秦皇岛海域野生牙鲆群体遗传多样性分析

用18对多态性微卫星标记对采自秦皇岛海域的90尾野生牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)进行遗传分析。18个微卫星位点共检测出161个等位基因;各位点等位基因数为7~11个,平均为8.9;有效等位基因为3.7~8.0,平均有效等位基因为5.9;各个位点多态信息含量为0.69~0.86,平均值为0.80;Shannon多样性指数平均值为1.9;观测杂合度(Ho)值为0.33~0.87,平均值为0.64;期望杂合度为0.74~0.89,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.84。χ2检验表明,18个位点中有9个的等位基因分布偏离了哈迪温伯格平衡(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,秦皇岛海域野生牙鲆群体遗传信息含量丰富、等位基因分布均匀,遗传多样性较高,但是,存在Hardy-Weinberg不平衡现象。     

脊尾白虾3个野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用12对微卫星标记分析了莱州湾(LZ)、海州湾(HZ)、象山(XS)脊尾白虾野生群体的遗传多样性.12个位点在3个群体中均表现出高度的多态性.12个微卫星位点共得到115个等位基因,各个位点的等位基因数介于6～14,平均每个位点上的等位基因数为9.583 3个;各个位点的平均期望杂合度(He)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.8278、0.517 5、0.705 1,表明3个脊尾白虾野生群体均有良好的多态性.经F-统计分析,各个群体间的遗传分化指数均值为0.093 0(0.05＜Fst＜0.15),呈中等水平分化.基于Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA聚类分析显示莱州湾群体与象山群体距离最近,聚为一类,海州群体单独聚为一类.     

基于线粒体控制区的中国近海棘头梅童鱼群体遗传结构研究

为研究我国沿海棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)的种群遗传结构,运用线粒体D-loop区全序列比较分析了中国连云港(LYG)、大丰(DF)、崇明(CM)、舟山(ZS)、温州(WZ)、宁德(ND)、厦门(XM)棘头梅童鱼7个野生群体的遗传结构特征。7个群体共208个样本的D-loop序列中,共检测到83种单倍型,66个变异位点,碱基组成符合AT碱基偏好性特点。7个群体的单倍型多样性为(0.55400±0.00998)～(0.95400±0.00067),核苷酸多样性为0.00183～0.00708,说明我国沿海棘头梅童鱼遗传多样性较高;根据海洋鱼类遗传多样性划分的分布模式,符合高h低π特点,说明其经历了快速扩张期。群体总的遗传分化系数Fst=0.86647 (P=0),两两群体间的遗传距离在0.004～0.039范围内,且明显的分为北方群体(LYG、DF、CM和ZS)和南方群体(WZ、ND和XM),DF和LYG、WZ和ND两两群体间存在显著的基因交流。AMOVA分析显示组间变异百分比为85.97%,符合南北分化特点。基于单倍型构建的单倍型邻接关系树和单倍型简约网络图等结果均表明,棘头梅童鱼以舟山为界,具有明显的南北地理遗传结构。中性检验(Tajima’s D、Fu’s Fs)和错配分析结果显示,棘头梅童鱼在3.87～12.9万年前(更新世冰期)经历了种群的规模性扩张或定向选择。本研究结果可为棘头梅童鱼资源的保护与利用提供基础数据。     

漠斑牙鲆微卫星标记筛选及美国群体遗传结构分析

采用磁珠富集法筛选适合漠斑牙鲆遗传多样性分析的微卫星分子标记。筛选共获得43条序列,其中完美型26个,占60.5%;非完美型14个,占32.6%;复合型3个,占6.9%。选取其中14对特异性好且扩增效率高的微卫星引物,对采自美国北卡罗来纳州沿海的漠斑牙鲆野生群体和养殖群体进行遗传多样性及遗传结构比较分析。研究结果表明,12对引物的扩增产物具有多态性,其中7个位点为高度多态(PIC>0.5)。两个群体中共检测到90个等位基因。12个多态性微卫星位点在两个群体中的平均观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.36和0.57。9个位点在整个群体中呈现出不同程度的偏离遗传平衡(P<0.05),且偏离平衡的位点均表现为杂合子缺失(Fis>0)。野生群体和养殖群体间的遗传距离为0.1115,群体间的遗传分化微弱(Fst=0.0438)。     

5个大鳞副泥鳅家系的遗传结构分析

利用20个微卫星标记对5个大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)家系的遗传结构进行分析,探究家系遗传多样性及其亲缘关系的远近,为进一步遗传选育提供技术参数。结果显示,20个微卫星标记在5个家系中共检测到等位基因数53个,平均等位基因数2.65个,各位点的等位基因数2~4个;5个家系平均观测杂合度(Ho)0.3117~0.5542,平均期望杂合度(He)0.3261~0.4371,平均多态信息含量(PIC)0.3459~0.4538,平均固定系数(Fis)-0.0472(<0),遗传分化系数(Fst)0.2703;UPGMA聚类分析显示,AB2013F-7和AB2013F-81亲缘关系最远。研究表明,5个家系间遗传分化较大,具备较大的选育空间。     

卵形鲳鲹育种群体遗传多样性分析

利用11个微卫星位点,对海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)育种群体进行了遗传多样性评价和聚类分析。结果显示,海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹育种群体的平均等位基因(Na)分别为5.0和3.6,平均有效等位基因(Ne)为2.965和2.244,观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.292~0.814和0.207~0.840,期望杂合度(He)分别为0.307~0.813和0.189~0.761,海南三亚群体中多态信息含量(PIC)为0.014~0.719,平均为0.509,而广东大亚湾群体的PIC为0.168~0.711,平均为0.436。海南三亚群体有5个位点偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(P0.05),广东大亚湾群体有2个位点偏离哈温-伯格平衡;2个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.561,遗传距离为0.578,遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.152。Structure软件分析显示海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹群体各为一支,2个群体间具有较大的遗传分化,可作为2个育种群体管理,2个群体间进行杂交选育预期可获得较好的遗传进展。     

长江宜宾江段圆口铜鱼遗传多样性的微卫星分析

选用实验室克隆的23个圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti Sauvageet Dabry)微卫星标记分析了长江宜宾江段的圆口铜鱼群体遗传多样性,统计分析了有效等位基因数、观测杂合度Ho、期望杂合度He、多态信息含量(PIC)等遗传学指标。结果表明:23个位点有14个微卫星位点呈单态,9个位点出现多态,在这9个位点中共检测到48个等位基因,其平均有效等位基因数为5.3,多态信息含量在0.440～0.839之间变动,平均为0.670,除YT17和YT22位点属于中度多态外,其余7个位点均属于高度多态。平均观测杂合度为0.753,平均期望杂合度为0.728,表明该群体的遗传多样性较为丰富。     

基于转录组数据的溪红点鲑微卫星标记筛选及引进群体遗传结构

为了深入了解引进溪红点鲑种质遗传结构状况,本研究利用溪红点鲑转录组数据设计四核苷酸重复微卫星引物1 081对,选择其中200对进行引物合成,经过筛选鉴定共获得111个特异性好且扩增效率高的微卫星标记,用其中27个多态性标记比较分析了溪红点鲑引进群体和养殖群体的遗传多样性。结果显示,27个微卫星位点在2个群体中共检测到171个等位基因,多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.426 0～0.877 4,平均为0.673 1,其中23个位点高度多态(PIC≥0.5)。引进群体和养殖群体的平均等位基因数(Na)分别为5.555 6和4.444 4;平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为3.914 5和3.108 2;平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.356 2和0.265 0;平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.700 2和0.621 0;平均PIC分别为0.640 9和0.555 5。引进群体和养殖群体的遗传参数t检验结果显示,养殖群体的5项遗传多样性参数均显著或极显著低于引进群体,表明尽管溪红点鲑养殖群体的PIC仍处于高度多态水平(PIC≥0.5),但是经过多代群体自繁,已经出现等位基因严重富集的现象。经Bonferroni校正的Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验显示,在引进群体和养殖群体中分别有8个和4个位点尚未偏离平衡,且多数位点表现为杂合子缺失。2个群体间具有高度遗传分化(Fst=0.164 2),遗传相似系数为0.582 2,遗传距离为0.540 9,表明引进和养殖溪红点鲑群体间存在显著遗传分化。     

日本蟳4个野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用10对微卫星引物对我国大连黑石礁(DL)、莱州湾(LZ)、青岛鳌山湾(QD)、海州湾(HZ)4个日本蟳野生群体的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明,不同引物获得的等位基因数从11～17不等,10个位点其平均等位基因数为13.600 0,平均有效等位基因数为8.592 0;各位点的平均观测杂合度(H_o)为0.318 2～0.858 4,平均期望杂合度(H_e)为0.846 6～0.923 9;平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.828 0～0.914 0,说明各位点在4个日本蟳野生群体内均表现出很高的遗传多样性水平。各群体间遗传分化较大,基因分化指数(F_ST)为0.032 74～0.088 03。群体间遗传相似性系数、遗传距离及UPGMA 聚类分析表明,鳌山湾与海州湾群体亲缘关系最近,而海州湾和莱州湾群体亲缘关系最远。     

利用高通量测序开发的熊本牡蛎微卫星标记评价野生和养殖群体的遗传多样性及通用性

利用高通量测序的方法,从熊本牡蛎基因组中开发了20对具有多态性的微卫星标记,通过微卫星标记位点比较了野生群体和养殖群体的遗传多样性。野生群体中,所有位点共扩增出330个等位基因,等位基因数(N_a)范围为6～39,平均等位基因数为16.500 0;有效等位基因数(N_e)范围为1.352 9～33.361 7,平均值9.517 2;观测杂合度(H_o)范围为0.200 0～1.000 0,平均值0.671 5;期望杂合度(H_e)范围为0.265 6～0.987 7,平均值0.832 1;ShannonWeiner指数(Ⅰ)范围为0.648 3～3.585 8,平均值2.276 9;多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.254 5～0.969 2,平均值0.803 5,共有16个位点符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。养殖群体中,N_a平均值为10.250 0,N_e平均值为5.843 4,H_o平均值为0.639 1,H_e平均值为0.763 6,I平均值为1.791 4,PIC平均值为0.720 7。结果显示,熊本牡蛎养殖群体的遗传多样性低于野生群体,但仍然维持在高度多态水平。研究表明,在熊本牡蛎人工繁育过程中,使用大数量的亲本进行繁育,可有效防止选育群体的遗传多样性降低,但人工选育对选育群体的遗传多样性也产生了一定的影响。另外,分析了这些引物在近缘种葡萄牙牡蛎、长牡蛎、香港牡蛎、有明牡蛎、僧帽牡蛎、咬齿牡蛎以及舌骨牡蛎中的通用性情况,发现XB1-6、XB1-39和XB1-45 3个位点在8个物种中均能扩增出目的条带,XB1-41仅能在熊本牡蛎中扩增出目的条带。     

白梭吻鲈3个群体的遗传结构比较

为了加强良种选育工作,切实做好亲本遗传管理,防止近交衰退的发生,利用20个微卫星分子标记对白梭吻鲈(Sander lucioperca)新疆野生群体及山东和苏州2个养殖群体的遗传结构进行检测。结果表明,20个微卫星标记中18个有扩增产物,14个呈现多态性;每个位点的等位基因数为2~6个,平均等位基因数为3.6个,3个群体的平均等位基因数为2.57~3.36,平均观测杂合度为0.5085~0.5621,平均多态性信息含量为0.3931~0.4764,表明3个白梭吻鲈群体的遗传多样性处于中等偏低水平,遗传多样性大小为:新疆群体苏州群体山东群体。群体的Fst为0.1798,表明群体间有一定的遗传分化。在白梭吻鲈人工繁殖与养殖过程中,必须加强亲本遗传结构监测并维持一定数量的亲本规模,以利于其产业的持续发展。     

基于SSR标记的刺参不同地理群体的遗传结构分析及指纹图谱构建

为分析中、韩、俄沿海刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)种质遗传结构，本研究采用SSR指纹图谱技术对中国青岛、烟台，韩国浦项、群山、木浦，俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克的不同刺参群体进行遗传多样性分析和指纹图谱构建。结果显示，13个微卫星座位的平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.47和0.80。13个位点的多态信息含量(PIC)为0.465(AJ06)~0.909(AJ09)，除AJ06为中度多态性(0.250.50)。单个位点的等位基因数(A)为10(AJ06)~34(AJ07)，平均等位基因数为19.4个。各位点的有效等位基因共83.8个，各位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.7(AJ06)~11.8(AJ09)，平均有效等位基因数为6.5。各群体遗传多样性分析结果显示，8个群体的PIC指数为0.6392(韩国木浦)~0.7122(中国青岛)，说明相应群体均具有较高的遗传多样性。构建的DNA指纹图谱可将所采集的8个群体区分开。遗传结构分析结果显示，8个刺参群体分配到3个自由交配群中，与UPGMA聚类分析结果相一致。UPGMA聚类分析结果显示，中国青岛、烟台群体与韩国木浦黑参群体聚为一支，俄罗斯刺参群体、韩国浦项黄参群体、韩国群山黑参群体和韩国浦项黑参群体聚为一支，而韩国浦项红参群体作为外群，单独聚为一支。刺参分群及聚类分析表明，不同群体的遗传结构及遗传分化情况不仅与地理位置相关，还与刺参体色有一定的相关性。本研究结果可为刺参种质资源保护及不同地理种群刺参的鉴别提供技术支撑。     

利用微卫星荧光多重PCR技术分析壳白长牡蛎3代人工选育群体的遗传多样性

为了探讨壳白长牡蛎人工选育对群体遗传变异的影响,实验利用4个多重PCR组合共10个微卫星标记分析了连续3代壳白长牡蛎人工选育群体和野生群体及基础群体的遗传多样性。结果发现,6个群体的平均等位基因数量为7.2~12.6,等位基因丰度为6.8~11.0,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.672~0.769和0.486~0.542;与野生群体相比,3代选育群体的平均等位基因数显著降低,但平均期望杂合度并无显著差异。哈迪—温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在60个群体—位点组合中有39个群体—位点组合显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,近交系数F_(is)范围为0.215~0.342。群体间遗传分化指数F_(st)范围为0.005~0.076,处于中—低等的遗传分化水平。研究表明,虽然连续选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化造成了一定程度的影响,但人工选育群体依然表现为较高的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育。     

Genetic variation measured by microsatellites among three strains of domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum)

Genetic variation fuels selective change in natural and captive populations. In establishing a broodstock for selective improvement, the level of genetic diversity is an important consideration because it provides an indication of the scope for selective progress. Three domesticated strains of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were examined at nine polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess detectable levels of allelic diversity and heterozygosity within and differentiation among the strains. A total of 126 alleles were observed to segregate into unique multilocus genotypes for each of the 152 individuals assayed. There was an average heterozygosity of 71.5% at these nine loci, and an average of 14 alleles at a locus. Each locus was represented by alleles unique to at least two of the three strains. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations of genotype frequencies were detected in each strain. Subsequent analysis indicated sub‐structuring within strains leading to Wahlund effects that caused these deviations. Significant differences in genotype frequencies and pairwise F_ST values demonstrated that all strains were unique. The overall F_ST of 0.089 provides additional evidence of unique genetic diversity present in each strain, and agrees well with the degree of genetic variation found in rainbow trout across broad geographical ranges. The genetic diversity contributed by each population suggests that there is greater scope for selective improvement of numerous traits within a synthetic strain combining these three strains than within any individual strain.     

Survey of genetic variation at three microsatellite loci in captive populations of endangered Japanese minnow <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphyocypris chinensis</Emphasis> with implications for reduction of inbreeding

The Japanese population of the cyprinid minnow Aphyocypris chinensis is nearing extinction in the wild. The genetic diversity of three microsatellite loci in five captive populations was investigated, and an effective breeding strategy to reduce inbreeding from pairwise relatedness (R _xy ) between each captive line is discussed. The average number of alleles ranged 2.33–4.67 and the average heterozygosity ranged 0.283–0.602. The pairwise relatedness observed in most combinations showed a significant decrease between the populations. It is suggested that exchange of individuals between different breeding lines should effectively stop inbreeding. Studies show that the effective population size (N _e ) estimated from the number of parental individuals was 8.54 in one captive population, which is insufficient to maintain genetic diversity. It is recommended that more parental individuals should be used, and to exchange fish in a rotating mating mode between institutions participating in captive breeding of A. chinensis.     

Genetic variation of wild and cultured populations of the Kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate 1888) using microsatellites

The microsatellite DNA technique was used to detect the genetic variations between wild and cultured populations of Kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate 1888. All the six microsatellite loci screened in this study showed high polymorphism for their PIC (0.6701–0.8989), which was much more than the standard value of 0.5. A total of 73 alleles were observed over six loci from 93 shrimps. The mean number of allele locus ranged from 9.83 (cultured) to 11.83 (wild). The number of effective alleles varied from 6.86 (cultured) to 8.58 (wild). The average of observed heterozygosity (H_o) of populations varied from 0.6935 (cultured) to 0.7370 (wild), and that of expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.8169 (wild) and 0.8209 (cultured). Tests of Hardy–Weinberg showed that these loci deviated significantly or highly significantly in one or both populations. Compared with the wild population, the cultured population showed little reduction in genetic variation. The total number of alleles (71, 59) was not significantly (P=0.296) different between wild and cultured populations. The paired‐samples t test of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity implied that there was no significant difference (P=0.572 and 0.891 respectively) between wild and cultured populations. However, some rare allele loss might have occurred in the cultured population. A total of 14 unique alleles were found in the wild population, but only two unique alleles were observed in the cultured population. Therefore, there is a need to monitor genetic variability of cultured population, and to improve the hatchery program for the conservation of wild Kuruma prawn resources.     

3个仿刺参地理种群遗传变异的微卫星DNA分析

运用微卫星DNA技术对仿刺参烟台群体、威海群体、大连群体的3个野生群各20个个体进行了遗传分析。对9个基因位点进行了扩增,共获得了59个等位基因。评估了9对微卫星引物的多态信息含量(PIC),范围在0.5129~0.8794之间。结果表明:3个野生群体的平均杂合度观测值分别为0.6416、0.6595、0.5824,平均杂合度期望值分别为0.7641、0.7161、0.7364;在Hardy-Weinberg平衡条件下,进行了P检验,发现3个群体均有位点发生了显著偏离;对3个群体进行了配对Fst值计算,发现3个群体之间遗传分化较弱。从变异贡献率来看,95.68%的变异来自个体之间,4.32%的变异来自群体之间。经过聚类分析,发现威海群体和大连群体之间亲缘关系较近,烟台群体与前两群体亲缘关系较远。     

Genetic variability of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) in China based on microsatellites

The genetic diversity of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) from northern China was analysed using seven microsatellite markers. The microsatellite loci were polymorphic for all the populations, with an average of 8.7 alleles per locus (range 8.0–9.4). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.547 (range 0.500–0.596) and 0.774 (range 0.754–0.787) respectively. The allelic diversity in terms of number of alleles per locus was considerably lower than that previously found in wild populations (range 21.8–23.0), indicating that bottleneck effects occurred when each population was founded. Significant genetic differentiation among the five cultured populations was shown using F_st and R_st values, and pairwise comparison based on allelic distribution. A neighbour‐joining analysis of the genetic distance did not show a consistent relationship between the geographic and the genetic distances, suggesting the existence of exchanges of breeds and eggs between the hatcheries. The results obtained in this study are useful for a number of areas of interest for fisheries management and the aquaculture industry, especially with regard to breeding programmes.     

基于SSR-seq技术评估中间球海胆多代选育群体和普通养殖群体的遗传多样性

为明确不同选育群体中间球海胆的遗传多样性和遗传结构,利用SSR-seq技术和15个微卫星位点,对1个家系选育群体(FP)、1个群体选育群体(IP)和1个未经选育的普通养殖群体(CP)的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,15个微卫星位点共检测出112个等位基因,FP、IP、CP 3个群体的平均观测等位基因数(N_a)分别为5.077、5.133和6.133个,平均有效等位基因(N_e)分别为2.816、2.873和3.638个,平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.522、0.441和0.501,平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.595、0.599和0.667,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.546、0.543和0.623。家系选育群体(FP) H_e与H_o的差值(0.073)低于IP (0.158)和CP (0.166),平均固定指数(F)(0.115)低于IP (0.248)和CP (0.246)。3个群体间遗传分化系数(F_st)介...