构图和群体系统发育树结构均未出现明显的以地方群体为单位的家系式分支或者聚簇。比较5个不同地理群体间的遗传发育关系并结合种属界定标准判定,南海北部和南沙西南部陆架5个黄鳍马面鲀群体属于同一个种群。     

3种泥鳅微卫星标记和D-Loop部分序列遗传变异分析

为进一步了解中国当前主要养殖鳅类种质资源现状,实验采用7个微卫星标记和线粒体D-Loop部分序列,对泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus,MA)、大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus,PD)和台湾大泥鳅(未见种属分类,TW)3种泥鳅进行群体遗传变异分析.结果显示,6个微卫星位点在3种泥鳅中均能获得有效扩增,1个微卫星标记(Mac239)只在MA中获得特异性扩增,而在PD和TW中未能获得有效扩增条带.在3种泥鳅共90尾个体的D-Loop 部分序列中发现32个单倍型,仅在PD和TW间存在1个共享单倍型.实验中共检测到65个变异位点,其中MA与PD和TW间存在29个特异性位点,而PD和TW间未检测到特异性位点.瓶颈效应和中性检验显示,TW近期可能发生有效群体数量的减少.基于微卫星标记和D-Loop部分序列的遗传变异分析显示,TW和PD间的Nei's遗传距离和K2P遗传距离最近(0.297和0.006),明显小于两者与MA间的遗传距离(1.011～1.899和0.095～0.099);分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,3种泥鳅的遗传分化极显著(P＜0.01).群体间遗传结构和单倍型网络分析显示,3种泥鳅的遗传结构相对独立,仅在TW和PD间存在一定程度的遗传结构混杂.研究表明,泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅在遗传结构上存在明显差异,可采用分子标记进行有效鉴别;台湾大泥鳅可能是大鳞副泥鳅的生态种群或遗传改良群体,而非有效物种.     

Genetic variation of the razor clam Ensis siliqua (Jeffreys, 1875) along the European coast based on random amplified polymorphic DNA markers

Ensis siliqua is regarded as an increasingly valuable fishery resource with potential for commercial aquaculture in many European countries. The genetic variation of this razor clam was analysed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in six populations from Spain, Portugal and Ireland. Out of the 40 primers tested, five were chosen to assess genetic variation. A total of 61 RAPD loci were developed ranging in size from 400 to 2000 bp. The percentages of polymorphic loci, the allele effective number and the genetic diversity were comparable among populations, and demonstrated a high level of genetic variability. The values of Nei's genetic distance were small among the Spanish and Portuguese populations (0.051–0.065), and high between these and the Irish populations. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses supported these findings. A mantel test performed between geographic and genetic distance matrices showed a significant correlation (r=0.84, P<0.05), suggesting an isolation by distance process.     

基于线粒体控制区的许氏平鲉养殖群体与野生群体比较研究

为研究许氏平鲉养殖群体与野生群体遗传结构及遗传多样性状况,采用PCR扩增获得许氏平鲉线粒体DNA控制区高变区片段,并对其进行比对分析。结果显示,在长度为451 bp的线粒体控制区片段中,养殖群体单倍型多样度(0.540±0.067~0.815±0.021)明显低于野生群体(0.883±0.053~0.944±0.028),而核苷酸多样度(0.001±0.001~0.007±0.004)与野生群体(0.004±0.003~0.007±0.004)相差不大,遗传多样性水平均较低。在52个单倍型中,养殖群体仅占12个,且有6个单倍型与野生群体共享。群体间遗传分化指数和AMOVA分析结果显示,养殖群体和野生群体之间以及养殖群体之间的遗传分化较大,而野生群体间遗传变异较小,组群间的遗传分化较小且不显著(ΦCT=-0.013;P0.05)。单倍型最小跨度树和NJ系统发育树均未检测到明显的谱系结构。     

白梭吻鲈3个群体的遗传结构比较

为了加强良种选育工作,切实做好亲本遗传管理,防止近交衰退的发生,利用20个微卫星分子标记对白梭吻鲈(Sander lucioperca)新疆野生群体及山东和苏州2个养殖群体的遗传结构进行检测。结果表明,20个微卫星标记中18个有扩增产物,14个呈现多态性;每个位点的等位基因数为2~6个,平均等位基因数为3.6个,3个群体的平均等位基因数为2.57~3.36,平均观测杂合度为0.5085~0.5621,平均多态性信息含量为0.3931~0.4764,表明3个白梭吻鲈群体的遗传多样性处于中等偏低水平,遗传多样性大小为:新疆群体苏州群体山东群体。群体的Fst为0.1798,表明群体间有一定的遗传分化。在白梭吻鲈人工繁殖与养殖过程中,必须加强亲本遗传结构监测并维持一定数量的亲本规模,以利于其产业的持续发展。     

Allozyme variation of hatchery and river populations of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) in Bangladesh

The genetic variations of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) sampled from five hatchery populations (Arabpur, Brahmaputra, Comilla, Kishorganj and Natore) and three major river populations (the Halda, the Jamuna and the Padma) were analysed by allozyme electrophoresis. Ten enzymes encoded by 11 loci were screened, and six were polymorphic. Alleles at three loci (Est‐1^*, Gpi‐1^* and Gpi‐2^*) proved variable for hatchery and river populations, and the Mdh‐2^* locus exhibited heterozygous genotypes for river populations only. Polymorphic loci per population (27.3±5.3%), heterozygous loci per individual (15.5±1.2%) and relative gene diversity (0.27±0.08) in river populations were higher than those for hatchery populations (25.5±1.8%, 10.7±1.6% and 0.25±0.01 respectively). Also, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) (0.09±0.03 and 0.14±0.04 respectively) in river populations were higher than those in hatchery populations (0.08±0.01 and 0.11±0.01 respectively). The lower levels of genetic variability in hatchery populations suggested the occurrence of inbreeding and/or genetic drift. The pairwise population differentiation (F_ST) values showed a lower level of genetic differentiation between hatchery and river population pairs. The unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram of Nei's genetic distances showed a relationship between the genetic distance and geographic distance. The populations were clustered into three groups: the Padma in one group, the Halda in second group and the Jamuna, including five hatcheries, in the third group. Highly diversified rohu individuals were observed in the Padma and Halda Rivers, whereas less genetically variable individuals were found in the Jamuna River and five hatcheries. These findings can be useful for rohu hatchery propagation to enhance the sustainable aquaculture production.     

Response to selection for harvest body weight of Oreochromis shiranus

Realised and predicted responses to selection were obtained for harvest body weight of Oreochromis shiranus from two generations of selection at the National Aquaculture Centre, Domasi, Malawi. The realised response was estimated from the difference in the least squares means of selected and unselected control populations, while the predicted response was obtained from the difference of the mean breeding values between generations. The realised (13.2%) and predicted (14.4%) responses for harvest body weight over the two generations of selection were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The intensity of selection from F₁ to F₂ (0.66) and from F₂ to F₃ (0.59) was low due to availability of few selection candidates per family at harvest caused by mortality, tag loss and the need to form broad heterogeneous multi-strain F₂ and F₃ populations. Within generation, the heritability estimates for the F₁ (0.31 ± 0.09), F₂ (0.31 ± 0.10) and F₃ (0.35 ± 0.11) generations were moderate. Across generation, the heritability estimate was low (0.14 ± 0.27). Within generation, the magnitude of the common full-sib effect was moderate (0.08-0.09) and not significantly different from zero (P > 0.05). However, across generations, the common full-sib effect was high (0.27 ±0.05) and significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). A substantial correlated selection response due to selection for increased harvest body weight was observed for both tagging body weight and for survival from tagging to harvest; for tagging body weight 22.8% from F₁ to F₂ and 15.9% from F₂ to F₃; for survival 7.2% from F₁ to F₂ and 13.8% from F₂ to F₃. The results are discussed in relation to the maximisation of the genetic gain in the future generations while constraining the rate of inbreeding.     

翘嘴鳜选育群体的生长和遗传特征分析

以湖南和江苏的野生翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)为基础群体选育了6个群体,包括4个家系选育群体和F_1、F_2两个群体选育群体。对4个家系选育群体的生长特性进行了分析,并利用微卫星标记技术对6个翘嘴鳜选育群体的遗传多样性进行了检测。分析结果表明,翘嘴鳜纯种家系的生长速度显著快于不同地理种群的杂交系,杂交系未表现出生长的杂种优势,家系群体的杂合性与生长性能不对应。4个家系选育群体的特有等位基因数量比两个群体选育群体高出约29.33%,表明不同地理种群翘嘴鳜家系的建立可以丰富翘嘴鳜选育群体的遗传多样性水平。翘嘴鳜选育群体间遗传分化显著(F_(st)=0.4388),两个群体选育群体与4个家系选育群体间的遗传距离较远,表明将群体选育的个体与家系选育的个体进行杂交育种有可能获得杂种优势。筛选到G14437特有等位基因可作为江苏翘嘴鳜家系(JCJC)的群体特异性分子标记;G5_(530)等位基因可作为湖南和江苏翘嘴鳜杂交系与翘嘴鳜基础群体和其他选育群体区分的特异性分子标记。     

Microsatellite‐based genetic and growth analysis for a diallel mating design of two stocks of the clam,Meretrix meretrix

To determine the potential for productive efficiency and genetic improvement in the clam (Meretrix meretrix), four populations were produced from a diallel mating of two different geographical stocks (SD and JS). The genetic parameters at nine novel microsatellite loci indicated that the numbers of alleles, observed heterozygosity and polymorphic information content of the reciprocal cross populations (SDJS and JSSD) were larger than those of the pure populations (JSJS and SDSD). The values of Nei's unbiased genetic distance and F_ST revealed that the largest genetic divergence was between the two pure populations (D_C=0.2993, F_ST=0.1438) and the smallest was between the two reciprocal cross populations (D_C=0.1093, F_ST=0.0583). In addition, the mean shell lengths of the reciprocal cross populations were significantly larger than that of the pure populations by 1.577 mm (P<0.05), and the same trend was observed in the other traits. A significant maternal effect was revealed after analysis of the effects of egg origin and mating strategy on the four traits. Heteroses for all the traits were detected in the reciprocal cross populations. Our research implies an extensive development potential in productive efficiency and genetic improvement for M. meretrix.     

基于线粒体控制区序列的光裸方格星虫群体遗传多样性分析

为了解光裸方格星虫的群体遗传结构和种质资源状况,对北部湾海域光裸方格星虫6个地理野生群体(广西北海、湛江、钦州、防城港、海南儋州,以及越南海防)共93个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区序列进行分析。共检测到107个变异位点,定义了85个单倍型,序列对AT有明显的偏倚性,群体总的单倍体多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.998和0.018 89。单倍型邻接聚类树分析6个群体无明显分支,各单倍型分布于单倍型网络中介图中亦没有明显的地理分支。各群体间的遗传分化系数Fst值为–0.018 13~0.028 05,遗传分化极不明显,AMOVA分析显示光裸方格星虫的遗传差异主要来自群体内(99.74%)。中性检验Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs值均为负值,核苷酸不配对分布图呈明显的单峰形,提示光裸方格星虫群体在历史上曾出现群体扩张,推算出扩张时间为距今171万年前。目前光裸方格星虫仍具有较高的遗传多样性,6个地理群体间无明显遗传分化,存在频繁的基因交流,推测种群在早更新世曾出现群体扩张。