鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)养殖中期对饲料硒的需求量

以初始体重为(214.5±1.0)g的鲈鱼为研究对象,通过在基础饲料中添加亚硒酸钠0、0.48、0.97、1.45、1.93、2.42 mg/kg配成不同水平硒(0.12、0.36、0.42、0.60、0.78、1.10 mg/kg)的6组等氮等脂饲料,在海水浮式网箱进行为期70 d的生长实验,探讨饲料中不同水平的硒对鲈鱼生长、饲料利用、抗氧化酶活力和鱼体硒含量的影响。研究表明,特定生长率随着饲料中硒水平的增加呈先上升后平稳的趋势,在饲料中硒水平为0.60 mg/kg时,特定生长率最高;饲料中不同水平的硒对鲈鱼存活率和饲料效率无显著差异(P0.05);肝脏和血清中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性随着饲料硒水平的提高而呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,在饲料硒含量为0.60 mg/kg时达到最大值;血清和肝脏谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性随着硒含量的增加呈现出先上升后平缓的趋势,在饲料中硒含量为0.78 mg/kg时,血清GST活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);血清谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性随着硒含量的增加呈现先上升后平缓的趋势,在饲料中硒含量为0.78 mg/kg时,血清GR活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着饲料硒含量的升高呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,在饲料中硒含量为0.60 mg/kg时达到最大值,硒含量为1.10 mg/kg时,血清中SOD活性显著下降且低于对照组饲料(P0.05);随着饲料硒含量的升高,血清中丙二醛含量呈现出先降低而后升高的趋势,其中在饲料中硒含量为0.60 mg/kg时最低;全鱼和肝脏中硒含量随着饲料中硒水平的升高而显著升高(P0.05)。综合生长和抗氧化能力,建议214 g规格的鲈鱼饲料中适宜的硒含量为0.63-0.75 mg/kg。     

鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)养殖中期对饲料硒的需求量

以初始体重为(214.5±1.0)g的鲈鱼为研究对象,通过在基础饲料中添加亚硒酸钠0、0.48、0.97、1.45、1.93、2.42 mg/kg配成不同水平硒(0.12、0.36、0.42、0.60、0.78、1.10 mg/kg)的6组等氮等脂饲料,在海水浮式网箱进行为期70 d的生长实验,探讨饲料中不同水平的硒对鲈鱼生长、饲料利用、抗氧化酶活力和鱼体硒含量的影响。研究表明,特定生长率随着饲料中硒水平的增加呈先上升后平稳的趋势,在饲料中硒水平为0.60 mg/kg时,特定生长率最高;饲料中不同水平的硒对鲈鱼存活率和饲料效率无显著差异(P>0.05);肝脏和血清中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性随着饲料硒水平的提高而呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,在饲料硒含量为0.60 mg/kg时达到最大值;血清和肝脏谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性随着硒含量的增加呈现出先上升后平缓的趋势,在饲料中硒含量为0.78 mg/kg时,血清GST活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血清谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性随着硒含量的增加呈现先上升后平缓的趋势,在饲料中硒含量为0.78 mg/kg时,血清GR活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着饲料硒含量的升高呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,在饲料中硒含量为0.60 mg/kg时达到最大值,硒含量为1.10 mg/kg时,血清中SOD活性显著下降且低于对照组饲料(P<0.05);随着饲料硒含量的升高,血清中丙二醛含量呈现出先降低而后升高的趋势,其中在饲料中硒含量为0.60 mg/kg时最低;全鱼和肝脏中硒含量随着饲料中硒水平的升高而显著升高(P<0.05)。综合生长和抗氧化能力,建议214 g规格的鲈鱼饲料中适宜的硒含量为0.63-0.75 mg/kg。     

亚麻酸对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响

探讨了饲料中不同水平的亚麻酸对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响。选取均体质量为(10.38±0.10)g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼随机分配6组,每组3个平行,每个平行20尾鱼。配制6种亚麻酸质量分数分别为0.13%、0.59%、1.10%、1.60%、2.10%和2.50%的实验饲料饲喂卵形鲳鲹,每天饲喂2次,周期为56 d。结果表明,饲喂含0.59%和1.10%亚麻酸饲料的实验鱼增重率、特定生长率显著高于2.1%组和2.5%组。亚麻酸水平显著影响了实验鱼的肝体比、脏体比、腹脂率、肥满度及其成活率。0.59%组实验鱼的胃蛋白酶显著高于0.13%组和2.50%组。1.10%组的淀粉酶活性显著低于其他各组。血清总抗氧化能力和过氧化氢酶活性随着饲料中亚麻酸含量的升高呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。以特定生长率为评价指标,二次曲线回归分析得出卵形鲳鲹幼鱼对亚麻酸的最适需求量为饲料干质量的1.04%。     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料中锌的需要量

为考察吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)对饲料中锌的需要量,以蛋氨酸锌为锌源,配制锌添加水平分别为0,10,20,40,80,160 mg/kg的6组等氮等脂饲料(实测值分别为9.98,21.47,33.75,56.03,88.16,172.54 mg/kg),饲喂初始体质量为(84.44±3.04)g的吉富罗非鱼,试验鱼分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,养殖周期为10周。结果显示,随着饲料中锌含量的增加,吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率先显著升高,在锌含量达到33.75 mg/kg后趋于稳定,添加锌显著降低了饲料系数,提高了成活率。饲料锌含量对全鱼水分、粗蛋白及灰分含量无显著影响,显著降低了全鱼粗脂肪含量。饲料中添加锌对血清总胆固醇含量无影响,显著提高了血清碱性磷酸酶的活性,碱性磷酸酶活性在锌含量达到33.75 mg/kg后趋于稳定,血清甘油三酯含量,乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性则呈下降趋势。饲料锌含量显著影响脊椎骨、全鱼和肝脏锌的含量,脊椎骨和全鱼锌含量先线性上升,在锌含量达到56.03 mg/kg后趋于稳定,各组的肌肉锌含量无显著差异。以增重率、骨骼锌和全鱼锌含量为评价指标,根据折线回归分析得出,以蛋氨酸锌为添加锌源,吉富罗非鱼对饲料中锌的需要量分别为32.37、55.67和56.13 mg/kg。     

卵形鲳鲹对饲料中泛酸的需求量

挑选体质量为(8.80±0.10) g的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)幼鱼,随机分成6组,每组3个平行,每个平行20尾,放于池塘网箱中,分别饲喂泛酸质量分数为0、16.4 mg·kg~(–1)、20 mg·kg~(–1)、26 mg·kg~(–1)、33.4 mg·kg~(–1)和37 mg·kg~(–1)的半纯化饲料8周,每天饱食投喂2次,研究并确定其对泛酸的需求量。结果表明,饲料中添加适量泛酸可以显著提高卵形鲳鲹幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、血清补体C4体积分数和肠道中淀粉酶(AMS)、肌酸激酶(CK)和Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性(P0.05),并且随着饲料中泛酸质量分数的增加,其增重率、特定生长率、补体C4体积分数、AMS、CK和Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性先升高后下降;33.4 mg·kg~(–1)泛酸组的肌肉蛋白含量显著高于未添加泛酸组和16.4 mg·kg~(–1)泛酸组(P0.05);饲料中添加适量泛酸可以显著提高卵形鲳鲹血清中高密度胆固醇水平、溶菌酶(LZM)活性和肠道γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性(P0.05),且随着泛酸水平的增加先升高后保持稳定。二次回归分析结果表明,以增重率为指标,卵形鲳鲹幼鱼对泛酸的最适需求量为21.03 mg·kg~(–1)饲料。     

尿素对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹非特异性免疫功能的影响

分别用0.24、0.48、0.72、0.96、1.20g/L的尿素溶液饲养中华绒螯蟹幼蟹7d,测定幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(Glutathione-S transferase,GST)的活性和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量.结果表明,随着时间的延长,各浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中上述3种酶的活性逐渐下降,丙二醛含量逐渐上升;随着浓度的增加,3种酶活性有逐渐下降的趋势,但0.24g/L尿素浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性和0.96g/L浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中谷胱甘肽-S转移酶活性显著高于其他处理组,这两组中华绒螯蟹血清中丙二醛含量则相应下降.表明尿素浓度增加使得中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内清除脂质过氧化物、过氧化氢和自由基的能力下降,对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内的非特异性防御系统有损伤.     

卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的研究

为了评估卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的可行性,本研究设计了4种等蛋(42%)等脂(12%)配合饲料(D1~D4),其中,D1(对照组)含30%鱼粉,D2~D4(处理组)都含14%陆生复合蛋白且还分别含有16%、11%、6%鱼粉和0、5%、10%酶解鱼浆蛋白;各处理组都补充蛋氨酸和赖氨酸。将360尾初始体重为(7.28±0.10) g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼随机分配到12个海上网箱中,每个网箱30尾鱼,每种饲料设3个网箱。将鱼以上述4种饲料饲养62 d后,测定其生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、肠道消化酶活性与组织抗氧化指标。结果显示,各实验组鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FC)、胃蛋白酶(PEP)、脂肪酶(LPS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。D3和D4组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于D1和D2组,D4组鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著低于D1~D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组鱼血清谷草转氨酶(AST)及D2和D3组鱼谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性都显著低于D1组(P<0.05),D1和D4组血清总蛋白(TP)和球蛋白(GLO)水平显著高于D2和D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05),且肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于D1组(P<0.05)。研究表明,含6%鱼粉的D4组鱼的生长性能与30%鱼粉D1组无差异,且全鱼蛋白含量及肝脏和肌肉抗氧化能力显著提高,说明14%陆生复合蛋白配合10%酶解鱼浆蛋白可有效替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中80%鱼粉,使饲料鱼粉使用量低至6%。本研究是首次探讨酶解鱼浆蛋白在卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中应用的可行性,结果可为研发高效低成本配合饲料提供参考依据。     

温度突变对毛蚶不同组织抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探究温度突变对毛蚶鳃、外套膜和肝胰腺组织中抗氧化酶活性的影响,将毛蚶由11 ℃(对照组)分别转移至14、17、20、23 ℃ 4个温度条件下,在转移后的0、3、6、12、24、48、96 h进行取样,测定毛蚶3种组织中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的变化情况。试验结果表明,毛蚶鳃、外套膜和肝胰腺中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性在试验期间均呈先升后降的趋势;除20 ℃和14 ℃温度组外套膜和肝胰腺中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,在6 h到达最大值并显著高于对照组( P <0.05)外,其余温度组各组织中3种抗氧化酶活性,均在3 h时达到最大值并显著高于对照组( P <0.05),24 h后各组织抗氧化酶活性均恢复至对照组水平。毛蚶3种组织中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性在不同温度下均以肝胰腺最高,外套膜次之,鳃最低。本研究探索了温度突变对毛蚶的存活及抗氧化酶活性的影响,明确了毛蚶对温度突变的自身调节过程,为毛蚶养殖提供了科学依据。     

杂交鲟幼鱼饲料中有效磷需要量的研究

为研究杂交鲟(Acipenser baerii♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂)幼鱼对饲料中有效磷的需要量,实验以磷酸二氢钙为磷源,配制了有效磷水平分别为0.37%(对照组)、0.65%、0.96%、1.22%和1.48%的5组等氮等能饲料。每组饲料设置3个重复,每个重复22尾鱼,饲喂初重(10.06±0.39)g杂交鲟幼鱼8周。结果显示:(1)饲料中不同有效磷水平对实验鱼的成活率、肝体比、脏体比和肥满度均无显著影响。随饲料有效磷水平增加,实验鱼的增重率和特定生长率呈先升高后趋于平稳的趋势,0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组增重率和特定生长率均显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组;全鱼粗脂肪含量呈降低趋势;饲料效率和蛋白质效率均呈先升高后降低的趋势。(2)不同有效磷水平饲料对全鱼水分、粗蛋白和肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、磷含量均无显著影响。0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组全鱼粗灰分、磷含量和脊椎粗灰分、磷含量均显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组。(3)随饲料有效磷水平增加,实验鱼血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性均呈先升高后趋于平稳的趋势。0.96%、1.22%和1.48%组血清磷含量显著高于0.37%组和0.65%组,对照组的碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于其他组。(4)分别利用折线模型拟合分析实验鱼的增重率、全鱼磷含量和脊椎磷含量与饲料有效磷水平的相关性,得到饲料中适宜有效磷需要量分别为0.93%、1.02%和0.95%。综上所述,建议杂交鲟幼鱼饲料中有效磷添加水平为0.93%~1.02%为最佳。     

普安银鲫胚胎发育中抗氧化酶活性及外源维生素C的作用

在水温24℃下测定了普安银鲫胚胎发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性。试验结果表明,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶在成熟卵中具有活性,分别为（10．213±0．458） U／mg、（8．701±0．371） U／mg和（55．485±4．896） U／mg ,属母源性抗氧化酶。对照组从成熟卵发育至出膜前期,超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性逐渐升高,而过氧化氢酶的活性呈“升高-降低-升高”的趋势,在心跳期降到最低,为（6．175±0．532） U／m g ,随后其活性开始上升。30 m g／L的维生素C组,普安银鲫胚胎从受精卵至出膜前期,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性总体上高于对照组。胚胎发育过程中母源性抗氧化酶发挥重要作用;孵化水体中适宜质量浓度的维生素C提高了胚胎期的抗氧化能力。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化能力和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响

[目的]本实验旨在研究低鱼粉饲料 中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒(HMSe)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、抗氧化能力及抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响。[方法]实验选用初始体质量为(0.90±0.05)g的凡纳滨对虾,分别投喂HMSe添加水平为0.000、0.375、0.750、1.500和2.250 mg/kg的实验饲料,命名为HMSe0 、HMSe1、HMSe2、HMSe3和HMSe4,每组3个重复,养殖8周。养殖实验结束后,进行12 h 的亚硝酸盐胁迫实验。[结果]结果表明,凡纳滨对虾的终末体质量(FBW)、增重率(WG R)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中HMSe水平的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势,并在HMSe2组达到峰值。随着饲料中HMSe水平的提高,对虾全体和肌肉中的硒含量均显著增加,而全虾粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并分别在HMSe2组和HMSe1组达到最大值。HMSe4组中凡纳滨对虾的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于HMSe0组。亚硝酸盐胁迫显著影响凡纳滨对虾的存活率。与胁迫前比较,胁迫后对虾肝胰腺中MDA含量升高,GST、CAT和T-SOD的活性降低,而补充适量的HMSe可减轻这些负面影响。根据凡纳滨对虾胁迫后成活率的二次多项式回归分析,低鱼粉饲料中凡纳滨对虾的HMSe最适添加量为1.350 mg/kg。[结论]综上所述,在低鱼粉饲料中添加0.750~1.350 mg/kg HMSe,能够提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、饲料利用率和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的能力。     

Effects of dietary selenium on growth performance and oxidative stress in juvenile grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary selenium (Se) on feed intake, weight gain and antioxidant activity in juvenile grass carp (11.2 ± 0.03 g). Six Se levels (0.13, 0.41, 0.56, 1.12, 2.18 and 4.31 mg/kg) of semi‐purified diets were assayed in triplicate. The maximum weight gain, specific growth rate and feed intake were obtained in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was markedly increased when dietary Se ≤1.12 mg/kg diet and reached a plateau when dietary Se ≥1.12 mg/kg diet. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and serum catalase activities in juvenile grass carp fed with 0.56, 1.12 and 2.18 mg Se/kg diets were all significantly higher than those in the other groups. The malondialdehyde content in liver and serum was firstly decreased and then increased with increasing dietary Se content, and the lowest content was observed in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. With the increase in Se level, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were reduced. In addition, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin content were highest in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. This study indicated that both the Se deficiency and excess of Se caused negative effect on the oxidative stress in juvenile grass carp and suggested that the health‐giving concentration of dietary inorganic Se was 1.12 mg/kg diet. Moreover, based on the broken‐line regression analysis of weight gain, the optimal concentration of dietary inorganic Se was 0.83 mg/kg for juvenile grass carp.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio on growth,feed utilization,body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio (CHO: L) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Five iso‐nitrogenous (450 g/kg protein) and iso‐energetic (19 MJ/kg gross energy) diets with varying CHO: L ratios of 0.68, 1.02, 1.62, 2.61 and 4.35, respectively, were fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (average 13.8 ± 0.1 g). Results showed that dietary CHO: L ratios did not show any significant influence on survival of golden pompano (p > .05) but significantly affected its growth performance and feed utilization (p < .05). Fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios at 1.62 and 2.61 exhibited the highest final body weight, weight gain ratio, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Fish body lipid and liver glycogen contents were also significantly influenced by CHO: L ratio (p < .05). Hepatic amylase activity increased firstly and then decreased as the dietary CHO: L ratio increased, while lipases activity decreased with increasing dietary CHO:L level. The regression model analysis showed that the most suitable dietary CHO: L ratio (protein 450 g/kg) to reach the highest weight gain ratio is 2.38.     

硒对铜胁迫下大菱鲆幼鱼生长、抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨硒对铜胁迫下大菱鲆幼鱼生长、抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响,以初始体质量为(24.85±0.10) g的大菱鲆为研究对象,通过在饲料中添加五水硫酸铜和亚硒酸钠,配制铜、硒含量分别为(0、0,1 000、0,1 000、2,1 000、4 mg/kg) 4种等氮等能的实验饲料,命名为D1、D2、D3和D4组。养殖实验持续84 d。结果显示:①各组间实验鱼成活率无显著差异;增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均在D2组显著低于D1、D3和D4组;摄食率和饲料系数呈相反趋势,在D2组显著高于其他3组。②幼鱼全鱼和肝脏粗脂肪含量呈先下降后上升趋势;而背肌粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在各组之间无显著性差异。全鱼、脊椎骨和肝脏中Cu含量在D2组达到最高值;Zn含量则在D4组达到最高值;肝脏中铁含量呈下降趋势,在D3和D4组显著低于D1和D2组。③D2组显著降低了幼鱼血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性;丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈相反趋势,在D2组显著高于D3和D4组;总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和铜—锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性均在D4组达到最低值。④血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性均在D2组显著高于其他3组;而血糖浓度、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)活性均在D2组达到最低值,显著低于D1组。⑤肝脏金属硫蛋白(MT) mRNA相对表达量在D4组达到最高值,显著高于其他3组;谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和溶菌酶(LZM) mRNA相对表达量均在D2组显著低于其他3组;热休克蛋白70 (HSP70) mRNA相对表达量则在D2组显著高于其他3组。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加硒(2～4 mg/kg)可缓解高铜(1 000 mg/kg)胁迫导致的鱼体生长缓慢等症状,并可调控鱼体的抗氧化能力、生理代谢及相关基因表达量,进而对鱼体在高铜胁迫下的内环境稳态恢复具有一定的促进作用。     

Salinity regulates antioxidant enzyme and Na+K+‐ATPase activities of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)

Effects of salinity on the growth, survival, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and sodium‐potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺K⁺‐ATPase) activities of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus were studied under a laboratory condition. Experimental fish were reared at the salinities of 10‰, 18‰, 26‰ and 34‰ for 30 days. Growth and survival of juvenile golden pompano were significantly affected by the rearing salinity. Fish reared at 34‰ achieved the highest specific growth rate, while the highest survival was obtained when fish were cultured at the salinity of 26‰. The highest GPX activity was obtained when fish were cultured at 26‰, and the lowest GPX activity was observed when fish reared at 34‰ salinity. The SOD activities of fish reared at 18‰ and 34‰ were significantly higher than those reared at 10‰ and 26‰. The lowest of Na⁺K⁺‐ATPase activity was obtained in fish reared at 34‰, while the highest Na⁺K⁺‐ATPase activity was obtained when fish reared at 18‰. Results from present study indicate that juvenile golden pompano can be reared above 18‰ without sacrificing fish survival, and the best growth can be achieved when fish is reared at the salinity of 34‰. The salinity of 10‰ may be too low for juvenile golden pompano as the growth, survival and SOD activity were reduced.     

Effects of dietary phosphorus on growth,body composition and immunity of young taimen Hucho taimen (Pallas, 1773)

The effects of dietary phosphorus (P) on growth, body composition and immunity of young taimen (Hucho taimen) were studied. Six purified diets contained graded levels (2.3‐control, 4.0, 5.6, 7.5, 9.1 and 10.8 g kg^?1 diet) of available P. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish with an initial average weight (55.31 ± 0.38) g for 84 days. The weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were improved by dietary available P up to 4.35 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05) and then levelled off. Hepatosomatic index and body crude lipid content decreased significantly with increasing P levels, while ash contents and P concentrations in the whole body and vertebrae increased by dietary available P up to 4.36 and 4.44 g kg^?1 and then levelled off respectively (P < 0.05). Liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and plasma alkaline phosphatase activities in the treatment groups were significantly higher compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Plasma IgM contents increased linearly with increasing dietary P from 4.0 to 9.1 g kg^?1 group and then decreased. Dietary P supplementation reduced plasma triglyceride, malondialdehyde and liver malondialdehyde contents. There were no significant effects on plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, catalase, lysozyme and liver catalase compared with the control group (P > 0.05). Broken line regression analysis indicated that dietary available P requirement was 4.34 and 4.35 g kg^?1, based on weight gain and P concentration in the whole body respectively.     

Replacement of Dietary Fish Meal with Poultry By‐product Meal and Soybean Meal for Golden Pompano,Trachinotus ovatus,Reared in Net Pens

Two 8‐wk feeding trials were conducted to examine the effect of replacing dietary fish meal with poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and soybean meal (SBM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition, and wastes output of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (initial body weight 16.7 g), reared in net pens. A control diet (C) was formulated to contain 35% fish meal. In Trial I, dietary fish meal level was reduced to 21, 14, 7, and 0% by replacing 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the fish meal in diet C with PBM. The weight gain (WG), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), and energy retention efficiency (ERE) decreased, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and total waste output of nitrogen (TNW) increased, with the fish meal level reducing from 35 to 21%. No significant differences were found in the hepatosomatic index, viscersomatic index, and body composition between fish fed diet C and test diets. In Trial II, a 2 × 2 layout was established, and 40 and 60% of the fish meal in diet C was replaced by either PBM or SBM. At the same fish meal replacement level, the WG and NRE were higher and the FCR and TNW were lower in fish fed the diets with fish meal replaced by PBM than in fish fed the diets with fish meal replaced by SBM. The results of this study indicate that more than 21% fish meal must be retained in diets for golden pompano when PBM or SBM is used alone as a fish meal substitute.     

Effects of dietary vitamin K levels on growth performance,enzyme activities and antioxidant status in the hepatopancreas and intestine of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A total of 1400 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (8.93 ± 0.03 g) were fed diets containing graded levels of vitamin K at 0.027 (basal diet), 1.52, 3.02, 4.51, 6.02 and 7.52 mg kg^?1 diet for 60 days to investigate the effects of vitamin K on growth, enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Percentage weight gain (PWG), feed intake and feed efficiency of fish were improved by vitamin K. Activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the intestine and hepatopancreas and Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase in the intestine were increased by vitamin K. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine were decreased with vitamin K supplements. Certain level of vitamin K increased antihydroxyl radical, antisuperoxide anion, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and glutathione contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Intestinal Lactobacillus, E. coli and Aeromonas were changed with vitamin K supplements. Together, these results indicate that vitamin K improved fish growth, digestive and absorptive ability, and anti‐oxidant capacity. The dietary vitamin K requirement of juvenile Jian carp (8.93–73.7 g) based on PWG was 3.13 mg kg^?1 diet.     

Dietary selenium requirement for juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum L.

A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary selenium (Se) requirement for juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum L. The basal diet was formulated to contain 50.6% crude protein from vitamin‐free casein, gelatin. A control diet (no added seleno‐dl ‐methionine) and five experimental diets containing 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.00 mg seleno‐dl ‐methionine kg^?1 were prepared. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of juvenile cobia with initial weight 6.27±0.03 g in a flow‐through system. The Se concentration in rearing water was monitored during the feeding period, and was not detectable. The dietary Se level significantly influenced the survival, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency and the Se concentrations in the whole body and vertebra of cobia. The Se‐dependent glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.119) activity increased with an increase in the dietary Se levels (P<0.05). Hepatic glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity was the highest in fish fed the diet with 0.21 mg Se kg^?1, and declined with an increase in the dietary Se levels. Based on broke‐line regression of SGR, the Se concentration in the whole body and vertebra, the Se requirements of juvenile cobia were 0.788, 0.811 and 0.793 mg Se kg^?1 diet in the form of seleno‐dl ‐methionine respectively.     

Effects of fish size on the response of antioxidant systems of Oreochromis niloticus following metal exposures

The size of a fish is an important factor in its physiology, and metal uptake is affected by animal physiology. In this study, small and large tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) differing approximately twofold in length and fivefold in weight were compared for their antioxidant response. Both groups were exposed to Cu or Cr (1.0 μg/mL) in a freshwater (?80 mg CaCO₃/L, conductivity 1.77 mS/cm) using 2 exposure protocols (20 μM for 48 h and 10 μM for 6 days). Following the exposures, the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; glutathione reductase, GR and glutathione S-transferase, GST) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the liver of fish. Results showed that small fish was affected from exposure conditions much more than large ones as their antioxidant parameters significantly decreased even in controls. Metal exposures of small fish caused significant increases in SOD and CAT activity in acute Cu or Cr exposures. Subchronic Cr exposure of small fish also caused significant increases in CAT, GPx and GST activities, while there was no significant change in Cu-exposed ones. Large fish, however, showed different antioxidant responses as their levels mostly decreased. This study demonstrated that the response of antioxidant system in the liver of tilapia varied in relation to fish sizes and emphasized using different size groups in environmental monitoring and also in evaluation of fish biomarkers.