储存时间对鸡蛋微生物和蛋品质影响研究

本研究探讨了鸡蛋在28℃夏季高温、80％~90％湿度条件下，不同储存时间对鸡蛋微生物和蛋品质变化情况的影响。结果表明，随着存放时间延长，鸡蛋外壳和内容物菌落总数呈上升趋势，变化范围分别在6.50×10²~2.35×10⁵ CFU/g和0~35.5 CFU/g之间。存储21 d后，鸡蛋外壳菌落总数超出农业部无公害鸡蛋标准。而大肠菌群数基本小于30 MPN/100 g，低于农业部无公害鸡蛋标准。试验中被检鸡蛋随着贮藏时间增加，气室高度增加，浓蛋白减少而稀蛋白增多，第12 d时已有部分鸡蛋出现散黄现象。可见，鸡蛋品质各指标与存放时间呈明显的相反趋势。     

常温贮存鸡蛋的细菌数量变化规律研究

本文研究鸡蛋贮存期间的蛋壳和蛋内容菌落总数的变化规律.在25℃环境下贮存过程中,每隔5天,参照国家标准GB 4789.2-2016测定新鲜鸡蛋蛋壳和蛋内容菌落总数,到20天时结束.结果 表明在第15天鸡蛋蛋壳表面细菌呈现急剧增长的趋势,在第10天,蛋液细菌呈现增长趋势.这表明随着鸡蛋贮藏时间的延长,鸡蛋蛋壳及内容物菌落总数不断增加,蛋壳表面细菌总数变化比内容物变化快.     

山东部分地区肉鸡场饮用水细菌污染情况调查分析

为了解山东部分地区肉鸡场鸡只的饮用水情况,试验采集寒亭区、平度市、莱西市、安丘市的肉鸡场饮用水,利用选择培养基对井水、水线水进行菌落总数、大肠菌群数、大肠杆菌数、金黄色葡萄球菌数、沙门氏菌数的检测。结果表明:不同地区肉鸡场的井水样品中菌落总数均小于100 cfu/m L,大肠菌群数不同,大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌未检出;不同地区肉鸡场的水线水样品中菌落总数、大肠菌群数、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准规定(不得检出),沙门氏菌未检出。说明肉鸡场水线水的污染需要引起高度关注。     

不同的季节和饲养方式对鸡蛋微生物指标的影响

为了解饲养方式和季节因素对鸡蛋微生物指标的影响,本研究对地方鸡种济宁百日鸡在夏、秋和冬3个季节以及笼养和散养两种饲养方式下所产鸡蛋的微生物指标进行了测定分析。结果发现,济宁百日鸡散养组蛋壳3个季节平均的总细菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的带菌率分别为100%、71%和6.7%,而笼养组分别为100%、36%和2.7%;散养组蛋清3个季节平均的的总细菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的带菌率分别为37%、12%和4%,而笼养组分别为25%、5.3%和1.3%。同一季节鸡蛋蛋壳上的总细菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的带菌率明显高于蛋清。不管是散养组还是笼养组,随着由夏季到冬季的推移,鸡蛋蛋壳和蛋清的总细菌的带菌率和菌落数、大肠杆菌的带菌率和菌落数和沙门氏菌的带菌率和菌落数大部分指标呈现逐渐降低的趋势。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染对蛋鸡生产肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋和感染肠炎沙门氏菌敏感性的影响

为揭示球虫感染对蛋鸡的肠炎沙门氏菌敏感性及鸡蛋的肠炎沙门氏菌污染率的影响而进行了本研究。结果显示,柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染对蛋鸡生产肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋及感染肠炎沙门氏菌的敏感性均具有增强作用。具体表现为：柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染可使肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋壳显著增多（Ｐ＜０．０５）;球虫感染鸡所产蛋,无论是新鲜的还是贮存１周后的,其蛋内容物的肠炎沙门氏菌阳性率比仅感染肠炎沙门氏菌鸡所产蛋要高;球虫感染鸡盲肠中的沙门氏菌阳性率和沙门氏菌数显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）;球虫感染鸡输卵管中的肠炎沙门氏菌也有增多;球虫感染使泄殖腔拭子的肠炎沙门氏菌阳性率增加。研究结果表明,柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染可以增加鸡群中肠炎沙门氏菌的水平及其垂直传播的危险。     

散养土鸡蛋内外沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的检测

通过对传统方法的改进,对采自皖南山区的80枚土鸡蛋样品进行了沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的检测。结果显示,蛋黄沙门氏菌感染率为2.5%,蛋清沙门氏菌感染率为5.0%,蛋黄和蛋清均无大肠杆菌感染。蛋壳表面沙门氏菌感染率为27.5%,大肠杆菌的感染率为80%,沙门氏菌带菌数为1.22×103,大肠杆菌带菌数为3.41×104。结果表明,山区放养土鸡,需在饲养、土鸡蛋收集等环节减少沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的污染途径,加强种鸡选留中沙门氏菌净化的同时,做好鸡蛋储藏和孵化过程中蛋壳消毒工作。     

河南省市场销售冷冻鸡胸肉理化指标及微生物污染情况抽样调查

为了解河南省市场销售冷冻鸡胸肉的品质及卫生状况,从农贸市场和规模化超市抽取冷冻保存40～110d的鸡胸肉样品126份,进行沙门氏菌、大肠菌群、致泻性大肠埃希氏菌、菌落总数以及挥发性盐基氮检验。结果显示:共检出沙门氏菌阳性样品8份,阳性率为6.3%;大肠菌群阳性样品111份,阳性率为88.1%;未检出致泻性大肠埃希氏菌阳性样品;菌落总数范围为1.1×10⁴～4.0×10⁵CFU/g,挥发性盐基氮含量范围为9.6～13.4 mg/100 g,均未超出国家标准和相关规定。结果表明,河南省市场销售冷冻鸡胸肉在保存期110 d内品质良好,但大肠菌群污染较为普遍,也存在沙门氏菌污染风险。提示鸡屠宰、加工企业应严格控制微生物污染,消费者应购买距生产日期较近的冷冻鸡胸肉产品,加工过程中注意防护,且须彻底煮熟食用。     

石河子鲜猪肉四项细菌学指标的测定与分析

按照国标方法对石河子市100份市售鲜猪肉的四项细菌学指标进行测定,检测结果为:在100份受检样品中有39份检样细菌菌落总数超标,超标率为39%;大肠菌群数(MPN)有35份超标,超标率为35%;有7份受检样品中检出致病性沙门氏菌,检出率为7%;金黄色葡萄球菌均未检出。结果表明:石河子市市售鲜猪肉的卫生质量不容乐观,需进一步加强市场鲜猪肉的卫生检验工作,确保人们的食肉安全。     

鸡蛋储存过程中细菌生长繁殖规律分析

试验旨在研究新鲜鸡蛋在常温与冷藏保存条件下细菌生长繁殖规律,为鸡蛋的合理保存与消费提供参考。新鲜鸡蛋分2组,分别进行常温与冷藏储存,检测各组鸡蛋0、7、14、21和28 d蛋壳表面及蛋内容物细菌总数。结果显示:蛋壳表面的细菌总数,保存前(0 d)为8.5×10~3cfu/m L,常温与冷藏条件下均出现稳定增长,常温保存增长较快。28 d时常温与冷藏保存细菌总数分别达到3.99×10~4cfu/m L和3.25×10~4cfu/m L(P0.05);蛋内容物中细菌总数,保存前(0 d)与冷藏保存7 d均未检出细菌,常温保存14 d后细菌总数快速增加,常温和冷藏条件下28 d分别达到3.97×10~3cfu/m L和8.15×102cfu/m L(P0.01)。蛋壳表面与内容物细菌总数随保存时间延长呈上升趋势,低温保存能够抑制细菌生长,延长鸡蛋的保质期。     

屠宰场生猪主要细菌学指标的调查研究

应用国标法对某定点生猪屠宰场20份生猪胴体体表样品及20份胴体肉样进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门氏菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的检测。结果显示,生猪胴体体表菌落总数和大肠菌样的超标率分别为20%和5%,生猪胴体肉样菌落总数和大肠菌群的超标率分别为5%和0;生猪胴体体表样品和肉样沙门氏菌检出率分别为5%和0;胴体体表及肉样中均未检出金黄色葡萄球菌。结果表明,该屠宰场生猪的卫生质量达标率相对较高,但仍需进一步改善屠宰生产加工水平。     

不同储存温度下鸡蛋表面和内部真菌动态研究

试验旨在通过检测商品鸡蛋在不同储存温度和时间蛋壳表面和内容物中真菌的数量和类别，了解真菌污染的动态变化，为改善鸡蛋储存条件并延长保鲜期提供参考。采取冀南某养殖小区不同养鸡场180枚新鲜鸡蛋，分别在25和4 ℃无菌环境下储存42 d，每7 d进行一次蛋壳和蛋液的真菌数量和类别检测。真菌数量检测参照国家标准GB 4789.15-2016；真菌种类鉴定采用形态观察结合rDNA-ITS序列分析法。试验结果显示，鸡蛋内外真菌检出率和数量均随储存时间延长而显著增长；蛋壳比蛋液真菌检出时间早、检出率高，蛋液处理组真菌检出率在21~28 d快速增长；在相同时间点，25 ℃处理组真菌数量（菌落数）显著高于4 ℃处理组，蛋壳处理组显著高于蛋液处理组（P<0.05）；在蛋壳和蛋液中共分离鉴定了168个真菌菌株，分属于18个种（属），其中优势属为青霉属（Penicillium sp.），优势种为草酸青霉（Penicillium oxalicum）；蛋液与蛋壳处理组的总菌落数和分离株数分别呈显著（P<0.05）和极显著相关（P<0.01）。综上，在采样养殖场环境下，鸡蛋的真菌污染普遍存在；样品真菌检出率和菌落总数均随储存时间延长呈明显上升趋势；冷藏（4 ℃）是防止鸡蛋真菌污染扩展的有效方法；蛋液的真菌污染可能主要来自蛋壳表面的真菌污染；样品鸡蛋污染真菌的多样性较高，其优势种属多为环境常在菌，但污染真菌中也有部分致病或产毒种类。     

Bacterial shell contamination in the egg collection chains of different housing systems for laying hens

The bacterial eggshell contamination of eating eggs in different commercial housing systems; two conventional cages, one organic aviary system and one barn production, were compared. The total counts of aerobic bacteria and the total counts of Gram-negative bacteria on the shell were used to detect key points where contamination occurred and to study the progress of contamination in the egg collection and transportation chains. The key points in the chain were those where eggs accumulated on a short conveyor belt, initial shell contamination in the alternative housing systems and extra nest-boxes placed on the ground. The high bacterial load of floor eggs (>6.3 log CFU total aerobic flora/eggshell) explains why they cannot be used for eating. On average higher initial shell contamination with total counts of aerobic bacteria was found for eggs from the alternative housing systems compared to the conventional systems; respectively 5.46 compared to 5.08 log CFU/eggshell. However, initial contamination with total counts of Gram-negative bacteria on the shells was less in the alternative systems: 3.31 compared to 3.85 log CFU/shell. Initial bacterial shell contamination tended to correlate positively with the concentration of bacteria in the air of the poultry houses. Storing shell eggs, whether temporarily refrigerated or not, for 9 d or more, resulted in a decrease in bacterial eggshell contamination for both bacterial variables.     

Bacterial eggshell contamination in conventional cages, furnished cages and aviary housing systems for laying hens

The influence of housing system on the initial bacterial contamination of the eggshell was studied. Two long-term experiments were performed. Bacterial eggshell contamination, as expressed by total count of aerobic and Gram-negative bacteria, was periodically analysed for eggs from a conventional cage, a furnished cage with nest boxes containing artificial turf or grids as nest-floor material and an aviary housing system. Results were log-transformed prior to statistical analyses. For both experiments no systematic differences were found between the conventional cage and furnished cage. The type of nest-floor material in the nest boxes of the furnished cages also did not systematically influence the bacterial contamination. A possible seasonal influence on contamination with a decrease in the winter period (up to > 0.5 log cfu/eggshell) of total count of aerobic and Gram-negative bacteria was observed in the first experiment. The contamination with total aerobic flora was higher (more than 1.0 log) on eggs from the aviary housing system compared to the conventional and the furnished cage systems. For Gram-negative bacteria this was not the case. During the entire period of both experiments, independent of housing system, shell contamination was not influenced by age of hens or period since placing the birds in the houses. For the total count of aerobic bacteria a restricted positive correlation (r2 = 0.66) was found between the concentration of total bacteria in the air of the poultry houses and initial shell contamination.     

鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体感染SPF鸡和污染相关疫苗的初步调查

为初步调查SPF鸡感染鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体状况及相关SPF鸡胚源疫苗是否出现污染,本试验通过采集不同日龄的SPF鸡血清70份、SPF种蛋卵黄膜30份,收集市场上销售的SPF鸡胚源疫苗共41支,利用国产间接血凝试剂盒检测抗体,进口免疫荧光试剂盒分别测定其抗体、抗原阳性率,以评价SPF鸡鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体的流行状况和相关疫苗的污染状况。本试验结果显示,SPF鸡血清阳性率分别为31.4%(荧光法)、5.7%(间接血凝法);SPF种蛋阳性率33.3%,SPF鸡胚源疫苗平均阳性率31.7%。SPF鸡已经感染了鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体,且发现经鸡胚卵黄膜而传播病原的新途径,进而造成SPF鸡胚源疫苗出现衣原体污染。因此,加强SPF鸡鹦鹉热嗜性衣原体监测已势在必行。     

发酵鸡粪中病原微生物检测方法的探讨

鸡粪发酵后作为再生饲料或有机肥已广泛使用,其中病原微生物检测尤显重要,为此本研究对发酵前后的鸡粪样品中主要病原菌大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌检测方法进行了探讨。结果表明,鸡粪样品中大肠杆菌CFU(菌落形成单位)由发酵前3.67×107个/g减少至6.33×105个/g,经发酵处理的鸡粪样品均未检出沙门氏菌,两者与发酵前样品均存在极显著差异(P0.01),说明所建立的方法可行。     

单增李斯特菌ActA的表达、免疫原性研究及单克隆抗体的制备

原核表达单增李斯特菌(Lm)ActA蛋白并进行亲合层析纯化,检测ActA的免疫原性,以表达蛋白为检测抗原制备Lm单克隆抗体,并对单抗的亚型、效价、亲合力及特异性进行测定。结果表明,成功表达了ActA蛋白;表达蛋白诱导了特异性的细胞免疫和体液免疫,具有良好的免疫原性;共获得4株抗Lm ActA单克隆抗体。其中3G6、4E10和2B9为IgG1亚类;腹水抗体效价,3G6和4E10为1∶64000,2B9为1∶32000;3G6、4E10和2B9的亲和常数分别为6.62×107M-1、5.67×107M-1和7.15×106M-1;3G6、2B4和4E10为Lm特异性单抗,2B9为致病性李斯特菌特异性单抗。所制备的单抗可用于Lm检测方法的建立。     

四种植物提取物对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果研究

 为充分利用当地资源和进一步开发植物药进行畜禽大肠杆菌病防治提供科学依据,采摘了本地生长的马鞭草、马齿苋、忍冬藤、蒲公英等四种植物,应用水提醇沉法制备提取液,用纸片扩散法和试管两倍稀释法对猪源、鸽源、牛源大肠杆菌进行体外抑菌效果试验,同时以小鼠为试验动物,检测四种植物提取液体内的抗菌作用。结果显示,四种植物对猪源大肠杆菌的抑菌圈在10～14 mm之间,均为中敏;对鸽源大肠杆菌在10～22 mm之间,马鞭草极敏,蒲公英高敏;对牛源大肠杆菌在7～14 mm之间,马鞭草高敏,蒲公英、忍冬藤中敏,马齿苋低敏。马鞭草对猪源、鸽源大肠杆菌的MIC和MBC是31.25 mg/mL,对牛源是62.5 mg/mL;蒲公英对猪源、鸽源的大肠杆菌MIC和MBC是62.5 mg/mL,对牛源是125 mg/mL;马齿苋对猪源的MIC和MBC是62.5 mg/mL和125 mg/mL,对鸽源、牛源的MIC和MBC分别是125 mg/mL和250 mg/mL;忍冬藤对猪源、牛源的MIC和MBC分别是125 mg/mL和250 mg/mL,对鸽源MIC和MBC是62.5 mg/mL和125 mg/mL。小鼠体内抗菌作用提示,用蒲公英和马鞭草1.88 g/kg、马齿苋和忍冬藤3.75 g/kg进行预防,可使感染大肠杆菌的小鼠成活率为达100%。四种植物提取液对大肠杆菌体外抑菌和体内抗菌均有较好的效果,马鞭草效果最好     

禽大肠杆菌的分离与16S rRNA的鉴定

从疑似患有大肠杆菌病的病死鸡群中采取粪便样品,分离病原进行生化鉴定,从8份样品中分离鉴定出6株大肠杆菌。根据细菌16S rRNA 基因的高度保守性,设计合成大肠杆菌的共同引物,对随机选取的1株细菌进行PCR扩增,并与GenBank中的E.coli 16S rRNA进行序列比对,确定这株细菌与大肠杆菌的同源性达99%以上。本方法特异性好,为实验室鉴定大肠杆菌提供了一种简单、容易操作的手段。     

凝结芽孢杆菌对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

 试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平凝结芽孢杆菌对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响。选取200日龄,产蛋率约80%的临武鸭240羽,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽鸭,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加100 mg/kg、150 mg/kg和200 mg/kg凝结芽孢杆菌,预试期7 d,正试期28 d。结果表明：（1）饲粮添加凝结芽孢杆菌可提高蛋鸭产蛋率、平均日产蛋量、平均蛋重和饲料转化率,但未达显著水平（P>0.05）;添加100 mg/kg和150 mg/kg凝结芽孢杆菌可显著降低产蛋鸭采食量（P<0.05）,添加200 mg/kg与各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;(2）饲粮添加凝结芽孢杆菌可显著降低鸭蛋蛋壳厚度（P<0.05）,当添加150 mg/kg和200 mg/kg时,差异达极显著水平（P<0.01）,凝结芽孢杆菌还可显著提高鸭蛋蛋黄颜色,蛋白高度和哈氏单位（P<0.05）;（3）芽孢杆菌对产蛋鸭血清中血糖、总蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三脂等血清生化指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）。由此可知,饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌能在一定程度上提高蛋鸭饲料转化率和产蛋性能,虽会引起蛋壳厚度降低,但不影响合格蛋率,还可提高蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位,对蛋品质有一定改善。综合考虑,蛋鸭饲粮中凝结芽孢杆菌的添加量以150 mg/kg较为适宜。     

Bacteriology of washed and unwashed eggs. I. Bacterial counts of egg contents after storage

The influence of egg washing on the bacterial counts of egg contents after subsequent storage was studied. Unwashed eggs were compared to eggs subjected to industrial large-scale machine washing. The washing procedure consisted of sprinkling under pressure with a 43 °G water solution of detergent, rinsing with 47°G tap water, and drying in a stream of hot air (60–65°G). The eggs were stored at 4°C for eight weeks and at 30 °G for 12 days. At the end of the storage periods, the total bacterial count, the number of hemolytic bacteria, and the number of coli-aerogenes in the egg contents were examined. A total of slightly more than 400 eggs were used in the investigation.No coli-aerogenes bacteria were detected in any washed or unwashed eggs. For eggs, stored at 4°C, the logarithmic total bacterial counts were for washed eggs 2.07; 2.42, and for washed 2.08; 1.95 (mean and median values, respectively). The corresponding values for eggs stored at 30 °G were for unwashed eggs 1.40; 1.30, and for washed eggs, 1.62; 1.48. These differences between unwashed and washed eggs are not significant.Hemolytic bacteria were detected in 35.2 % of unwashed and in 33.0 % of washed eggs after cold storage and no significant difference was seen between the number of bacteria in these eggs (logarithmic mean values 2.43 and 2.47, respectively). Nor was any significant difference seen between the counts of the hemolytic bacteria in eggs stored at 30 °G, where these bacteria were detected in 19.6 % of unwashed and in 23.9 % of washed eggs (logarithmic mean values of number of bacteria 2.10 and 2.46, respectively). The importance of obtained results is discussed from the point of view of food hygiene with references to the relevant literature.