Differential DNA methylation of the meiosis‐specific gene FKBP6 in testes of yak and cattle–yak hybrids

FK506‐binding protein 6 (FKBP6) is essential for meiosis during mammalian spermatogenesis. However, the molecular regulation of FKBP6 during spermatogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we performed molecular characterization of the meiosis‐specific gene FKBP6 in yak testes. Yak FKBP6 encodes a polypeptide of 295 amino acid residues with an FK506‐binding domain (FKBP_C) and three tetratricopeptide repeat domains. The methylation level of the FKBP6 promoter in testes was significantly higher in cattle–yak with male sterility than in yak, and the FKBP6 promoter was methylated in liver tissues in which FKBP6 is not expressed. FKBP6 promoter activity was significantly decreased after treatment with the M.SssI methyltransferase in vitro. Furthermore, the FKBP6 gene was remarkably activated in bovine mammary epithelial cells treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that the FKBP6 promoter is differentially methylated in testes; together with the functional promoter analysis, this suggests that methylation of this promoter may contribute to cattle–yak male infertility.     

牦牛性激素结合蛋白基因克隆及组织表达研究

试验旨在阐明牦牛性激素结合蛋白（SHBG）基因CDS序列及其在母牦牛生殖轴中的表达特点,为探讨该基因在牦牛繁殖中的调控作用奠定基础。试验分别采集5头健康成年母牦牛和母黄牛的下丘脑、脑垂体前叶、输卵管、卵巢和子宫组织,根据NCBI公布的黄牛SHBG基因设计特异性扩增引物,分别采用RT-PCR技术、生物信息学方法和实时荧光定量PCR技术进行牦牛SHBG基因克隆、序列分析和组织表达检测。结果显示,牦牛SHBG核苷酸序列的编码区（CDS）全长为1 206 bp,共编码401个氨基酸,其中,亮氨酸（L）、甘氨酸（G）、脯氨酸（P）和丝氨酸（S）较多,含量分别为16.5%、9.7%、8.7%和9.0%。蛋白质分子式为C₁₉₄₄H₃₀₆₁N₅₃₅O₅₆₆S₁₀,分子质量为43.30 ku,理论等电点5.63,与黄牛核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为99.0%和97.5%。SHBG蛋白为亲水不稳定蛋白,存在跨膜结构和信号肽;二级结构中主要包含无规则卷曲和延伸链,与三级结构分析一致。系统进化树表明牦牛与黄牛亲缘关系最近。SHBG基因在牦牛输卵管的表达量显著高于其他组织（P<0.05）,其他组织之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。SHBG基因在黄牛输卵管表达量极显著高于牦牛（P<0.01）,在黄牛卵巢表达量显著高于牦牛（P<0.05）,两物种的其他组织中表达量差异不显著（P>0.05）。本研究探讨了牦牛SHBG基因序列及其在生殖轴的表达特性,为进一步研究SHBG基因对牦牛繁殖调控作用提供了一定理论依据。     

牦牛和犏牛睾丸CPT1a和ETHE1基因mRNA水平比较研究

试验旨在探索牦牛杂交雄性不育后代（犏牛）睾丸脂肪酸氧化特点及其与雄性不育的关联性,阐明犏牛雄性不育的分子机制。以GAPDH和18S rRNA基因为双内参,建立了牦牛和犏牛肝脏型棕榈酰肉碱转移酶1a（CPT1a）和硫双加氧酶1（ETHE1）基因mRNA水平的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,结果发现,该实时荧光定量PCR方法扩增特异性好,扩增效率为98.5%~107.8%,标准曲线线性关系好。采集成年牦牛（n=9）和雄性不育犏牛（n=7）睾丸和附睾,通过常规组织切片和HE染色检测,证实犏牛睾丸和附睾中无精子,而牦牛睾丸和附睾中有精子。试验进一步从牦牛和犏牛睾丸中提取总RNA,测定睾丸中CPT1a和ETHE1基因的mRNA水平,结果显示,犏牛睾丸中CPT1a和ETHE1基因mRNA水平分别显著和极显著高于牦牛（P<0.05;P<0.01）。CPT1a基因mRNA水平的提高表明犏牛睾丸中脂肪酸β-氧化能力的加强;而ETHE1基因mRNA水平的增加可促进线粒体呼吸链的电子传递和脂肪酸氧化,或影响其他能量代谢通路,这两种基因mRNA水平的提高均有助于睾丸脂肪酸的β-氧化供能。本研究结果表明,与牦牛睾丸相比,雄性不育犏牛睾丸的脂肪酸氧化供能水平加强,可能对脂肪酸燃料分子有更多的依赖性。     

Differential promoter methylation of DAZL gene in bulls with varying seminal parameters

In India, cross‐breeding of indigenous cattle with exotic cattle such as Holstein Friesian and Jersey has been going on since last four decades to improve milk production. Although it has led to increased milk yield, the subfertility in male cross‐bred progeny has remained a significant problem. Epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin remodelling) are regarded as key players influencing gene expression. DAZL gene plays an important role in germline development and gametogenesis. The methylation and mRNA expression level of this gene have been significantly negatively correlated in the testes of cattle–yak hybrids and their parents. This study analysed the methylation profile of DAZL gene promoter in bull spermatozoa in an attempt to speculate its role in cross‐bred cattle subfertility. Semen samples from Sahiwal, Holstein Friesian and Frieswal bulls (Sahiwal X Holstein Friesian) with varying semen motility parameters were collected, and DNA was isolated. Methylation‐specific primers were used to amplify part of promoter and exon 1 of DAZL gene using bisulphite‐converted DNA. The amplified products were sequenced after cloning in pTZ57R/T vector. Sequence analysis revealed significantly higher DNA methylation of DAZL gene in Frieswal bulls with poor motility (28.26%) as compared to medium (15.21%) and high motility phenotype (6.52%). In pure‐bred counterparts, Sahiwal and Holstein Friesian, epigenetic marks were more in the former (15.21%) than the latter (4.34%), but in both cases, the values were lower as compared to the poor motility Frieswal bulls. This suggests that differential hypermethylation of the CpG islands could possibly influence reproductive parameters in bovines.     

Abnormal functions of Leydig cells in crossbred cattle–yak showing infertility

In Mongolia, yak (Bos grunniens) are able to live in alpine areas and their products greatly influence the lives of the local people. Increased vigour in hybridized yak and cattle can offer benefits for livestock farmers. However, male hybrids show reproductive defects resulting from spermatogenesis arrest, affecting the conservation and maintenance of dominant traits in the next generation. The underlying mechanisms involved in hybrid cattle–yak infertility have recently been investigated; however, the genetic cause is still unclear. Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) signalling are required for spermatogenesis. We, therefore, evaluated the expression of AR, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) and 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) in Leydig cells to investigate their function in cattle–yak spermatogenesis. Testicular tissues from yaks (1–3 years old) and hybrids (F1–F3, 2 years old) were collected and subjected to immunohistochemistry and image analyses to investigate the expression of each parameter in the Leydig cells. After maturation at 2 years, the expression levels of AR increased and the levels of 3βHSD decreased, but the SRD5A2 levels remained constant in yak. However, the cattle–yak hybrid F2 showed immature testicular development and significantly different expression levels of AR and 3βHSD compared with mature yak. These results suggest that the decreased expression of AR and increased expression of 3βHSD in the Leydig cells of cattle–yak hybrid testes may represent one of the causes of infertility. Our study might help in solving the problem of infertility in crossbreeding.     

牦牛CRH基因克隆及其在生殖轴中的表达研究

为了探讨促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（corticotropin-releasing hormone，CRH）基因在牦牛繁殖中的调控作用，试验分别采集5头成年母牦牛和5头成年母黄牛的下丘脑、脑垂体前叶、输卵管、卵巢和子宫等组织，通过RT-PCR技术及生物信息学软件对牦牛CRH基因编码区进行扩增、克隆及序列分析，并构建系统进化树；采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测CRH基因的组织表达。结果表明，牦牛CRH基因编码区全长573 bp，编码190个氨基酸。牦牛与黄牛、猫、鸡、人、小鼠、大鼠和猪的CRH基因核苷酸同源性分别为99.8%、43.3%、36.1%、46.2%、39.0%、38.5%和56.4%。系统进化树表明，牦牛与黄牛亲缘关系最近，并与其他物种类聚，符合物种进化规律。CRH蛋白分子式为C₉₂₀H₁₅₀₃N₂₇₉O₂₆₃S₃，分子质量为20776.95 u，理论等电点为10.95，其氨基酸组成中亮氨酸（L）、脯氨酸（P）、丙氨酸（A）和精氨酸（R）所占比例较高，分别为15.8%、12.6%、12.1%和10.5%。CRH蛋白为不稳定亲水蛋白，存在信号肽和跨膜结构。CRH蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋、β-转角、延伸链和无规则卷曲分别占41.05%、1.05%、8.42%和49.48%，三级结构分析结果与其相一致。CRH基因mRNA在牦牛下丘脑中表达量最高，显著高于其他组织（P<0.05），在子宫中表达量最低。牦牛脑垂体前叶CRH基因mRNA表达量极显著高于黄牛（P<0.01），在卵巢、输卵管中表达量显著高于黄牛（P<0.05），而两个品种在下丘脑、子宫中的表达量差异不显著（P>0.05）。提示CRH基因在牦牛繁殖调控中具有重要作用。     

犏牛和牦牛ESCO2基因的序列特征及其在睾丸中的表达对比分析

旨在克隆犏牛和牦牛姐妹染色单体内聚建立蛋白2（establishment of sister chromatid cohesion N-acetyltransferase 2,ESCO2）基因,并分析其在不同发育阶段睾丸中的表达与定位,为进一步解析ESCO2在减数分裂过程中的作用机制提供理论依据。本研究以健康雄性犏牛及牦牛为试验动物,根据年龄分为胎牛组（5~6月龄）、幼年组（1~2岁）和成年组（3~4岁）,每组各3头。通过RT-PCR技术克隆犏牛和牦牛ESCO2基因并进行生物信息学分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR （quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR）检测ESCO2基因在犏牛不同组织中的表达谱,比较分析ESCO2在犏牛和牦牛不同时期睾丸中的表达规律,利用免疫组织化学（immunohistochemistry,IHC）技术检测ESCO2蛋白的细胞定位和表达差异。结果显示,犏牛ESCO2基因（GenBank登录号：MW198470） CDS区为1 833 bp,编码610个氨基酸,与牦牛相比,犏牛ESCO2序列第301~319位多19个氨基酸,另有3个氨基酸突变;犏牛ESCO2蛋白序列与黄牛的同源性高于其他哺乳动物;ESCO2可能与SMC3、SMC1A、PDS5A、PDS5B、STAG2等蛋白相互作用,互作蛋白功能与姐妹染色单体凝聚、减数分裂细胞周期、DNA修复、细胞分裂和染色体重构等生物学过程相关。ESCO2在犏牛各组织中均有表达,但在睾丸中的相对表达水平显著高于其它组织（P<0.05）;在犏牛睾丸中的表达随年龄增长呈上升趋势,幼年和成年时期犏牛睾丸中ESCO2的表达显著低于同时期牦牛（P<0.05）;IHC染色结果发现,雄性犏牛减数分裂阻滞于初级精母细胞,ESCO2蛋白在犏牛初级精母细胞中无表达并与牦牛存在差异。本研究结果表明,犏牛与牦牛的ESCO2基因、蛋白序列差异较大,且在睾丸发育过程中的表达模式差异显著,这可能是引起雄性犏牛减数分裂阻滞及不育的原因之一,其具体作用机制有待进一步研究。     

牦牛NGF基因克隆及其在生殖器官中的表达定位

旨在探究NGF基因的生物学特性及其在母牦牛生殖器官中的表达特性.本研究收集黄体期母牦牛的心、肝、脾、肺、肾以及胎牛期、卵泡期、黄体期、妊娠期母牦牛的卵巢、子宫和输卵管(n=3),利用RT-PCR克隆牦牛NGF基因,并对其序列进行生物信息学分析,利用RT-qPCR技术分析NGF基因的组织表达特性,利用免疫组化技术(IHC...     

HIF-1α和IL-17在牦牛、犏牛及黄牛睾丸中的表达比较研究

本研究旨在比较HIF-1α和IL-17在不同牛睾丸组织中的差异性表达,进一步探究HIF-1α与IL-17在牛睾丸组织中发挥调控功能的关联性。以成年牦牛、犏牛和黄牛的睾丸作为研究对象,采用Western-blot、实时荧光定量PCR法检测HIF-1α及IL-17蛋白和基因在3种牛睾丸组织的表达差异。结果显示,3种牛睾丸组织中HIF-1α与IL-17基因和蛋白表达都存在显著性差异,且在犏牛睾丸组织中的表达均极显著高于牦牛和黄牛（P<0.01）;此外,牦牛HIF-1α与IL-17蛋白水平表达显著高于黄牛（P<0.05,P<0.01）,而牦牛IL-17基因水平表达与黄牛差异不显著（P>0.05）。HIF-1α和IL-17基因和蛋白在不同牛睾丸组织中的表达差异说明其具有种属特异性;而牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中显著性高表达提示HIF-1α和IL-17对适应低氧环境具有重要的调节作用。     

牦牛StAR基因克隆及其生物信息学与组织表达特性的研究

旨在克隆获得牦牛StAR基因编码序列（CDS）并进行生物信息学分析,探究其mRNA组织表达特性。本研究以屠宰场采集的成年母牦牛心、肝、脾、肺、肾、卵巢、输卵管、子宫组织（n=5）,不同年龄（胎牛、1岁、2岁）牦牛的卵巢（n=3）,不同发情周期（卵泡期、黄体期）的牦牛卵巢（n=3）,黄体期黄牛的卵巢（n=3）及实验室冻存的牦牛颗粒细胞为研究材料。以牦牛黄体期卵巢cDNA为模板,用逆转录PCR克隆StAR基因,并使用MEGA7.0和ExPASy-ProtParam等软件分析其生物信息学特性;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析牦牛StAR基因组织表达特性。结果发现,StAR基因CDS区长858 bp,编码285个氨基酸,StAR蛋白总体带正电荷,属于碱性亲水稳定蛋白,无跨膜结构及信号肽,主要存在于细胞质和线粒体; StAR基因具有较高的保守性,符合物种进化规律。牦牛StAR基因在卵巢表达水平最高（P<0.01）,且2岁时卵巢表达水平极显著高于胎牛和1岁龄（P<0.01）,黄体期卵巢表达水平极显著高于卵泡期（P<0.01）;黄体期黄牛卵巢中StAR基因的表达量极显著高于牦牛（P<0.01）;在颗粒细胞的体外培养过程中StAR基因表达量逐渐上升,在培养24 h时达到高峰（P<0.01）,随后显著降低。综上所述,StAR基因序列较为保守,在牦牛卵巢组织中表达最高,且表达水平随年龄与卵巢周期而变化,提示StAR基因可能参与牦牛卵巢及黄体功能相关的繁殖调控。     

Rumen parameters of yaks (Bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (Bos taurus) grazing on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Yaks and indigenous Qaidam cattle and cattle‐yak crosses (C × Y) graze on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) throughout the year, but yaks are raised at higher elevations than cattle. Yaks do not receive supplementary feed whereas cattle require supplementary feed during harsh winter. We hypothesized that yaks would cope with the severe conditions of the QTP better than cattle and utilize the pasture more efficiently. We also hypothesized that differences between species would be pronounced in winter, when conditions are particularly harsh. To test these hypotheses, seasonal rumen fluid parameters of yaks, C × Y and cattle (n = 3 for each) were examined. Rumen fluid was collected in summer and winter from each genotype 2, 5 and 12 hr after a day of grazing. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle in summer (p < 0.05), while propionate concentration was lower in yaks than in cattle in winter (p < 0.05). Concentrations of ammonia and urea were greater (p < 0.001) in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.001) in summer, whereas, concentrations of free amino acids (AA) were greater in cattle than in yaks in summer and winter (p < 0.001). Concentrations of total VFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate decreased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate increased linearly for yak and C × Y with sampling time (p < 0.05) in summer. In summer, concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.05). In conclusion, rumen fermentation characteristics of yaks showed that they coped better than cattle or C × Y in the harsh climate as we hypothesized. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, this emerged only in summer, when pasture was plentiful and not in winter, when pasture was scarce.     

牦牛和犏牛促卵泡素受体基因5′-侧翼区序列多态性研究

本研究旨在分析牦牛和犏牛促卵泡素受体(follicle-stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)基因的多态性,为从遗传角度上解决其繁殖产仔率低的问题提供参考,为筛选繁殖性状分子标记奠定理论基础。研究采用PCRSSCP和直接测序技术,对麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛、大通牦牛和犏牛共110头个体的FSHR基因5′-侧翼区进行遗传多态性分析,统计基因频率和基因型频率,进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检测,计算纯合度、杂合度、多态信息含量和有效等位基因数等遗传多态性指标。结果表明,麦洼牦牛、大通牦牛和九龙牦牛FSHR基因5′-侧翼区核苷酸序列具有多态性,犏牛无多态性;麦洼牦牛存在AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,九龙牦牛和大通牦牛均存在AA、AB 2种基因型,AB基因型在3个牦牛品种中占绝对优势,等位基因A为优势等位基因;麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛和大通牦牛的多态信息含量分别为0.3693、0.3565、0.3705,均达到了中度多态(0.25PIC0.5),表明各牦牛品种遗传变异较大。     

九龙牦牛PPARγ基因的克隆及其表达谱分析

根据普通牛(Bos tarus)过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)基因序列设计引物,用成年九龙牦牛(Bos grunniens)脂肪组织总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增获得了PPARγ基因序列(GenBank登陆号:GU061328),其中cDNA的ORF为1 428 bp,编码475个氨基酸,与普通牛PPARγ氨基酸的同源性达99%,有2个氨基酸发生突变。利用半定量RT-PCR分析九龙牦牛PPARγ基因的mRNA表达特性。结果表明:在脂肪、背最长肌、心、肝、肾、脾和肺脏中均检测到PPARγ基因的表达,并且在脂肪组织中表达量极显著高于其他组织(P0.01),在肝脏和脾脏中亦有较高表达。PPARγ基因在背最长肌中的表达5.5岁九龙牦牛显著高于0.5、3.5岁和9岁以上,其表达与背最长肌的肌内脂肪含量未见显著相关性。     

Meat characteristics of Qinghai yak and semi-wild yak

Six domestic yaks aged 6 years, comprising three culling male and three culling female yaks, from the Qinghai Lake area and three male semi‐wild yaks aged 6 months from Datong Yak Farm were used to detect the levels of amino acids, mineral elements, residual heavy metals and pesticides in yak meat. The results showed that there was little difference in amino acid levels for different types of yak by age and sex. The meat of the adult male yak was 7.35 mg/kg higher in calcium (P < 0.05) and 124 mg/kg higher in phosphorus (P < 0.01) than that of the adult female yak. There was an obvious difference in zinc content, and there was also a significant difference for copper and sulfur between adult male and female yaks (P < 0.01). Iron was 8.85 mg/kg higher in semi‐wild yaks than in domestic yaks, but there were no differences for other minerals. The levels of residual heavy metals and residual pesticides were well within those allowed by the National Standard of China. Furthermore, the data showed that introducing wild yak’s blood did not result in a quality change in the domestic yak meat. Yak meat from Qinghai Plateau has the characteristics of being non‐polluted and rich in amino acids in comparison with local yellow cattle meat.     

大通牦牛骨骼肌胶原纤维含量增龄性变化特点

为探讨高原牦牛随着年龄的增长,骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量的变化规律及其对高原低氧环境的适应性。本研究以不同生长期大通牦牛作为研究对象,并以平原黄牛作对照,对生长发育过程骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量变化进行测量。结果表明,大通牦牛骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量从1日龄的一个相对低点,到30日龄迅速增长至一个峰值,然后再逐渐下降,至成年时,胶原纤维含量降至最低。平原黄牛骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量1日龄处于峰值,与其他年龄组差异显著(P<0.05),而随着年龄的增长,胶原纤维含量下降,30日龄、180日龄和成年组差异不显著(P>0.05);相同发育阶段大通牦牛骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量均高于平原黄牛胶原纤维含量,且差异显著(P<0.05)。结果提示,大通牦牛骨骼肌中胶原纤维具有适应高原环境的组织学特点,但也在个体发育过程中,不断发生改变,以满足机体生长发育的需要和对外界环境的适应。     

CTGF、Gprin3基因多态性及其与牦牛体尺性状的关联分析

【目的】 检测牦牛结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）和G蛋白调节诱导神经突增生家族亚型因子3（Gprin3）基因的单核苷酸多态性（SNP），并分析多态位点与牦牛体尺性状的关联性。【方法】 以西藏的斯布牦牛、帕里牦牛、类乌齐牦牛、申扎牦牛及四川的麦洼牦牛5个类群260头个体为研究对象，利用基因池筛选技术检测CTGF、Gprin3基因SNP位点，分析其多态信息含量、有效等位基因数、纯合度及杂合度等指标，利用最小二乘线性模型分析不同基因型与牦牛体尺性状的关联性。【结果】 牦牛CTGF基因存在3个SNPs位点，分别为T1537A、C2195T和C2421T，均位于内含子区，其中T1537A位点在斯布牦牛和麦洼牦牛中均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态，而在帕里牦牛、类乌齐牦牛和申扎牦牛中均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态，该位点与牦牛体高呈显著相关（P<0.05）；C2195T位点在5个牦牛类群中均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态，且处于中度多态（0.25<PIC<0.5）；C2421T位点在5个牦牛类群中均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态，该位点与牦牛体重、体斜长、胸围、管围和前肢长均呈显著相关（P<0.05）。牦牛Gprin3基因共发现4个SNPs，分别为G310C、C414T、C1100T和G1213A，其中G310C、C414T及C1100T位点在5个牦牛类群中均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态；G1213A位点在类乌齐牦牛中偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态，在其余4个类群中均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态；G310C位点在5个牦牛类群中均处于低度多态（PIC<0.25），C414T和C1100T位点在类乌齐牦牛、斯布牦牛中均处于中度多态，G1213A位点在类乌齐牦牛中处于中度多态，在其余牦牛类群中为低度多态；C414T位点与牦牛体重、体高、体斜长和胸围均呈显著相关，而在斯布牦牛和申扎牦牛中C1100T位点与其胸围和前肢长均呈显著相关（P<0.05）。【结论】 牦牛CTGF和Gprin3基因具有丰富的多态性，CTGF基因T1537A、C2421T位点及Gprin3基因C414T、C1100T位点均与牦牛体尺性状有关，可作为影响生长发育性状的候选基因及基因座用于牦牛定向选育。     

2022年门源县苏吉滩乡空怀牦牛数量调查分析

牦牛养殖是门源县苏吉滩乡牧户经济收入的重要组成部分之一,随着当地畜牧业的不断发展,牦牛养殖存栏量逐年增加,能繁母牛数量也得到了进一步扩大。随着养殖数量的增加,天然草原牧草已不能满足牛群需求,又因补饲、舍饲半舍饲养殖滞后、种公母牛比例不当及疾病等因素,造成能繁母牛空怀数量的增加,严重制约全乡牦牛养殖业健康发展。为了解苏吉滩乡空怀牦牛数量,找到空怀原因,给出养殖户解决的建议,从而进一步提高养殖户牦牛饲养效率,在全乡五村内随机抽取50户牦牛养殖户,进行了空怀牦牛数量的调查分析工作。